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The topic of this special issue is an important and timely one, as all the articles explain. It is also a particularly challenging one for scholars: just how we turn the injunction to connect organizations to inequality into a meaningful research programme is harder than might seem. I am thus particularly grateful to the special issue editors for defining an agenda and producing a set of articles that addresses it. Given that the agenda is challenging, the format of the special issue is slightly unusual. We have the usual five articles on specific topics. Framing them are essays by each of the special issue editors that explain and address different aspects of the wider scholarly challenges of the agenda. Hari Bapuji synthesizes a mass of research that explores the links running from inequality to organizations; he also indicates the contributions of each of the articles. Suhaib Riaz looks at how organizations themselves generate inequality and the intersections between dimensions of inequality and the methodological challenges involved. Each offers a framework with different but potentially complementary ways of thinking about inequality and organizations. In this very short note I offer some very brief further reflections on the connections between agenda and articles.

While organizational ethnographers have embraced the concept of self-reflexivity, problems remain. In this article we argue that the prevalent assumption that self-reflexivity is the sole responsibility of the individual researcher limits its scope for understanding organizations. To address this, we propose an innovative method of collective reflection that is inspired by ideas from cultural and feminist anthropology. The value of this method is illustrated through an analysis of two ethnographic case studies, involving a 'pair interview' method. This collective approach surfaced self-reflexive accounts, in which aspects of the research encounter that still tend to be downplayed within organizational ethnographies, including emotion, intersubjectivity and the operation of power dynamics, were allowed to emerge. The approach also facilitated a second contribution through the conceptualization of organizational ethnography as a unique endeavour that represents a collision between one 'world of work': the university, with a second: the researched organization. We find that this 'collision' exacerbates the emotionality of ethnographic research, highlighting the refusal of 'researched' organizations to be domesticated by the specific norms of academia. Our article concludes by drawing out implications for the practice of self-reflexivity within organizational ethnography.

AbstractThis article attempts to introduce readers to the impressive and influential historical and contemporary literature on South African labour. A literature with some earlier antecedents effectively applied classic sociological and historical themes to the specific conditions of South African political and economic development. Research on the phase of politicized and militant white worker action ties up with research into the international pre-World War I labour movement. The strength of this literature reflected the insurgent labour movement linked to political struggle against apartheid before 1990. After this review, the second half of the paper tries to consider and contextualize the challenging post-apartheid labour situation together with its political aspects. With the successful conclusion of the anti-apartheid struggle, students of the labour movement, as well as of South African society, have become more aware of the distance between establishing a liberal democracy and actually changing society itself in a direction leading towards less inequality and an improved life for those at the bottom of society, or even the broad mass of the population. As recent literature reveals, the development of post-apartheid South Africa has been a differential and problematic experience for labour.

In this article we examine accounts of emotional experiences in one organization. Drawing upon data from interviews across a range of employees, we analyse aspects of emotion, identity and power. Adopting a constructionist perspective we use a method of discourse analysis to analyse how participants constructed emotions according to tacitly understood rules regarding appropriate emotional displays. These rules were made visible through an examination of the participants' positioning strategies as they described emotional experiences. Our findings suggest that, rather than an institutionally held level of appropriate articulations of emotionality, there was a role-related, socially located rule system linked to separate categories of teachers, managers and administrative employees. The contribution of the article is threefold. First, we use in-depth case data from 44 semi-structured interviews to analyse how teachers and managers/administrators in a UK-based further education (FE) college constructed emotions according to certain rules (informal norms) regarding appropriate kinds of emotional displays. Teachers acknowledged and upgraded labelled emotions, while managers and administrators denied and downgraded accounts of emotional experiences. Second, we discuss the implications of talk about emotion for the (re)production of teachers' and managers/administrators' work identities. Third, we consider how people's talk about emotions was bound-up in relations of power.

