Suchergebnisse

В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с необходимостью совершенствования инструментария аудита на государственном уровне как фактора повышения эффективности управления национальными ресурсами, представлены пути повышения эффективности использования государственных средств, предложения по формированию эффективной системы государственного финансового контроля. Описывается природа государственного аудита, рассматриваются экономическая и социальная эффективность использования государственных средств, критерии и показатели эффективности деятельности государственных органов власти при осуществлении государственного аудита, а также особенности организации и функционирования эффективной системы государственного аудита. Особое внимание уделяется построению системы государственного аудита, отвечающего требованиям демократического общества и способствующего развитию отечественной финансовой системы, оптимизации экономического механизма функционирования государственного аудита, разработке и внедрения системы показателей, характеризующих различные аспекты его функционирования. ; The article discusses issues related to the need to improve the audit tool at the state level as a factor of increase of efficiency of management of the national resources, the ways of increase of efficiency of use of public funds, proposals for the formation of an effective system of state financial control. Describes the nature of the state audit, examines the economic and social efficiency of public expenditure, criteria and indicators of efficiency of activity of public authorities in the implementation of public audit, as well as peculiarities of organization and functioning of an effective system of public audit. Special attention is paid to the construction of a system of public audit that meets the requirements of a democratic society, and contributing to the development of the domestic financial system, the optimization of the economic mechanism of functioning of the state audit, development and implementation of a system of indicators characterizing various aspects of its functioning.

Почти все российские (советские) города, возникшие между двумя мировыми войнами, развивались по двум образцам с двумя различными социальным и планировочным обликами. В первом случае то были получившие городской статус прежние торгово-промышленные села с полудеревенским населением, во втором абсолютно новые советские индустриальные центры Севера и Востока СССР с населением, состоявшим из смеси полудобровольных иммигрантов и заключенных из Европейской России. Случай Котовска был уникальным как по времени, месту и способу основания, так и по составу его изначального и стремительно растущего населения. Он возник и рос в деревенском море как «самый городской» островок с новейшей по тем временам городской структурой. Эволюция Котовска как города в первой половине его жизни рассмотрена на документальной основе. ; Almost all Russian (Soviet) cities, which appeared between two world wars were developing according to two examples with two different social and planning aspects. In the first case these were ex-trade-industrial villages, getting city status, with half-country population, in the second case absolutely new Soviet industrial centers of the North and East of the USSR with the population, consisting of a combination of half-voluntary migrants and the imprisoned from European part of Russia. The case of Kotovsk was unique both for its time, place and the way of foundation, and the content of its primary and rapidly growing population. It appeared and was growing in the country sea as the "most urban" island with the newest urban structure of its time. The evolution of Kotovsk as a city in the first half of its life is reviewed, basing on documental basis.

Данная статья посвящена актуальным вопросам государственной инвестиционной политики. Проведенный анализ направлен на выявление роли, которую играет частный капитал в подготовке и реализации государственных инвестиционных проектов в РФ. Как было доказано, частные инвесторы выступают стратегическими партнерами государства в решении социально-экономических проблем. По этой причине в статье особое внимание уделено рассмотрению приоритетных направлений государственно-частного партнерства. Анализ статистических данных государственных расходов РФ показал, что в современных условиях, с одной стороны, растет объем государственных обязательств инвестиционного характера, а с другой стороны, актуализируется необходимость привлечения внебюджетных источников финансовых ресурсов. В результате можно сделать вывод, что эффективность государственной политики по развитию регионов страны непосредственно зависит от способности органов власти всех уровней активизировать привлечение частных инвесторов к взаимовыгодному сотрудничеству. ; The article presents the study of aspects of the government investment policy. Analysis is done to find the matter that the private capital can be used in preparing and realization of government investment projects in Russian Federation. It was proven that private investors are a strategical partners of the government in solving of social-economical problems. For this reason in this article special attention is given to priority directions of private – government relations. Analysis of statistic data of Russian Federation expenses shown that in modern conditions on one hand government investment obligations are raising, and on another actualizing the necessity of attracting private sources of financial resources. As a result we make a conclusion that the efficiency of government policy in developing of the country regions directly depends on the possibilities of all stages of government authorities to attract private investors to a mutual benefit relations.

