Suchergebnisse

One of the most important changes in the development of population in European Union (EU) is demographic ageing - due to remarkable reductions in fertility levels and increasing life expectancy, the proportion of persons aged 60 and over is increasing very rapidly. The actual size of the elderly population in several EU countries already exceeds the projected estimations for 2010. These demographic challenges confirmed the importance of social affairs for its policy agenda. In combination with technological, structural and political change, Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the prospects for further enlargement of the Union to the East, socio-demographic trends had intensified pressures on welfare systems, raising questions about the feasibility and desirability of achieving a common social policy and about the future shape of the "European social model". The emphasis placed on workers' rights in the Community's and Union's treaties and charter signalled that European social policy was only indirectly concerned with categories of the population who did not gain entitlements to social protection as active members of labour force. The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, later the Single European Act and the Treaty on European Union made no reference to older people. A statement on European policy for this potentially disadvantaged category of former or would be workers was, however, introduced into the Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers and a new article on non-discrimination in the Treaty of Amsterdam identified age among the areas where discrimination was to be eliminated. ; Spartus ES valstybių demografinis senėjimas XX–XXI amžių sandūroje bei šio proceso prognozės kelia didelį susirūpinimą socialinės politikos kūrėjams: kaip užtikrinti lygias galimybes visoms kartoms ir integruoti pagyvenusius žmones į visuomenę. Siekiant spręsti šias problemas, nauji uždaviniai kyla socialinių paslaugų, pensijų, darbo rinkos politikos ir kitoms sritims. Straipsnio tikslas – įvertinti visuomenės demografinio senėjimo padarinius ir aptarti socialinės politikos pagyvenusiems formavimąsi ES valstybėse. Šiuo tikslu aptariami gyventojų amžiaus struktūros pokyčiai ir demografinio senėjimo veiksniai ES valstybėse, analizuojama socialinės politikos pagyvenusiesiems raida nuo Europos Bendrijos sukūrimo iki paskutiniosios Europos Sąjungos plėtros į Vidurio ir Rytų Europą bei išryškinamas jos vaidmuo integraciniuose procesuose.

There are no social movements or political parties in Europe which would strive for united social policy model. Large historic, structural and financial differences between various countries are the main reasons for that. Negative results of referendums for adoption of European Constitution in France and the Netherlands, as other forms of resistance, are witnessing about aims of population to preserve continental corporative European model without changes or only with slight changes. The latter does not help European integration and harmonization of social tasks, although helps to survive for developed and well financed social security systems in Europe. European Union , as before, foresees social security as a subject for national competence and jurisdiction. Nevertheless, separate problems considering common EU labour market are solved jointly and positively. Social policy modeling in Western European countries has a history of several decades. It enables to define one or another European social security model and to conduct analysis of existing social situation and prognostic perspectives. English sociologist Richard Titmuss and danish sociologist Gosta Esping-Andersen have made the largest input into social policy modelling. They both have scientifically founded the liberal, corporative and socialdemocratic welfare models. If Titmuss in his work have made more qualitative analysis, Esping-Andersen have added substantial quantitative indicators of decommodification. The works of other researchers have shown the impact of this theory for other parts of societal life, especially - for labour market policies. Globalisation impact is decisive for one or another social policy model configuration. Mainly because of globalisation impact the ,,passive social policy", which was functioning until the 90-ies is replaced by ,,active social policy" which is posing final social reintegration aims. ; Europos integracijos procese natūraliai kyla bendro Europos socialinės politikos modelio pasirinkimo problema. Kai kurie administratoriai ir tyrėjai siūlo nuo "socialinės Europos" darbotvarkės klausimų pereiti prie konkretaus socialinės apsaugos modelio pasirinkimo. Kiti administratoriai ir mokslininkai atkakliai tvirtina, kad Europoje ir toliau išliks bent 4 svarbiausi socialinės apsaugos modeliai - Šiaurės, kontinentinėje, Pietų Europoje ir Britanijos salose, nes socialinei apsaugai ES ir toliau bus skiriamas antraeilis vaid-muo, ji ir toliau priklausys nacionalinei jurisdikcijai ir kompetencijai. Trečia tyrėjų grupė pabrėžia sociali-nių problemų aktualumą Europoje tik tuo atveju, jeigu socialinės apsaugos uždaviniai neprieštarauja ben-drai Europos Sąjungos darbo rinkos politikai. Šiame straipsnyje paliečiama Europos socialinė integracija, suderinamumo, konvergencijos ir bendros socialinės erdvės problema, nušviečiamos svarbiausios kliūtys didesnei socialinei Europos integracijai pasiekti, apibrėžiami iššūkiai socialinės politikos modeliams praeityje ir dabar, pateikiamos G. Esping-Anderseno ir kitų Vakarų mokslininkų pastabos apie gerovės modelius, numatomos Vakarų Europos ir Lietuvos socialinės apsaugos lyginamosios perspektyvos.