One of the aspects of the information revolution that has had negative implications for many workers is the erosion of the workplace as a basis for long-term security and collective solidarity. The dramatic pace of technological change, complex restructuring of firms, and continual competitive pressures for rapid innovation that are a central component of the information economy are contributing to fundamental transformations in work and employment. As part of this transformation, the trend towards the centralization of production in large enterprises that was the dominant feature of the industrial era is being superseded by production organized around smaller workplaces connected together in complex, constantly shifting networks operating at multiple spatial scales, from the local to the global. For many workers, one result is greater insecurity, as they increasingly have to update their skills, change jobs and even change careers more frequently. Some analysts have gone so far as to characterize the typical information age worker as a "free-floating individual, connected on-line to a variety of task-performing organizations, ever-competing for resources and personal support, and assuming limited responsibilities towards limited people for a limited time".

There has been much debate in the management literature between neo-Darwinists (who believe in the natural selection of populations of organizations) and adaptationists (who contend that changes in organization structure and behavior occur in response to the environment). The general thesis of neo-Darwinism is that species are blindly selected for survival by the environment. The latest empirical support for the dominant neo-Darwinism perspective adopted by most biologists is based primarily on the experiments conducted by Salvador Luria who claims to have conclusively demonstrated that genes mutate randomly. Recently, however, biologists have re-examined Luria's research methods and, after replications of his experiments, now question some aspects of the validity of his results. Moreover, there is now new research which provides support for the earlier adaptationist position, namely, the existence of evolutionary drivers and directors existing within self-organizing systems. Of particular importance to the present study is the experimental indication that self-organizing systems play a conscious role in their own evolution. We propose that similar mechanisms or processes operate in organizational adaptation, thus pointing toward a theoretical modification of neo-Darwinism that embraces both adaptation and natural selection in a general, unified theory.

The focus of this study is on the effect of institutional envioronment on organizational decision making in an African state. Three empirical studies were conducted consecutively in Nigeria. The first one provided the instrument for the subsequent studies. The instrument, containing 26 items, was factor analyzed in the second and third studies. In the second, four interpretable factors were identified where a factor containing items concerning the exchange environment accounted for the largest variance. The other factors measured aspects of the institutional environment. In the third study, a similar configuration of item clusters was obtained, though consistency was most observed in the factor measuring the exchange environment. This was taken as evidence for the validity of the exchange environment as well as the reliability of items used to measure it. Three characteristics define this environment. The first is transactional failure or the failure to take possession of a service or good already paid for. The second is the feedback timelag; this refers to the length of time it takes to learn of the outcome of a transaction. The third is personalissimo, meaning a situation in which the actor has to know someone who knows someone who can give the desired service (Triandis, 1984).

While much has been heard in recent times of the evils attaching to "the principles of 1834", other important aspects of the New Poor Law have been seriously neglected. The laws of settlement and removal were unjust and inhumane, and the system of parochial rating was anomalous, uneven and, indeed, thoroughly iniquitous. One of the main features of the Poor Law Amendment Act had been the grouping of the parishes of England and Wales into unions of parishes. Those of a medium-sized town usually constituted one union, while in the countryside the typical union tended to comprise all the parishes within a radius of up to about ten miles of a country town, its centre. Under the Act, the administration of the Poor Law was based on the union and not, as heretofore, on the parish; yet the latter remained the financial unit, each parish being chargeable for its own Poor Law expenditure. This uneven arrangement prevented the effective operation of the Act, and, as will be shown, had unhappy consequences. Attempts at reform in these matters were strenuously opposed in Parliament between 1845 and 1865, and only in the latter year was the Union Chargeability Act passed.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the emergence and development, between 1904 and 1914, of the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions. A main conclusion is that the ATTI, in being mainly concerned with its members' employment interests, was implicitly a trade union despite continual protestations by both officers and members that the Association was a professional body and would not "degenerate into a mere trades union […]. For people of education, like teachers, […] it is wrong to begin at the salary end". In the first place, therefore, this paper is an investigation into certain aspects of the early history of a white-collar union, in this case the organization whose membership was drawn initially from among a small group of teachers in local authority technical institutes in England at the beginning of this century. Secondly, however, insofar as the technical teachers of this period saw themselves as professional people for whom trade unionism was inappropriate, the case-study also, in passing, illustrates the common conflict over the goals sought by most teachers' organizations at some time during their evolution as to whether they "should be concerned only with professional matters or should also fight for better salaries".