This paper addresses patterns of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century structural and ideological transformations of liberalism in Central European party politics that might be perceived as region-specific. Focusing on the Czech, German, and Slovene speaking lands of the Cisleithanian half of the Habsburg Monarchy, it also shortly discusses the Imperial German, Hungarian and Polish Galician contexts. Perhaps the most striking aspect of the complex interplay between ide­ologies, organized political movements, and political languages within the context of rapidly changing political cultures during the last third of the nineteenth century and first quarter of the twentieth was the changing relationship between the national and liberal components within the national liberal traditions. By 1900 the national came to visibly prevail over the liberal: nationalism was gaining in strength and intensity and was adopting new, more aggressive and integralist forms. From the turn of the century onwards it is therefore more proper to talk about heirs of liberalism in terms of party politics rather than simply liberals. The nationalist turn of the Central European national liberals and their political heirs, reached its peak by the turn of the century and continued to develop further into the interwar period. Partial abandonment of classical liberal tenets largely distinguished the contemporary organized liberalism to the West as well. What makes the Central European developments specific in this regard is their direction, which unlike the emergence of currents of new or social liberalism in the West, to a notable degree led towards adoption of anti-liberal and radically nationalist positions and therefore partial vanishing of liberal traditions.

Purpose - Development of Aboriginal communities, particularly in remote Australia is notoriously difficult. Despite formal equality Aborigines in Australia remain materially deprived and suffer ill health, premature mortality and high rates of imprisonment. This paper seeks to explain one aspect of development failure in examining the organisational dynamics of the bureaucracy charged with Aboriginal affairs administration. Design/methodology/approach - This is an ethnographic study of bureaucracy. It uses the anthropological technique of participant observation through the author's own engagement as an employee of the Australian Public Service (APS). It also draws on observation of other APS employees in the course of fieldwork with Aboriginal communities and organisations. This is supplemented by examination of APS documents from an ethnographic perspective. Findings - The study finds that bureaucratic culture and Aboriginal culture are not overlapping but separate domains. Rather, they both perform within the same social field in which Aboriginal people become symbolic capital in patterns of action determined by the bureaucratic imagination. While the public sector has consistent procedures for both internal and external performance assessment, there is considerable space for the reinterpretation of information so that all requirements may appear to be met. In the new and complex policy environment of Australian Aboriginal affairs since 2004, the path to effective implementation is less clear than the path to the creation and elaboration of policy itself. This encourages bureaucratic involution. Originality/value - There has been little ethnographic study of public administration, and none of Aboriginal affairs administration in Australia. The value lies in understanding the dynamics of the interaction of functionaries in the public sector in this field.

This article examines how Lithuanian poetry was represented for foreign readers in 15 anthologies published from 1978 to 2013 in Lithuania and abroad. The object of investigation is not a huge corpus of authors representing the official canon but the cultural, historical, political, and aesthetic aspects of Lithuanian poetry revealed in the prefaces of the anthologies. The 35 year-long process of anthologisation reveals the changing modes of national representation: the trajectory from the unknown, closed or even censored Lithuanian literature (which was oppressed by social realism and divided in two parts – exodus and Soviet Lithuanian literature) to a united picture of national literature and later to the crumbling mosaic of its parts (representing particularities grouped by gender, generations, subjects, grouping and so on). During the Soviet period the more precise translation process of Lithuanian poetry for foreign readers became possible in 70s. Till the end of the 20th century the main goal of compilers of anthologies as well as authors of prefaces was to represent national literary history beginning with the 18th century and its origins in folk culture, and highlight the historical circumstances of delayed development of national literature. From the beginning of the 21st century the care about national literature's representation turns into a commercial project orientated towards international text circulation. According to global conditions the political resistance clearly expressed in poetic writings which was so important for the compilers of the 20th-century anthologies has transformed into the political-economic literary battlefield (the battle for publishing, translations, resistance against the dominant literary tendencies, establishment of individuality) marking a radically different political resistance.

