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This core textbook is the ideal companion text for students studying the social aspects of health and illness, whether it is as part of a health studies degree, nursing or other professional qualification related to health, social care, youth and community work and social work. Written at an introductory level this book is suitable for students new to this subject and looking for a broad and accessible text for use throughout their studies

This paper overviews previous research addressing the inclusion of the, social dimension of sustainable development on power systems planning. Consequences of the recent energy policies and strategies are already being felt in, developed countries' power systems, with the integration of rising quotas in renewable, energy technologies. However, while the tools that aid decision making on power, planning show that economic and environmental issues are easily quantifiable and thus, modeled, social concerns have been addressed in a less extensive and more, subjective way, implying in most cases expert participation on multi-criteria decision aid, techniques. A survey of recent papers providing public perceptions on electricity, generation technologies and projects is presented. These papers were chosen and, reviewed in order to present a representative array of methodologies that are used to, assess social acceptance of technologies. According to some of the reviewed papers, this issue is suggested to be fundamental to increase project success. As a conclusion, stands the fact that further discussion is still needed in order to achieve solid, agreement, among experts, over what are the positive and the negative drivers to, social sustainability; otherwise models will not be able to translate reality and improve it, under this point of view. ; This work was financed by: the QREN – Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors, the European Union – European Regional Development Fund and National Funds - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under Project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-011377 and Project ...

After the severe devastation from the Korean War between 1950~1953, SouthKorea achieved a complete makeover. The country with the 12th largest economy inthe world commemorated its success by hosting the G20 summit in 2010 for thefirst time in Asia. Korea is the only country switched its status from aninternational aid recipient to a donor. The country is known to have a highpotential to grow even further with its emerging economy.Many developing countries in Africa, South East Asia and Latin Americadeclared that they adopted or plan to adopt the Korean development model which isgovernment-driven industrialization nurturing exports. However behind thedazzling skyscrapers, the country is reported to be suffering from a high suiciderate, rising temporary employment, disparity, value crisis and increasing antisocialbehaviours.Based on an analysis of indices, the country is diagnosed to be in anomie. Thesociety is going through moral breakdown due to commodification introducedduring the rapid industrialization. Given that society is shaped through a constantreconciliation between freedom and security, Korea has sacrificed its security byletting market freedom override politics, which has to function as a soundmoderator, to the point it cannot be controlled.This paper argues that ensuring the primacy of politics to rein in marketfreedom is an urgent task. Market needs to be repositioned under society in pursuitof restoring the balance between freedom and security which should work as thebasis of the every development agenda. Sound governance and transparency asprerequisites, many countries should establish those before starting to implement adevelopment plan. Restoring community is heightened both as a measure ofprevention and cure that it can be started at the individual level.

To avoid negative outcomes of rising biofuel production and use, and to reduce simultaneously greenhouse gas emissions, the European Commission linked its mandatory biofuel blending requirements to sustainability criteria defined in the Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (2009). Several voluntary, private standard initiatives are controlling the compliance along the value chain. Given that little experiences exist as to the certification of a large scale commodity like biofuels, there are many challenges to overcome. One point in question is the participation of small scale farmers in this complex and price bonded process. Is it possible to create methodologies to ensure the participation of smallholders? Additional uncertainties exist as to the implementation of control tools to avoid the jeopardizing of biodiversity or land with high carbon stocks. The objective of this study is to scrutinize the implementation of the sustainability criteria and its effects on crucial aspects as the inclusion of smallholder properties in certification schemes, effects on biodiversity or land use change. In addition, this work examines the possible limits of certification in the context of biofuel production and its claims for sustainable production patterns.