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação Interdisciplinar em Estudos de América-Latina da Universidade Federal de Integração Latino-Americana, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestra em Estudos Latino-Americanos. Orientador: Prof. (Dra.) Analía Chernavsky ; La presente disertación organiza un estudio de las facetas anunciadas como objetivos principales de El Sistema de Orquestas Infantiles y Juveniles de Venezuela (El Sistema) en comparación con el Sistema de Orquestas Infantiles y Juveniles de Jujuy (SOJ): 1. Alcanzar una excelencia musical 2. Incluir/integrar socialmente a niños en vulnerabilidad social y/o económica. Dicho estudio parte del punto de partida de que el repertorio sería el organizador e influenciador directo en ambos tanto en el aspecto estético como en el aspecto ético de los proyectos orquestales. Fuimos incentivados a realizar un trabajo de caso a partir del primer contacto con el SOJ, el cual mostró un material novedoso al tratarse de una orquesta sinfónica: la inclusión de música andina que comunica al repertorio de música de concierto con la música tradicional vinculada a la cultura local. El SOJ pertenece al modelo de sistemas orquestales fundado por El Sistema en Venezuela. Sin embargo, hay poca bibliografía que haga un análisis crítico sobre este famoso proyecto, por lo que nos vimos en la necesidad de traerlo y confrontarlo con las informaciones que un trabajo de campo realizado en Jujuy, con el SOJ, proporcionó. Consideramos este trabajo de gran importancia en los estudios interdisciplinares partiendo desde el campo de la música, pues abordamos un lado social, educativo e incluso político de los sistemas orquestales, en auge en la actualidad. También notamos su relevancia en referencia a la historiografía de la orquesta sinfónica que, una vez iniciado este trabajo, notamos que es insuficiente y poco estudiada sea como "instrumento sinfónico" o como "institución". ; This thesis organizes a study of the facets announced as the main objectives of the System of Children's and Youth Orchestras of Venezuela (El Sistema) in contrast to the System of Juvenile and Youth Orchestras of Jujuy (SOJ): 1. Achieve artistic excellence 2 Socially inclusion/integration of children in social and/or economic vulnerability. This study starts from the starting point that the repertoire would be the direct organizer and influencer both in the aesthetic aspect and in the ethical aspect of the orchestral projects. We were encouraged to carry out a case study from the first contact with the SOJ, which showed a new material as it is a symphony orchestra: the inclusion of Andean music that communicates the repertoire of concert music with the music of a traditional music linked to the local culture. The SOJ belongs to the orchestral systems model founded by El Sistema in Venezuela. However, there is little literature that makes a critical analysis on this famous project, so we saw the need to bring it and confront it with the information that a fieldwork carried out in Jujuy, with the SOJ, provided. We consider this work of great importance in the interdisciplinary studies starting from the field of music, because we approach a social, educational and even political side of the orchestral systems, currently booming. We also note its relevance in reference to the historiography of the symphony orchestra that, once this work started, we note that it is insufficient and little studied either as a "symphonic instrument" or as an institution

