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Due to its rich marine biological resources, Taiwan is a place worthy of developing marine ecotourism. This study explores the marine ecotourism intentions and marine ecotourism behaviors of tourists during the COVID-19 pandemic by using the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) method. Under the UTAUT framework, this study considered the factor of environmental attitudes and issued questionnaires in four research areas, namely, Yilan Wushi Fishing Harbor, Port of Hualien, Hualien Stone Stairs Platform, and Taitung Chengfong Fishing Port. In total, 431 effective research samples were collected. First, this study verified the validity and reliability of the dimensions through confirmatory factor analysis. According to the results of structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and environmental attitude all have an influence on tourists' marine ecotourism intentions, while facilitating conditions had no influences on tourists' marine ecotourism intentions. Tourists' marine ecotourism intentions further influenced their marine ecotourism behaviors. In addition, this study evaluated the mediating effect of marine ecotourism intentions by nested-model analysis. Finally, this study provided substantive policy recommendations as a reference for tourism management units and local governments.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction: The Good of Freedom -- Rationalist and Historicist Political Thought -- The Methodological Dilemma -- Freedom From and Freedom To -- Freedom and Its Theoretical Diaspora -- The Negative-Positive Freedom Debate -- The Liberal-Republican Freedom Dispute -- The Rationalist vs. Pluralist Freedom Question -- The Oppression vs. Slavery Issue -- The Journey Toward Political Freedom -- Bibliography -- 2 Agency and Social Ontology -- The Ontological Paradox -- Agency, Autonomy, and the Mystery of Action -- Agency and Social Theory -- Structuration and Ontological Conflation -- Reconciliation: Morphostasis and Morphogenesis -- Norm Circles -- Rules, Norms, and Social Practices -- Bibliography -- 3 The Metaphysics of Social Being -- Agency and Modernity -- The Internal Dialogue -- The Autonomy Thicket -- Strong Agency/Communal Autonomy -- Social Change and Group Mitosis -- Social Orders -- Bibliography -- 4 Personal Freedom: The Action Model -- Freedom and Action -- Freedom and Open Options -- Freedom, Action, and Restraint -- Freedom, Interests, and Desires -- Desire, Restraint, and Freedom -- Bibliography -- 5 Personal Freedom: The Culture Model -- Positive Freedom and Impermissible Action -- Coercion, Freedom, and Permissible Action -- Coercion -- IPR Conventions -- Personal Freedom -- The Good of Personal Freedom -- Freedom Complaints -- Bibliography -- 6 Political Freedom and Civil Order -- Social Theory and Normative Pluralism -- Social Stability and Political Practice -- The Liberal Principle -- The Morality of Political Freedom -- Prescriptive Reach -- Prescriptive Force -- Prescriptive Aim -- The Politics of Political Freedom -- Toleration, Morality, and Freedom -- Bibliography -- 7 Political Freedom and Social Justice -- Justice Thinking -- Justice Fields -- Civil Justice.

There is no shortage of sociological research that explores the successes and failures of various sport-related social movements. However, a more capacious approach to understanding the significance of sport-related social movements, their imaginative actions and collective labor, and their impacts on social change, is one that shifts its focus away from binary categories of "success" and "failure". In this paper, we explore the formation of the short-lived Edmonton Community Benefits Coalition, which emerged in 2016 to oppose the lack of a legally binding Community Benefits Agreement associated with a new publicly financed National Hockey League arena in Edmonton's gentrifying city center, an area of spatially concentrated racialized poverty. Drawing from our ethnographic research, we examine how coalition members engaged in the collective labor of building solidarity, including the collaborative development of political strategies, while recognizing that the odds of successfully penetrating neoliberal capital and municipal governance were virtually impossible. Finally, given that the coalition ultimately "failed" to secure more significant institutional impacts, we offer an analysis of how this failure engendered several effects, including the cultivation of new relationships and political strategies in the ongoing struggle against gentrification and its related displacements in Edmonton, Alberta.

I. A Post-War Phenomenon -- Emigration Prior to 1940 -- The Second World war -- The Situation in the Netherlands Immediately after the war -- Factors Connected with the Urge to Emigrate -- The General Situation in 1948 -- A Lost Generation? -- The Unsettled Emigration Climate -- II. The Government Versus Private Organizations -- Government Concern with Emigration Prior to 1940 -- The Denominational Emigration Organizations Prior to 1940 -- Clay and Sand: The two Poles of Agrarian Emigration -- Growing Government Interference after 1945 -- Two Guiding Principles for the Granting of Subsidies -- Collision with the Social Organizations -- Compromise and Strategy -- III. Policy, Planning and Prognoses -- The Fear of Poverty -- The Fear of "Over-Population" -- Population Problems and Emigration Policy -- Industrialization and Emigration -- The Bottle-Neck of "Emigration Planning" in a Democratic System -- "Planned Migration" in the Light of Actual Developments -- IV. Organized Emigration in Practice -- Vertical Ideological Pluralism in the Netherlands -- The Organization of the Voluntary Agencies -- Emigration Procedure -- Government Policy and Group Policy -- V. Socioreligious Group Characteristics -- Religious Denomination and Country of Destination -- Registration Organ and Country of Destination -- Registration Organ and Religious Denomination -- Emigrant, Registration Organ and Religious Denomination -- Socioreligious Structure and the Continuity of Emigration -- VI. At Group Level: Points of View and Attitudes Adopted with Reference to Emigration -- The Roman Catholics -- The Calvinists -- Remaining Groups -- VII. The Dynamics of Social Change -- Increased Prosperity and Communication -- The Integration of Parts. a New Frame of Reference -- New Conceptions Regarding the Population Problem -- The Netherlands and European Migration -- VIII. Adaptation of the Emigration Policy -- Increasing Isolation -- Two Specific Drawbacks -- Those who Returned -- Criticism of the Emigration Policy -- The Defence -- From "Active" Policy to "Positive" Policy -- Summary and Conclusions -- Thwarted Exodus -- The Group Character of Netherlands Emigration -- The Conservative Type of Migration -- Appendices -- 1. Adjoining chapter V, "Emigrant, registration organ and religious denomination." Primary and/or sociologically relevant data -- 2. Idem. Questions directly connected with emigration -- 3. Migration to and from the Netherlands, 1900–1962 -- References.