Vast areas have been subject to an active nature protection policy in Norway over the past decades. Sixteen per cent of the land mass on the mainland is now protected in one way or another, and national parks take up the greatest share of the protected land. In many regions throughout the world, national parks offer excellent opportunities for outdoor recreation and tourism activities. The social values of contact with nature and opportunities for nature-based activities are considered to be a key element of Norwegian /North European culture and tradition. Nature-based tourism is a rapidly growing sector of the tourism industry in many parts of the world. National parks have played a major part in this growth in many countries, because they tend to be associated with relatively pristine nature and beautiful scenery and they attract visitors seeking nature-based experiences. This PhD project explores the social dimension of sustainable tourism development in Norwegian national parks. The study reflects the paradigmatic shift in national park management policy, where the traditional view of protecting nature from human use is gradually being replaced by a vision of safeguarding both nature conservation and recreation/tourism interests. The increasing emphasis on the interests of visitors and local communities related to tourism activities suggests that social values are moving to the forefront of discourses on sustainable tourism development in national parks. The political backdrop for this new integrated management philosophy is rooted in the assumption that nature-based tourism in and around Norwegian national parks (which are typically located in remote mountain regions), represents promising opportunities for rural areas that are affected by the marginalisation of traditional industries, such as agriculture and forestry. Increasing visitation and more nature-based tourism products can potentially generate local jobs and income, and tourism therefore represents a way of stemming the outmigration of the resident populations. The integration of broader social interests in the emerging management regime has also arisen from criticisms of the traditional, expertdriven, segregated and top-down national park management strategies. The inclusion of local, experience-based knowledge, the involvement of community stakeholder interests and the anchoring of management processes and solutions at the local level are now being given political attention. In examining the social preconditions for sustainable tourism development in national parks, this PhD project analyses tourism interests in various ways: Visitor desires and concerns and the viewpoints of local tourism entrepreneurs are taken into consideration, as well as the views of other rural interests with a stake in the utilisation of national parks. Nasjonalparkriket ("The National Park Realm") was chosen as the case study area for the empirical study. This mountainous region is situated in the northern part of Oppland County in Norway. It comprises six municipalities with very high land coverage of protected areas, including six national parks. Visitors' Nature Orientations were examined through two surveys to achieve a detailed understanding of their main types of nature appreciation. The findings illustrate tourists' nature-related motives, values and attitudes and also their behavioural preferences in a nature setting. German, Dutch and Danish motor tourists visiting Norway were surveyed when leaving the country by ferry and four vital dimensions of Nature Orientations were identified: Inspiration, Recreation, Challenge and Sightseeing. Inspiration represents existential values and a strong emotional connectedness with landscape and nature; Recreation signifies the desire for tranquillity, peacefulness and physical relaxation in natural surroundings; Challenge represents the desire for demanding physical exercise and risk taking, and Sightseeing refers to interests in seeing sights and the appreciation of comfort aspects. An additional visitor survey among actual visitors in Nasjonalparkriket, supported these findings but the Sightseeing dimension was re-labelled Comfort due to the relative importance of the comfort aspect in the fourth dimension. Tourism facilities (and visitors' 'quests' for such