В статье обобщены и доработаны достижения последних лет (2009 2013 гг.) ученых и практиков в области взаимодействия органов власти с населением с уделением основного внимания одной из форм взаимодействия -публичным слушаниям. В результате получен комплекс направлений и методов, направленных на совершенствование публичных слушаний. (*) Статья содержит: (*) «Комплекс дисциплин (областей знания), направленных на совершенствование взаимодействия органов власти с населением». (*) «Проблемное поле совершенствования публичных слушаний». (*) «Комплекс направлений, методов и мероприятий по совершенствованию публичных слушаний» по 6 аспектам: системные; историко-правовые; организационные (управленческие); социальные, социально-психологические и психологические; нравственно-политические; информационнотехнологические». (*) Междисциплинарный глоссарий понятий и терминов, связанных с совершенствованием организации взаимодействия органов власти с населением». (*) «Сводная композиция институтов гражданского общества участия населения в процессе взаимодействия населения с органами власти». ; The article summarized and refined achievements of recent years (2009 2013's.) Scholars and practitioners in the field of interaction with the public authorities, with the removal of the primary focus of one of the forms of interaction are public hearings. The result is a set of directions and methods aimed at improving the public hearing. (*) The article contains: (*) "The complex disciplines (the knowledge) to improve cooperation between authorities with the population." (*) "Problem field of public hearings perfection." (*) "The complex directions, methods and measures for the improvement of public hearings" on 6 aspects: system; historical and legal; organizational (administrative); social, socio-psychological and psychologically; moral and political; information technology. "(*) Interdisciplinary glossary of terms and concepts associated with the improvement of the organization of interaction with the public authorities. "(*) "Summary composition of civil society participation in the process of interaction with the public authorities."

Описываются основные модели демократии, выделяемые современной наукой, в процессе систематизации научных знаний о демократии и, прежде всего, существующих различных подходов в истолковании данного феномена. К конкурентным демократиям отнесено семнадцать идеальных конструкций. Причем в отдельную категорию объединены теории, возникающие в конце XX в. и отражающие особенности современного постиндустриального информационного общества. У них имеется общее основание, в качестве которого выступают ускоряющийся научно-технический прогресс и возрастающая информатизация социальной жизни. Дается краткая характеристика каждой из представленных моделей. Рассматриваются основные аспекты делиберативной (дискурсивной) теории демократии, разработанной знаменитым немецким философом современности Юргеном Хабермасом в контексте его коммуникативной теории общества. Исследуются отечественные и зарубежные научные источники, освещающие заявленную тему. Анализируется специфика формирования демократической концепции Ю. Хабермаса. ; The paper describes the basic models of democracy allocated by modern science in the process of systematization of scientific knowledge about democracy and, above all, of the existing different approaches to the interpretation of this phenomenon. Seventeen perfect designs are qualified as competitive democracies. A separate category is composed of the theories which were developed in the late twentieth century and reflect the characteristics of a modern post-industrial, information society. They have a common foundation: the accelerating scientific-technological progress and the increasing informatization of social life. A brief description of each of the models is given. The author discusses the basic aspects of deliberative (discursive) theory of democracy, developed by famous contemporary German philosopher Jurgen Habermas in the context of his communicative theory of society. Domestic and foreign scientific sources covering the stated topic are investigated. The specificity of the formation of the democratic concept of J. Habermas is analyzed.

В статье рассматривается немецкая трагедия 30-70 годов XIX века. Цель работы проанализировать специфику развития жанра трагедии в немецкой литературе данного периода, исследовать в этом контексте произведения Георга Бюхнера, Карла Гуцкова, Кристиана Дитриха Граббе, Эмануэля Гейбеля, Фридриха Геббеля и других. В работе применяются компаративистский и комплексный методы анализа. Делаются выводы о том, что немецкая трагедия 30-70 годов XIX века отражает ту литературную полемику, которая велась по поводу функций и задач новой литературы и театра. Историческая трагедия отразила интерес писателей к переломным эпохам и их ключевым событиям, к вопросу о роли исторической личности. Исторический материал часто использовался для выражения политического, социального, психологического, нравственного конфликта, а также позволял драматургу имплицитно обращаться к актуальным вопросам своего времени. ; German drama of the 1830-1870s is reviewed in the article. The research aims to analyse the specificity of the development of the genre of historical drama in German literature of the period, to study plays of Georg Büchner, Karl Gutzkow, Christian Dietrich Grabbe, Emanuel von Geibel, Friedrich Hebbel and some others in this aspect. Comparative and complex methods of analysis are applied. The author makes the conclusion that German historical drama of the 1830-1870s reflects on the literary controversy over functions and tasks of new literature and theater. Historical drama reflected the writer's interest to pivotal eras and its key events, to the issue of the role of historical figures. The historical material is often used for the expression of the political, social, psychological, and moral conflict and allowed the writer to refer implicitly to the live issues.

