Human Smuggling and the Canadian State
In: Canadian foreign policy journal: La politique étrangère du Canada, Band 13, Heft 1, S. [np]
ISSN: 1192-6422
In: Canadian foreign policy journal: La politique étrangère du Canada, Band 13, Heft 1, S. [np]
ISSN: 1192-6422
In: USDA-ERS Economic Research Report No. 81
SSRN
Working paper
The study below is meant to focus on the migrant smuggling crime in Romania, especially analysis of the migrant smuggling infraction provided in the Romanian Criminal Code. Being a component of the human trafficking activity, the illegal migration is a phenomenon that is continuously extending and harder to stop due to the involvement of the organized crime networks and also due the ingenuousness and maliciousness of the people and the criminals. Therewith, the migrant smuggling is highly connected with drug trafficking, terrorism etc., aspects that are connected with the organized crime. Legally, there are many differences between the source states, the transit states or the destination states, that is slowing the fight of the states for combating this scourge. During this fight of preventing and stopping the illegal migrant smuggling, the states that are involved aligned their own legal frame to the international one in the activity field, by elaborating and promoting the regulatory acts that have been putting the responsibility on the governmental and non-governmental institution in this activity field. KEYWORDS: migrant, illegal migration, crime, organized crime, Romanian Criminal Code
BASE
In: European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research
This article explores the mechanisms that underpin human smuggling and trafficking. It argues for the continued analytical relevance of the distinction between "trafficking" and "smuggling", as posited by the 2000 UN Protocols. While this distinction has come under sustained criticism from several authors over the last 15 years, it nonetheless continues to capture the essential features of two distinct phenomena (control over a human being vs. illegal entry into a country), and acknowledges the role of agency in smuggling. The paper goes on to discuss three different scenarios that may emerge as a result of the interplay between smugglers and smuggled persons, and it specifies the role of exploitation in each scenario. In addition, the paper offers empirical evidence of the key building blocks of smuggling — namely the search for reliable information and the reaching of an agreement in regard to the service offered — and of how smuggling can turn into trafficking. This work concludes by drawing out the relevant policy implications.
In: International migration: quarterly review, Band 46, Heft 2, S. 3-26
ISSN: 1468-2435
ABSTRACTDrawing on empirical research in Afghanistan and Pakistan, this article 'follows the money' for 50 migrants smuggled to the UK, to cast light on the financing of smuggling. The means used to raise the money to pay smugglers ranged from drawing on savings to selling property, land and jewellery. Payments were made to a third‐party, who did not release the payment to the smuggler until migrants had arrived in their destination ‐ effectively a 'money‐back guarantee' on smuggling. Smugglers disbursed about half of their fee to forgers, procurers of passports, airport officials and other intermediaries required to facilitate smuggling. Most migrants quickly found work in their destination and started remitting soon after their arrival. On average remittances were at a sufficient level to repay the initial outlay on smugglers' fees after two years, and thereafter remittances on average more than doubled household incomes at home. In this case study, smuggling therefore paid for the range of intermediaries involved in facilitating it, for migrants themselves, and for migrants' households at home.
In: The bulletin of the atomic scientists: a magazine of science and public affairs, Band 43, Heft 8, S. 3
ISSN: 0096-3402, 0096-5243, 0742-3829
Whether forced into relocation by fear of persecution, civil war, or humanitarian crisis, or pulled toward the prospect of better economic opportunities, more people are on the move than ever before. Opportunities for lawful entry into preferred destinations are decreasing rapidly, creating demand that is increasingly being met by migrant smugglers. This companion volume to the award-winning The International Law of Human Trafficking presents the first-ever comprehensive, in-depth analysis into the subject. The authors call on their experience of working with the UN to chart the development of new international laws and to link these specialist rules to other relevant areas of international law, including law of the sea, human rights law, and international refugee law. Through this analysis, the authors explain the major legal obligations of States with respect to migrant smuggling, including those related to criminalization, interdiction and rescue at sea, protection, prevention, detention, and return.
In: Journal of contemporary China, Band 20, Heft 68, S. 39-52
ISSN: 1067-0564
This article studies human trafficking and smuggling in China. For more than a decade, Sinologists and observers have already recognized the ever-growing phenomena of human trafficking and smuggling in China. Firstly, this article examines the causes, nature, and impact of human trafficking and smuggling. Secondly, this article pays special attention to the human trade in the two most seriously affected Chinese provinces, namely Fujian and Yunnan. Thirdly, this article discusses the efforts by both the Chinese authorities and NGOs to tackle human trafficking and smuggling. Nevertheless, it concludes that there is still a very long way to go before China can manage these issues. This article is significant because human trafficking involves prolonged exploitation of men, women, and children, which is going to haunt the Chinese for a very long time. While Chinese societies have appeared to become modernized, human trafficking has constituted a 'contemporary form of slavery'. (J Contemp China/GIGA)
World Affairs Online
In: International migration: quarterly review, Band 44, Heft 4, S. 121-163
ISSN: 1468-2435
In: International migration review: IMR, Band 34, Heft 3
ISSN: 0197-9183
In: Geopolitics, Band 29, Heft 1, S. 13-38
ISSN: 1557-3028
In: Geopolitics, Band 25, Heft 2, S. 538-543
ISSN: 1557-3028
SSRN
In: Parameters: journal of the US Army War College, Band 33, Heft 1, S. 95-111
ISSN: 0031-1723
In: International journal of legal and social order, Band 1, Heft 1
ISSN: 2821-4161
The present article focuses on deep diving into the following four main aspects:1.Crime forms evolution versus societal developments; 2. Distinctions between cybercriminals and criminals and associations related to digitalisation of crime;3. Software applications and tools enabling or; ganized crime group members to commit various crimes, including migrant smuggling; 4. Impact of technology on crime and possible developments.