facilities) in and around national parks can potentially match the different Nature Orientations, and the border survey showed that each of the four identified principal Quest for Facilities dimensions related to distinct nature interests: The Nature Orientations Challenge and Sightseeing supported the expressed wishes for extension and upgrading of "Tracks & signposts" within national parks. The desire for more grand scale "Infrastructure & services" was upheld by Nature Orientations Challenge and Sightseeing but was contested by Recreation. Moreover, "Food & accommodation" products mainly located outside parks were found to be particularly appealing to the Nature Orientation Sightseeing. The expansion of "Tours & interpretation" services and facilities in natural surroundings was supported by the Inspiration or Sightseeing orientations. Tourists who seek pleasures in natural surroundings tend to express great concern for the environment. In the survey among actual visitors in Nasjonalparkriket, respondents generally expressed a very low degree of acceptance for negative ecological impacts resulting from tourism activities and installations in the national parks. The Nature Orientation dimension Inspiration was associated with a particularly great concern for the wild reindeer habitat, raptor nesting and attrition on vegetation. On the other hand, both Comfort (Sightseeing) and Challenge orientations showed less environmental concern compared to visitors in general. The Quest for Facilities dimensions "Infrastructure & service" and "Food & accommodation" (i.e. tourism product interests upheld by Comfort (Sightseeing) and Challenge according to the border survey) fell into the latter domain, and were also (in relative terms) related to a higher degree of acceptance of negative ecological impacts. Tourists' Nature Orientations, Quest for Facilities and views on potential nature destruction (as revealed in the two surveys) represent important knowledge for managers who are looking to develop national parks into viable tourism attractions. In addition, local tourism entrepreneurs need to be aware of their guests' interests and concerns if they want to succeed. Local tourism stakeholders are often totally dependent on the natural resources contained in the protected areas. National park management policies and regulations represent opportunities and constraints for tourism activities, and thus have a direct influence on the prospects for tourism expansion. Qualitative interviews with local tourism stakeholders in Rondane and Jotunheimen national parks (within Nasjonalparkriket) revealed that, despite their general support for national parks status, they felt that the management planning processes and outcomes left a lot to be desired. First, the tourism representatives reported only minor involvement in the national park planning processes, and that they had very little input into the final planning arrangements. Second, they felt that management rules and regulations restricted opportunities for tourism related business operations within the parks. Third, respondents perceived a lack of competence among managers concerning business management and tourism development issues. In Rondane National Park, doubts were expressed about the necessity of the measures implemented to protect the wild reindeer, and the scientific evidence supporting these measures. In Jotunheimen National Park, respondents thought that sustainable tourism development should be more explicitly included in management visions and goals for the national park, and they called for a visitor strategy to be implemented. They also expressed a desire to be involved in the co-management of the park. Considerable investment in communication and relationship-building is likely to be required in these two parks to foster durable social links and trustworthy planning partnerships between responsible managers and local tourism stakeholders. Similar opinions were identified among local tourism stakeholders in a focus group study in the two national parks mentioned above. The traditional rural users (i.e. local landowners, farmers, etc.) of the national parks are social interests defining the freedom of action with respect to existing tourism activities and also new tourism industry initiatives. When exploring