В статье приведен обзор текущих регламентирующих документов международных организаций, посвященный организационным вопросам оптимизации физической активности детей. Показано, что, по данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ; 2015), основной причиной смертности населения являются кардиоваскулярные заболевания и их осложнения, формирование которых в наибольшей степени связано с ожирением, имеющим корни в детском возрасте. Приведены глобальные рекомендации ВОЗ относительно физической активности для укрепления здоровья (2010) и рекомендации Американской кардиологической ассоциации относительно организации физической активности детей (2014). Представлены критерии выбора типа физической активности для детей и подростков по данным Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Проанализированы результаты работы рабочей группы ВОЗ по прекращению детского ожирения (2015). Сделаны акценты на необходимости проведения мультисекторальных государственных, образовательных и социальных мероприятий. ; The paper provides a review of current regulatory documents of international organizations, which deals with the organizational aspects of optimizing physical activity among children. It is shown that according to the World Health Organization (WHO; 2015), the major causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and their complications, the formation of which is most strongly associated with obesity, which has its roots in childhood. The global WHO recommendations for physical activity to promote health (2010) and the guidelines of the American Heart Association regarding the organization of physical activity among children (2014) are provided. The criteria of selecting the type of physical activity for children and adolescents according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) are presented. The results of the WHO working group activity to end childhood obesity (2015) were analyzed. The need for a multisectoral government, educational and social activities was stressed.

Рассматриваются основные аспекты дискурсивно-теоретической трактовки понятия «консенсус» знаменитым немецким философом современности Юргеном Хабермасом в контексте его коммуникативной теории общества. Исследуются отечественные и зарубежные научные источники, освещающие заявленную тему. Раскрываются базовые понятия, которыми оперирует мыслитель при изложении собственной точки зрения относительно таких категорий, как «дискурс», «консенсус», «компромисс». Рассматривается и анализируется широкая полемика, развернувшаяся в научном сообществе вокруг дискурсивного толкования понятия «консенсус». Последний как общественное согласие достигается в результате разумной критики людьми высших ценностей. Целью консенсуса является достижение взаимопонимания. При этом с позиции достижимости консенсуса, выделяются две формы коммуникации: коммуникативное действие (интеракция) и дискурс. Описываются их функциональные особенности, а также раскрывается их значимость и важность для современной демократической организации общества. ; The article covers the basic aspects of the discourse-theoretical interpretation of the term «consensus» by famous German philosopher Jürgen Habermas in the context of his theory of communicative society. Domestic and foreign scientific sources covering this topic are explored. The basic concepts used by the thinker in presenting his own views on such categories as «discourse», «consensus», «compromise» are disclosed. The wide dispute unfolded in the scientific community around the discursive interpretation of the term «consensus» is considered and analyzed. Consensus (in the sense of social consensus) is achieved as a result of reasonable criticism by people of higher values. The aim of consensus is to achieve mutual understanding. In this case, from the perspective of the consensus attainability, there are two forms of communication: communicative action (interaction) and discourse. Their functional features are described; their significance and importance for modern democratic organization of society are revealed.

This paper is an analysis of the social interaction between drug sellers, their clients and local health care workers within a medical trial that introduced rapid diagnostic tests for malaria into private sector drug shops in Mukono District, Uganda. It locates the introduction of a new technology to test blood and a system of referral within the context of local concerns about the choice and evaluation of treatment; and the socially legitimated statuses, roles and hierarchies within the local health care system. Based on the multi-layered interpretation of 21 focus group discussions, we describe three key aspects of the trial central to local interpretation: openly testing blood, supervisory visits to drug shops and a new referral form. Each had the potential to shift drug shop vendors from outsider to insider of the formal health service. The responses of the different groups of participants reflect their situation within the health care system. The clients and patients welcomed the local availability of new diagnostic technology and the apparent involvement of the government in securing good quality health services for them from providers with often uncertain credentials. The drug shop vendors welcomed the authorization to openly test blood, enabling the demonstration of a new skill and newfound legitimacy as a health worker rather than simple drug seller. Formal sector health workers were less enthusiastic about the trial, raising concerns about professional hierarchies and the maintenance of a boundary around the formal health service to ensure the exclusion of those they considered untrained, unprofessional and untrustworthy personnel.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it will trace, for the first time, the historical events which have progressively influenced emergency training. Second, it will evaluate the design considerations and delivery of strategic training to participants attending a multi-agency gold incident command programme. Finally, it will make recommendations about the suitability of training approaches for different aspects of emergency training.