European Union is facing the process of demographic aging - the continuing growth in the number of the older generations (those over 65 years) will change radically the age structure of the European Union. According to the recent Eurostat population projections, the proportion of the youngest (0-14) will decrease from 16,4 percent in 2004 to 13,4 percent in 2050, respectively the percentage of working age population (15-64) will change from 67,1 to 56,7 percent and the share of the oldest (65 and over) will increase from 16,5 to 29,9 percent. The accelerating aging of the Europe population has had a tremendous and ambiguous impact on policy making and poses challenges to the economic system (labour force, consumption, investments and savings), education (development of adult education system), social care (new forms and strategies, development of long-term care) and health care systems. Collaboration at the EU level on demographic aging issues has developed in the beginning of the 1990s - the policy measures targeted to overcome (or to slow/minimize) the negative consequences of this process were integrated to the key economic, employment and social (population and health policy) areas. These means are based on active aging approach and aim to raise the average quality of lives of the elderly and to increase their participation in employment and other spheres of social life. Within the overall framework of the EU approach to aging common challenges for the health policy have been identified - to achieve access to high quality health care and long term care for all while ensuring the financial sustainability of systems. ; Straipsnyje, remiantis Europos Bendrijos komisijos pastarųjų metų dokumentais, nagrinėjama, kaip viešojoje politikoje atsižvelgiama į demografinius pokyčius ir spartų gyventojų senėjimą. Aptariama dabartinė Europos šalių gyventojų demografinio senėjimo padėtis ir jos ateities perspektyvos, pristatomos oficialiosios konceptualios nuostatos dėl gyventojų demografinio senėjimo, išsamiai atskleidžiama įvairių ES institucijų formuojama politika, integruojanti gyventojų demografinio senėjimo problemas į sveikatos ir kitas socialinės politikos sritis.

Master's thesis analyzes gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The relevance of the research - Lithuania as a welfare state must pay attention to the prevention of gambling, gamblers social security. The novelty of the research - to find reasonable ways to strengthen the gambling prevention and gamblers social protection in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The aim of the research to analyze gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy. Research object: gambling analysis in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The problem of the research: what ways are needed for changing the gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy? Objectives of the research : 1) to discuss the situation in Lithuania gambling theoretical aspect and Lithuania social policy options; 2) discuss gambling legal regulation; 3) to examine what ways are needed for changing the gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy.

Master's thesis analyzes gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The relevance of the research - Lithuania as a welfare state must pay attention to the prevention of gambling, gamblers social security. The novelty of the research - to find reasonable ways to strengthen the gambling prevention and gamblers social protection in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The aim of the research to analyze gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy. Research object: gambling analysis in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The problem of the research: what ways are needed for changing the gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy? Objectives of the research : 1) to discuss the situation in Lithuania gambling theoretical aspect and Lithuania social policy options; 2) discuss gambling legal regulation; 3) to examine what ways are needed for changing the gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy.

Master's thesis analyzes gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The relevance of the research - Lithuania as a welfare state must pay attention to the prevention of gambling, gamblers social security. The novelty of the research - to find reasonable ways to strengthen the gambling prevention and gamblers social protection in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The aim of the research to analyze gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy. Research object: gambling analysis in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The problem of the research: what ways are needed for changing the gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy? Objectives of the research : 1) to discuss the situation in Lithuania gambling theoretical aspect and Lithuania social policy options; 2) discuss gambling legal regulation; 3) to examine what ways are needed for changing the gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy.

Master's thesis analyzes gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The relevance of the research - Lithuania as a welfare state must pay attention to the prevention of gambling, gamblers social security. The novelty of the research - to find reasonable ways to strengthen the gambling prevention and gamblers social protection in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The aim of the research to analyze gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy. Research object: gambling analysis in the context of Lithuanian social policy. The problem of the research: what ways are needed for changing the gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy? Objectives of the research : 1) to discuss the situation in Lithuania gambling theoretical aspect and Lithuania social policy options; 2) discuss gambling legal regulation; 3) to examine what ways are needed for changing the gambling situation in the context of Lithuanian social policy.