the opinions of both groups (i.e. local tourism entrepreneurs and traditional rural users) about tourism in the protected areas, there were few direct clashes of interest. However, contradictory views were evident amongst groups when discussing the need for genuine tourism growth in the area. The local tourism entrepreneurs demonstrated an 'openness to change' in order to sustain their businesses and the local community, whereas the traditional rural user interests had a more sceptical attitude and were afraid that new developments could change the character of their countryside and undermine rural lifestyles and the integrity of their local community. Viable directions for tourism development should therefore be negotiated between the two stakeholder interests. The main contribution of this dissertation is to highlight social preconditions for sustainable tourism development in a Norwegian national park setting. Both 'outsider' and 'insider' social perspectives (i.e. visitor and local stakeholder interests), are equally taken into consideration. Existing opportunities and constraints are discussed and issues of crucial importance for tourism advancement in the national parks are identified. ; Store naturområder er blitt vernet av norske myndigheter i de siste tiårene. 16 prosent av landarealene på Norges fastland er nå vernet i en eller annen form, og nasjonalparkene utgjør den største andelen av disse verneområdene. I mange land er nasjonalparkene svært godt tilrettelagte for rekreasjons- og turistaktiviteter. De sosiale verdiene som er knyttet til befolkningens nærhet til natur og mulighetene for naturbaserte aktiviteter og opplevelser blir ofte ansett som et kjerneelement i norsk/skandinavisk kultur og tradisjon. Naturbasert turisme er en raskt voksende sektor i mange deler av verden, og nasjonalparkene blir gjerne assosiert med godt bevart, verdifull natur og vakre landskaper, som tiltrekker seg et økende antall besøkende i mange land. I dette PhD-prosjektet rettes søkelyset mot den sosiale dimensjonen ved bærekraftig reiselivsutvikling i norske nasjonalparker. Studien reflekterer det pågående paradigmatiske skiftet i nasjonalparkpolitikken, der det klassiske naturvernet mot menneskelig bruk og påvirkning gradvis blir erstattet av forestillinger om at naturforvaltning i denne typen områder bør handle om å ivareta både naturhensyn og reiselivsinteresser. Den voksende oppmerksomheten omkring de besøkendes behov og den økende vektleggingen av lokalsamfunnsinteressene som er relatert til turistaktivitetene indikerer at de sosiale aspektene gradvis får større betydning i diskusjoner om bærekraftig reiselivsutvikling i nasjonalparkene. Det generelle politiske bakteppet for denne nyere, sosialt integrerte forvaltningsfilosofien er knyttet til en antakelse om at norske nasjonalparker, som gjerne er lokalisert i relativt perifere fjellregioner, representerer næringsmuligheter for bygdesamfunn som er blitt marginalisert i økonomisk henseende som følge av tilbakegang i tradisjonelle næringer som jordbruk og skogbruk. Mer besøk i nasjonalparkene og tilpassede naturbaserte reiselivstilbud kan potensielt skape arbeidsplasser lokalt og tilføre lokalsamfunnene nye inntekter. Utvikling av reiselivet fremstår derfor som et egnet redskap for å motvirke utflytting fra disse områdene. Innlemmingen av bredere sosiale interesser i det nye forvaltningsregimet kan også ses på som et svar på kritikken av den dominerende naturvitenskapelige, ekspertpregede og top-downorienterte forvaltningstradisjonen. Inkludering av både lokal og erfaringsbasert kunnskap, involvering av lokalsamfunnsinteresser og sikring av lokalt forankrede forvaltningsprosesser og -beslutninger blir nå i stadig større grad viet politisk oppmerksomhet. I denne studien av sosiale aspekter ved bærekraftig reiselivsutvikling i nasjonalparker rettes søkelyset både mot de besøkendes tilretteleggingsønsker og mot deres omtanke for naturmiljøet. I tillegg analyseres synspunktene på reiselivsutvikling i nasjonalparkene blant lokale reiselivsentreprenører og andre lokale brukerinteresser. Nasjonalparkriket i Nord-Gudbrandsdalen ble valgt som case for den empiriske undersøkelsen. Denne fjellregionen ligger i den nordlige delen av Oppland fylke, og omfatter seks kommuner med seks nasjonalparker, der en svært stor