The thesis concentrates on Hofors and a local trade union environment between 1917 and 1946, where important parts of the trade union's power were held by parties to the left of the social democrats. The overall aim is to problemize and discuss the issue of what characterised and made possible this deviation from the usual picture of a trade union movement dominated by social democracy. What characterised the conditions in such a local trade union environment and to what extent can local norms and political culture be linked to the conditions and the development in the trade union movement in Hofors? The factors behind the radicalism in Hofors can be found in the local union and political context. The investigation points out the following main reasons: the left-wing local council of the Social Democratic Party and its successors' organisational lead, the local labour council's working method being close to what has been considered "social democratic", their representatives being highly trusted in the local community, and the growth of a local radical tradition. The political culture and the norms that gradually developed were based on a left-wing social democratic tradition. The local council of the Social Democratic Party that left the party in 1917 to join the left-wing social democratic faction was the same local council, despite their names and change of parties in the 1920s and 1930s. It became the local labour movement's bearer of traditions and represented the continuity in the local trade union environment, which contributed to the leftwing socialist project being long-lived in Hofors. The central aspects were the trade union work and the practical-concrete tradition that developed. Primarily through successful trade union work, the local labour council and its trade union representatives gained strong and long-term support from a large proportion of the local trade union movement's members and the population of Hofors. Against this background it may be stated that, even though it was often impossible for the parties to the left of social democracy to maintain a local trade union and political power position that was stronger than that of the social democrats for a lengthy period of time, it was not entirely impossible. It may also be stated that for the trade union member as such, a communist or socialist party affiliation was not a real obstacle in the election of shop stewards. Their focus was primarily put on the would-be representatives' personal qualities and ability to live up to the demands and expectations placed on them by the members, and not so much on their ideological persuasion.

The aim of this work is to examine the labor practices of Conacyt academic staff from the perspective of their subjective experience in this work field. The "Catedras Conacyt" are academic positions for young researchers, as the result of a new Mexican government program that establishes an atypical and flexible triangular labor relations system for the academic sector in Mexico. In the current debate a relation between the atypical-flexible and the job insecurity is widely accepted, although not everybody agree with this point of view. Overall, this debate is referenced to labor areas of industry and services, usually low-skilled staff, none of which is the case of these young academic staff. So, it is worth checking if that association also operates in Conacyt "Catedras". Seventeen interviews were conducted with young academics, from which it is concluded that hardly can be associated "Catedras" with a condition of precariousness. However, there are problematic aspects that should not be ignored. ; El objetivo del trabajo es examinar la experiencia laboral de los catedráticos de Conacyt en lo que lleva funcionando el programa. Las Cátedras Conacyt son plazas académicas para jóvenes investigadores bajo un programa novedoso del gobierno mexicano que establece un sistema atípico y flexible de relaciones laborales triangulares para el sector académico en el país. Las condiciones laborales atípicas y flexibles se asocian en buena parte de la literatura con una posible precariedad laboral. En general, este debate está mayormente centrado en los ámbitos de la industria y los servicios, con personal donde prevalecen las bajas calificaciones. Pero este no es el caso de los catedráticos. Por eso vale la pena comprobar si aquí también opera tal asociación. Se realizaron diecisiete entrevistas a jóvenes catedráticos, a partir de las cuales se concluye que, las condiciones laborales de los empleos de Cátedras, como régimen laboral atípico, se percibe positivamente por los involucrados, aunque existen aspectos problemáticos que no deben ser ignorados. Cátedras Conacyt in the margins of subcontracting and labor flexibility Abstract The aim of this work is to examine the labor practices of Conacyt academic staff from the perspective of their subjective experience in this work field. The "Catedras Conacyt" are academic positions for young researchers, as the result of a new Mexican government program that establishes an atypical and flexible triangular labor relations system for the academic sector in Mexico. In the current debate a relation between the atypical-flexible and the job insecurity is widely accepted, although not everybody agree with this point of view. Overall, this debate is referenced to labor areas of industry and services, usually low-skilled staff, none of which is the case of these young academic staff. So, it is worth checking if that association also operates in Conacyt "Catedras". Seventeen interviews were conducted with young academics, from which it is concluded that hardly can be associated "Catedras" with a condition of precariousness. However, there are problematic aspects that should not be ignored. Keywords: Catedras Conacyt, labor subcontracting, triangular labor relations, job insecurity, flexibility.