The problem of homelessness, the complexity of the limits of homelessness concept and the difference in defining it in the EU countries are analysed in this Master's thesis. The policy on homelessness carried out in Lithuania and EU countries is also dealt with in it. In the first part of the thesis, the literature of foreign and Lithuanian authors on the subject is explored It helps to make the tasks of the work more precise, to corroborate the validity of the theme, to state the sufficiency of the target explored. The causes of homelessness and the process of becoming a homeless are analysed as well, the problem of the concept of homelessness and the classification of the homeless are disclosed here too. The second part explores the sources of the EU policy and its development in the context of homelessness, and the EU strategies that are in progress to diminish poverty and homelessness are described. The indices of poverty risk level as reported by the EUROSTAT in 2009 and 2010 are analysed and compared. The third part of the thesis deals with the Lithuania's social policy in the context of homelessness, its sources and development, the strategies and projects in progress in Lithuania to diminish homelessness. Also, the indices in years 2010 and 2011 on poverty risks are presented and compared according to the data of the Statistics Department of Lithuania. The fourth part presents the results of the empiric research: the character of work, the goals of the activities and the main tasks in the Vilnius Lodging House and the Vilnius Caritas Lodging House are described.; the opinion of social workers is appraised. It reveals different point of view and different estimation of homelessness problems in the organisations.

The problem of homelessness, the complexity of the limits of homelessness concept and the difference in defining it in the EU countries are analysed in this Master's thesis. The policy on homelessness carried out in Lithuania and EU countries is also dealt with in it. In the first part of the thesis, the literature of foreign and Lithuanian authors on the subject is explored It helps to make the tasks of the work more precise, to corroborate the validity of the theme, to state the sufficiency of the target explored. The causes of homelessness and the process of becoming a homeless are analysed as well, the problem of the concept of homelessness and the classification of the homeless are disclosed here too. The second part explores the sources of the EU policy and its development in the context of homelessness, and the EU strategies that are in progress to diminish poverty and homelessness are described. The indices of poverty risk level as reported by the EUROSTAT in 2009 and 2010 are analysed and compared. The third part of the thesis deals with the Lithuania's social policy in the context of homelessness, its sources and development, the strategies and projects in progress in Lithuania to diminish homelessness. Also, the indices in years 2010 and 2011 on poverty risks are presented and compared according to the data of the Statistics Department of Lithuania. The fourth part presents the results of the empiric research: the character of work, the goals of the activities and the main tasks in the Vilnius Lodging House and the Vilnius Caritas Lodging House are described.; the opinion of social workers is appraised. It reveals different point of view and different estimation of homelessness problems in the organisations.

The article analyses the policy of Lithuanian national minorities in the context of the country's social policy, using M. Foucault's post-structuralist, deconstructive governmentality approach. The advantage of this approach is that it allows to analyse the governing of people, populations, or certain population groups through interrelated governmental rationales and technologies (Foucault 1991). One of the possible elements of social policy – education policy of national minorities – is analysed paying special attention a governmental technique called "self-responsibilisation" of individuals, characteristic of neoliberal type of governmentality. The article defines the welfare state as the state's desire to ensure the welfare and security of its citizens and asks how much responsibility the Lithuanian state has assumed for the education of national minorities and how much it tried to transfer this responsibility to the national minorities themselves over the years of independence. It is also argued that at the beginning of independence, education of national minorities was influenced by the conservative welfare model fostered at the time (formation of a network of Lithuanian and national minority schools of different subordination in the Vilnius region, when the former are controlled by the central government and the later by the local government dominated by national minority politicians), but in the second decade of independence education was reached by general tendencies of liberalization of the country's welfare model (optimization of the school network for efficiency and quality first for individuals and less for the collectives).

The article analyses the policy of Lithuanian national minorities in the context of the country's social policy, using M. Foucault's post-structuralist, deconstructive governmentality approach. The advantage of this approach is that it allows to analyse the governing of people, populations, or certain population groups through interrelated governmental rationales and technologies (Foucault 1991). One of the possible elements of social policy – education policy of national minorities – is analysed paying special attention a governmental technique called "self-responsibilisation" of individuals, characteristic of neoliberal type of governmentality. The article defines the welfare state as the state's desire to ensure the welfare and security of its citizens and asks how much responsibility the Lithuanian state has assumed for the education of national minorities and how much it tried to transfer this responsibility to the national minorities themselves over the years of independence. It is also argued that at the beginning of independence, education of national minorities was influenced by the conservative welfare model fostered at the time (formation of a network of Lithuanian and national minority schools of different subordination in the Vilnius region, when the former are controlled by the central government and the later by the local government dominated by national minority politicians), but in the second decade of independence education was reached by general tendencies of liberalization of the country's welfare model (optimization of the school network for efficiency and quality first for individuals and less for the collectives).