Design/methodology/approach
– This research used a mixed methods study design involving a longitudinal literature review of disasters which influenced training; and a case study of multi-agency training.


Findings
– Guidance for major incidents developed in a relatively ad hoc manner until consolidated by the Civil Contingencies Act (2004). In addition, health and safety considerations prevent on-the-job training during major incidents. Furthermore, different forms of training would appear to be more suited to training for the different stages of a major incident.


Research limitations/implications
– The European Union delegates responsibility for emergency planning to individual nations. Although the findings relate to this UK case study the lessons learned would appear to be generic and may be applicable in other countries.


Practical implications
– Emergency training is a statutory requirement and therefore needs to be systematically organised. Different types of training are suited to different stages of a major incident.


Social implications
– Emergency training is a statutory requirement and therefore needs to be systematically organised. Different types of training are suited to different stages of a major incident.


Originality/value
– This is the first paper charting the historical development of emergency training. There is a limited base of literature for emergency training.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to report an attempt to quantitatively evaluate pedagogies designed to help learners clarify their personal values systems in a sustainability context.


Design/methodology/approach
– A pre-test/post-test survey was used to assess shifts in values orientations among 113 undergraduates from the same discipline, following the completion of intensive values-based sustainability training workshops.


Findings
– The results indicate that small but statistically significant shifts in participant perceptions of their personal values orientations occurred, particularly in relation to values correlating with sustainability.


Research limitations/implications
– The survey data were collated in six separate groups, potentially introducing unforeseen variables. As value types, rather than individual values, were used as the basis of the survey, there could be variations in participant perception and understanding of the value-type labels.


Practical implications
– No control group was possible because the training intervention was a compulsory aspect of the participants' degree programme, and the surveys were administered by the participants' tutor, which could lead to "teacher" bias.


Social implications
– This research evaluates pedagogies aiming to allow individuals to clarify their values and better understand the motivational role these have in influencing "sustainable" behaviour. The research can inform the design and execution of "holistic" educational and training programmes seeking to help individuals understand their personal role in creating a more sustainable future.


Originality/value
– The originality of this research lies in the quantitative analysis of values-specific education for sustainable development pedagogies. Findings point to the need for further research to assess the application of the pedagogies across different disciplines.

The three classic pillars of risk analysis are risk assessment (how big is the risk and how sure can we be?), risk management (what shall we do about it?), and risk communication (what shall we say about it, to whom, when, and how?). We propose two complements as important parts of these three bases: risk attribution (who or what addressable conditions actually caused an accident or loss?) and learning from experience about risk reduction (what works, and how well?). Failures in complex systems usually evoke blame, often with insufficient attention to root causes of failure, including some aspects of the situation, design decisions, or social norms and culture. Focusing on blame, however, can inhibit effective learning, instead eliciting excuses to deflect attention and perceived culpability. Productive understanding of what went wrong, and how to do better, thus requires moving past recrimination and excuses. This article identifies common blame‐shifting "lame excuses" for poor risk management. These generally contribute little to effective improvements and may leave real risks and preventable causes unaddressed. We propose principles from risk and decision sciences and organizational design to improve results. These start with organizational leadership. More specifically, they include: deliberate testing and learning—especially from near‐misses and accident precursors; careful causal analysis of accidents; risk quantification; candid expression of uncertainties about costs and benefits of risk‐reduction options; optimization of tradeoffs between gathering additional information and immediate action; promotion of safety culture; and mindful allocation of people, responsibilities, and resources to reduce risks. We propose that these principles provide sound foundations for improving successful risk management.