Los días 31 de mayo y 1 de junio de 2018 tuvo lugar la cuarta moción de censura de la historia de nuestra democracia. En esta, al igual que sucedió durante la celebrada en junio de 2017, las redes sociales van a adquirir un protagonismo en la difusión y transmisión de la información, la opinión y el análisis por parte de los principales actores involucrados, así como del conjunto de la sociedad española. Esto es así por cuanto las redes sociales son ya un instrumento consolidado en el desarrollo de la comunicación y el debate político, ya que favorecen la participación ciudadana, la comunicación instantánea y la interacción del político con los usuarios. Es por ello que la presente investigación tiene por objeto examinar los mensajes publicados en Twitter tanto por los líderes de los Partidos políticos de ámbito nacional con representación parlamentaria, como por los propios partidos. Con ello se pretende identificar, en términos cuantitativos, el impacto de los mensajes y las tendencias en la actividad de la red social durante los días del debate y, en términos cualitativos, el contenido de los mismos en base a una serie de variables preestablecidas. ; The main objective of this paper is to perform a research in order to get to know the Miguel Trillo Archive deposited in the Library of the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (MNCARS). In addition, a review of the biography of photographer Miguel Trillo, the historic context and other concepts related to his work, such as urban tribes and a brief history of the fanzine in Spain, will be performed. A documentary analysis has been carried out following the guide of Salvador Benítez, Olivera Zaldua and Sánchez Vigil, proposing a formal analysis and a denotative and connotative analysis of content. In addition, the work is supported by a personal interview with the photographer. The most relevant conclusions corroborate the fundamental role of Miguel Trillo as a documentary photographer of the urban tribes in Madrid in the 80s of last century; but also the way his legacy has been taken by contemporary photographers such as Laura C. Vela or Davit Ruiz in their aesthetic aspects but especially in their documentary and conceptual strategy.

Food security as a global and African problem -- Low input technologies -- The UK paradigm and an alternative strategy -- How much land do you need? -- Hunger as a fatal strategy : a Zambian case study -- Smoothing out the bumps in food security -- Why do projects fail? What could work? -- Working for food, working for money -- Teaching them to fish : entrepreneurial ideology and rural projects -- What is a farmer? -- Leading farmer projects and rural food security, Uganda -- A permaculture design for a Ugandan household -- An embedded project -- Chikukwa -- What to eat to avoid diabetes and heart trouble -- A winning formula : projects that work -- Composting toilets in Africa -- The political economy of food security strategies.

The sustainability or water resources in Mexico is challenged, among other things, by inadequate regulation tools, limited enforcement capacity, and the uncertainty related to climate change. This thesis analyses key aspects of these challenges with the overall objective of contributing to the economic literature and providing inputs for evidence based policy making. The thesis is composed of three chapters. The first chapter looks at the mechanisms regulating groundwater extraction. In particular, it analyses the distortion caused by electricity subsidies and their effects on groundwater overdraft. It contributes to the existing literature by providing estimates on cross-price elasticities related to irrigation water demand in Mexico. The results of this chapter show that changes in the price of ground water not only affect the amount of water pumped, but also the allocation of labour and fertilizers. The second chapter studies the effects of environmental inspections on illegal water extraction across Mexican municipalities. Results show that the main inspection program led by Mexico's water agency does have an impact on the number of irrigators extracting water without a valid concession. However, further efforts improving the capacity of regional offices are required for this program to have a substantive effect on water sustainability. Finally, the third chapter addresses some of the concerns related to climate change by analyzing the effects of droughts and floods on internal migration trends in Mexico. Results show that both droughts and floods act as push factors for internal migration. In addition, results also show that income differential, murders, and educational attainments are key drivers for internal migration in the country. ; La présente thèse analyse les principaux aspects du défi de la durabilité des ressources en eau au Mexique avec l'objectif de contribuer à la littérature économique et d'alimenter par les faits l'élaboration de politiques. Elle est composée de trois chapitres. Le premier ...