andel av arealet består av vernede landområder. Gjennom to surveyundersøkelser ble turistenes såkalte naturorienteringer belyst. Resultatene illustrerer turistenes naturrelaterte motiver, verdier og holdninger samt deres atferdspreferanser i et naturmiljø. Tyske, nederlandske og danske bilturister ble i den første surveyundersøkelsen bedt om å besvare et spørreskjema ved utreise fra Norge med ferge, og fire typer av naturorienteringer ble identifisert i denne grenseundersøkelsen: Inspirasjon, Rekreasjon, Utfordring og Sightseeing. Inspirasjon representerer eksistensielle verdier og en sterk emosjonell tilknytning til natur og landskaper. Rekreasjon står for ønsker om stillhet, ro og fysisk avkobling i naturomgivelser. Utfordring gjenspeiler ønsker om fysisk krevende aktiviteter og en viss risikoorientering. Sightseeing reflekterer interessen for å se attraksjoner og understreker betydningen av komfort på reisen. Den andre surveyundersøkelsen, en spørreundersøkelse blant faktisk besøkende i Nasjonalparkriket, bekreftet disse funnene, men her ble Sightseeing omskrevet til Komfort pga den sterke betydningen av komfortaspektene på den fjerde dimensjonen. De besøkendes uttrykte ønsker om tilrettelegginger av fasiliteter i og rundt nasjonalparkene kan i utgangspunktet tenkes å være knyttet til de ulike naturorienteringene. Grenseundersøkelsen blant de utenlandske bilturistene viste at hver av de fire identifiserte typene av fasilitetsønsker var relatert til hver av de fire typene av naturinteresser: Naturorienteringene Utfordring og Sightseeing understøttet ønskene om å utvide og oppgradere "Stier & skilter" inne i nasjonalparkene. Ønskene om mer storskala "Infrastruktur & service" ble opprettholdt av naturorienteringene Utfordring og Sightseeing, men var i liten grad relatert til Rekreasjon. Tilrettelagte turistprodukter innen "Mat & overnatting" utenfor nasjonalparkenes grenser hadde først og fremst appell til naturorienteringen Sightseeing, mens "Organiserte turer & formidling" i naturomgivelser var relatert til naturorienteringene Inspirasjon og Sightseeing. Turister som søker seg til naturområder er gjerne opptatt av vern av naturmiljøet. I undersøkelsen blant besøkende i Nasjonalparkriket uttrykte respondentene generelt sett lav grad av aksept for negative økologiske konsekvenser som følge av turistaktiviteter og turistmessig infrastruktur i nasjonalparkene. Naturorienteringsdimensjonen Inspirasjon var forbundet med en spesielt restriktiv holdning til negativ påvirkning av villreinhabitatet, rovfuglenes redebygging og slitasje på vegetasjonen. På den andre siden viste både orienteringene knyttet til Komfort (Sightseeing) og Utfordring større grad av aksept for negative økologiske virkninger. De som ønsket "Infrastruktur og service" og "Mat & overnatting" (dvs. fasilitetsønsker opprettholdt av Komfort /Sightseeing og Utfordring i følge grenseundersøkelsen) falt inn i den siste kategorien, der det var en relativt sett høy grad av aksept for negative økologiske virkninger. Turisters naturorienteringer, fasilitetsønsker og oppfatninger av potensielle naturødeleggelser, slik det ble avdekket i de to surveyundersøkelsene, er viktig kunnskap for forvaltningsmyndigheter som ønsker å utvikle nasjonalparkene til bærekraftige turismeattraksjoner. I tillegg må lokale reiselivsentreprenører ha kjennskap til gjestenes interesser og innsikt i deres miljøengasjement dersom de skal kunne overleve. De lokale næringsaktørene er dessuten helt avhengige av naturressursene som finnes inne i nasjonalparkene. Forvaltningspolitikk og -reguleringer representerer muligheter og begrensninger for turismeaktiviteter og har dermed direkte betydning for utviklingen av reiselivet i nasjonalparkene. Kvalitative intervjuer med lokale reiselivsaktører i Rondane og Jotunheimen nasjonalparker (som begge er lokalisert innenfor Nasjonalparkriket) viste at disse entreprenørene så fundamentale mangler ved både forvaltningsplanprosesser og - bestemmelser, til tross for at de generelt støttet nasjonalparkstatusen for disse fjellområdene: For det første rapporterte aktørene om bare minimal, reell involvering i nasjonalparkenes forvaltningsplanprosesser, og de uttrykte at de hadde hatt liten innflytelse på de endelige vedtakene som ble fattet. For det andre opplevde de at reguleringene begrenset