The article analyses the policy of Lithuanian national minorities in the context of the country's social policy, using M. Foucault's post-structuralist, deconstructive governmentality approach. The advantage of this approach is that it allows to analyse the governing of people, populations, or certain population groups through interrelated governmental rationales and technologies (Foucault 1991). One of the possible elements of social policy – education policy of national minorities – is analysed paying special attention a governmental technique called "self-responsibilisation" of individuals, characteristic of neoliberal type of governmentality. The article defines the welfare state as the state's desire to ensure the welfare and security of its citizens and asks how much responsibility the Lithuanian state has assumed for the education of national minorities and how much it tried to transfer this responsibility to the national minorities themselves over the years of independence. It is also argued that at the beginning of independence, education of national minorities was influenced by the conservative welfare model fostered at the time (formation of a network of Lithuanian and national minority schools of different subordination in the Vilnius region, when the former are controlled by the central government and the later by the local government dominated by national minority politicians), but in the second decade of independence education was reached by general tendencies of liberalization of the country's welfare model (optimization of the school network for efficiency and quality first for individuals and less for the collectives).

The article analyses the policy of Lithuanian national minorities in the context of the country's social policy, using M. Foucault's post-structuralist, deconstructive governmentality approach. The advantage of this approach is that it allows to analyse the governing of people, populations, or certain population groups through interrelated governmental rationales and technologies (Foucault 1991). One of the possible elements of social policy – education policy of national minorities – is analysed paying special attention a governmental technique called "self-responsibilisation" of individuals, characteristic of neoliberal type of governmentality. The article defines the welfare state as the state's desire to ensure the welfare and security of its citizens and asks how much responsibility the Lithuanian state has assumed for the education of national minorities and how much it tried to transfer this responsibility to the national minorities themselves over the years of independence. It is also argued that at the beginning of independence, education of national minorities was influenced by the conservative welfare model fostered at the time (formation of a network of Lithuanian and national minority schools of different subordination in the Vilnius region, when the former are controlled by the central government and the later by the local government dominated by national minority politicians), but in the second decade of independence education was reached by general tendencies of liberalization of the country's welfare model (optimization of the school network for efficiency and quality first for individuals and less for the collectives).

Recently, an intensive process takes place where the step is being made from legal to the contractual regulation of labour relations and the emphasis is made on social partnership agreements (compositions), thus awakening the curiosity and encouraging to take a closer look at the collective labour relations, their origins and evolution, to analyze the effects of the ongoing dialogue between the social partners to legislation and benefits to participants of employment relations. Thus, this paper analyzes the phenomenon of collective labour relations, focusing on the modern concept, history and regulatory developments of its constituent elements – the social partnership, collective negotiations and collective contracts and collective labour disputes – as well as how the stakeholders (social partners) of industrial relations can influence the modern social policy. After the analysis of the collected sources it was determined that the influence of collective labour relations to social policy in general and to employment laws in particular have effects at all levels – International, regional (European Union) and national. The implications of collective labour relations for social policy in international (global) level is best demonstrated by the activities of the International Labour Organization which are based on the principle of trilateral cooperation. This international organization forms the basic minimum labour standards, which become mandatory to the Member States after the ratification of ILO Conventions. In the European Union level, collective labour relations have a unique and guiding position in the democratic governance of the Europe. The European social partners are involved in the legislative process and consulted on specific social policy tools, and moreover they are offered the opportunity to decide on the need for regulation and conclude an appropriate agreement. Implications of collective labour relations for social policy at the national level are best demonstrated by the activities of the Lithuanian Tripartite Council. Their tripartite social dialogue plays an important role in harmonizing the interests of participants of legal labour relations in key areas such as the formation of national labour standards and determination of the minimum monthly wage.

Recently, an intensive process takes place where the step is being made from legal to the contractual regulation of labour relations and the emphasis is made on social partnership agreements (compositions), thus awakening the curiosity and encouraging to take a closer look at the collective labour relations, their origins and evolution, to analyze the effects of the ongoing dialogue between the social partners to legislation and benefits to participants of employment relations. Thus, this paper analyzes the phenomenon of collective labour relations, focusing on the modern concept, history and regulatory developments of its constituent elements – the social partnership, collective negotiations and collective contracts and collective labour disputes – as well as how the stakeholders (social partners) of industrial relations can influence the modern social policy. After the analysis of the collected sources it was determined that the influence of collective labour relations to social policy in general and to employment laws in particular have effects at all levels – International, regional (European Union) and national. The implications of collective labour relations for social policy in international (global) level is best demonstrated by the activities of the International Labour Organization which are based on the principle of trilateral cooperation. This international organization forms the basic minimum labour standards, which become mandatory to the Member States after the ratification of ILO Conventions. In the European Union level, collective labour relations have a unique and guiding position in the democratic governance of the Europe. The European social partners are involved in the legislative process and consulted on specific social policy tools, and moreover they are offered the opportunity to decide on the need for regulation and conclude an appropriate agreement. Implications of collective labour relations for social policy at the national level are best demonstrated by the activities of the Lithuanian Tripartite Council. Their tripartite social dialogue plays an important role in harmonizing the interests of participants of legal labour relations in key areas such as the formation of national labour standards and determination of the minimum monthly wage.