mulighetene for turistaktiviteter inne i nasjonalparkene. For det tredje pekte de på at forvaltningen mangler kompetanse både på forretningsvirksomhet og reiselivsutvikling. I Rondane ble det uttrykt tvil om nødvendigheten av de strenge tiltakene for å beskytte villreinen og det vitenskapelige grunnlaget for disse initiativene. I Jotunheimen mente de lokale reiselivsaktørene at bærekraftig reiselivsutvikling burde bli eksplisitt inkludert i forvaltningens visjoner og målsettinger for nasjonalparken, og de ønsket iverksetting av en besøksstrategi for dette verneområdet. De ville også gjerne bli delaktige i forvaltningen av parken. Betydelige investeringer i kommunikasjon og relasjonsbygging er trolig påkrevd i disse to parkene for å utvikle tillitsfulle og varige sosiale bånd mellom forvaltningsmyndighetene og de lokale reiselivsaktørene. Liknende synspunkter ble identifisert blant lokale reiselivsentreprenører i en fokusgruppeundersøkelse i de to nevnte nasjonalparkene. De tradisjonelle bruksinteressene (dvs. lokale grunneiere, bønder etc.) i nasjonalparkene er sosiale interesser som kan tenkes å sette rammer for reiselivsaktivitetene og dermed også påvirke nye initiativ i reiselivsnæringen. Analysene av alle fokusgruppene (dvs. både blant de lokale reiselivsaktørene og de tradisjonelle brukerinteressene i de to parkene) viste at det var få eksisterende konflikter mellom de ulike interessene. Men ulike synspunkter kom til uttrykk når behovet for fortsatt vekst i turismen i området ble diskutert. De lokale reiselivsaktørene viste en "åpenhet for forandring" for å videreutvikle reiselivet og livskraften i lokalsamfunnet, mens de tradisjonelle brukerinteressene hadde en mer skeptisk holdning og var engstelige for at rask reiselivsvekst kunne endre områdets karakter og underminere lokal livsstil og bygdesamfunnets integritet. Bærekraftige løsninger for videre reiselivsutvikling i området bør derfor framforhandles mellom disse ulike lokale brukerinteressene. Det viktigste bidraget i dette PhD-prosjektet har vært å analysere de sosiale forutsetningene for bærekraftig reiselivsutvikling i norske nasjonalparker. De sosiale aspektene er belyst gjennom både "utenfra"- og "innenfra"-perspektiver, dvs. at interessene til så vel besøkende turister som lokale næringsutøvere er inkludert i denne avhandlingen. ; Norges Bondelag ; Nasjonalparkriket

Collection of articles on economic, social, and cultural aspects of innovation by researchers at the University of the Basque Country. - Provided by publisher

This new edition of Psychosocial Aspects of Disability strikes a balance of past, present, and future views of individual, family, societal, and governmental interaction and reaction to persons with disabilities. The past is presented in Part 1, Psychosocial Aspects of Disabilities, in which a view of the evolution of societal reactions to disabilities and persons with disability is presented. This perspective is important because it explains how some of the beliefs and attitudes toward disabilities and those who have a disability have developed. Additionally, Part 1 makes us aware from a hist

1. Social motivation : some introductory notes / David Dunning -- 2. Interpersonal threats and automatic motives / Justin H. Park and Abraham P. Buunk -- 3. Belonging motivation : establishing, maintaining, and repairing relational value / Mark R. Leary and Ashley Batts Allen -- 4. Cultural variation in the motivation of self-expression / Heejung S. Kim and Thai Q. Chu -- 5. Sharing motivation / Gregory M. Walton and Geoffrey L. Cohen -- 6. Four forms of prosocial motivation : egoism, altruism, collectivism, and principlism / C. Daniel Batson, Nadia Ahmad, and E.L. Stocks -- 7. Why do people get involved? : motivations for volunteerism and other forms of social action / Clelia Anna Mannino, Mark Snyder, and Allen M. Omoto -- 8. Understanding the psychology of trust / David Dunning and Detlef Fetchenhauer -- 9. Social endocrinology : hormones and social motivation / Pranjal H. Mehta and Robert A. Josephs -- 10. Power basis theory : a psychoecological approach to power / Felicia Pratto, I-Ching Lee, Judy Y. Tan, and Eileen V. Pitpitan -- 11. System justification theory as compliment, complement, and corrective to theories of social identification and social dominance / John T. Jost.