The future of forests is closely linked to climate change and energy transition because the preconditions for forest management are changed through climate and energy policies (Beland Lindahl and Westholm 2012). Forest management has multiple objectives, and different stakeholders have competing interests in forests. A strong dichotomy between environmental and economic interests has characterized forest policy and most conflicts about forests in the past (Winkel and Sotirow 2011). Climate change and energy transition modify this established conflict line because new conflicts related to climate mitigation, climate adaptation, and renewable energies have blurred the clear opposition between environmental and economic interest (Mautz 2010). In the context of the new challenges of climate change and energy transition, the need for effective, efficient and legitimate forest governance is gaining a new importance. Based on 86 qualitative interviews about forest conflicts and forest governance in five qualitative case studies, theoretical approaches focusing on multi-level and multi-scale governance are merged with the field of environmental and natural resource conflict research in this thesis. Forest conflicts and their governance are a multi-level and multi-scale issue. However, not so much is known about how collective and individual state and non-state actors act in complex governance systems and how they perceive governance systems. In order to contribute to the understanding of these knowledge gaps, this thesis tests the applicability of three theoretical perspectives on multiple scales and levels of decision-making (multi-level governance, polycentricity, politics of scale) to fruitfully study forest conflicts. Furthermore, the thesis provides empirical insights about forest conflicts in the face of energy transition and climate change. Based on the theoretical and empirical findings, this thesis provides practical recommendations to policy makers and practitioners on how to improve governance in forestry and the management of other natural resources. For example, this thesis shows the importance of considering different actor constellations in participatory processes at different governance levels, and that not every actor will react the same way to a certain method of decision-making. Furthermore, this thesis illustrates how trust building measures, such as enhanced communication between stakeholders, transparency in decision-making and forest education can reduce the risk of destructive conflict escalation. This thesis also demonstrates that energy transition and the discussion about climate change are sources of new conflicts, can change old conflicts, and add new, additional levels to forest governance. Thus, climate change and energy transition cause further fragmentation of forest governance and make forest governance more multi-level, create additional venue-shopping opportunities, and bring new actors into forest governance, causing new power constellations in the policy field. Forest governance is in a reconfiguration process which can be conceptualized as shift towards multi-level governance. Level choice and the relation of state and non-state actors in decision-making are important aspects of governance, thus the theoretical approach has yielded valuable insights in forest conflicts and the importance of scale construction in conflict discourses can be illustrated. Different levels are associated with different functions, strengths, and weaknesses of stakeholders; the perceptions of appropriate scale choice are often based on frames. The empirical findings have shown that level choice is often a normative and/or cultural decision, often no objective ´best´ decision-making level exists. Some actors consider different competing, overlapping, and nested decision-making levels to be an opportunity for interest realization; others feel helpless and overwhelmed in complex, multi-level systems. Different re-scaling strategies (up-scaling, down-scaling, fit re-scaling) are applied by actors to realize their interests. Non-state actors have an important function in linking processes from different levels. However, multi-level governance and related concepts have their limits for the explanation of forest conflict processes because some important factors cannot be captured with this approach. For example, social-psychological factors and conflict frames are important for the understanding of conflict development and governance and at a local level individual action and the relations between individuals crucially set the preconditions for the governance of conflicts. ; Die Zukunft von Wäldern ist eng mit Klimawandel und Energiewende verknüpft, weil die Grundbedingungen für Waldnutzung durch Energie- und Klimapolitik verändert werden (Beland Lindahl and Westholm 2012). Wälder sind multifunktional und verschiedene Stakeholder haben konkurrierende Interessen an Wäldern. Konflikte um Wälder waren in der Vergangenheit durch einen starken Gegensatz zwischen ökologischen und ökonomischen Interessen charakterisiert (Winkel and Sotirow 2011). Klimawandel und Energiewende verändern diese etablierte Konfliktlinie, weil neue Konflikte im Zusammenhang mit Klimaschutz, Klimaanpassung und erneuerbaren Energien den klaren Gegensatz zwischen ökologischen und wirtschaftlichen Interessen verschwimmen lassen (Mautz 2010). Im Zusammenhang mit den neuen Herausforderungen Klimawandel und Energiewende gewinnt die Notwendigkeit für effektive, effiziente und legitime Wald-Governance neue Bedeutung. Auf der Basis von fünf qualitativen Fallstudien mit insgesamt 86 leitfadengestützten Interviews zu Waldkonflikten und Wald-Governance, kombiniert diese Arbeit Theorien zu multi-level und multi-scale Governance mit dem Feld der Forst- und Umweltkonfliktforschung. Waldkonflikte und deren Governance umfassen mehrere politisch-administrative und räumliche Ebenen. Dennoch ist nicht viel darüber bekannt, wie kollektive und individuelle staatliche und nicht-staatliche Akteure in diesen komplexen Governance Systemen handeln und diese Systeme wahrnehmen. Zur Beantwortung dieser ungeklärten Fragen testet diese Arbeit die Anwendbarkeit von drei theoretischen Perspektiven aus dem Feld der Mehrebenenforschung zur Analyse von Waldkonflikten, illustriert die Auswirkungen von Klimawandel und Energiewende auf Wald-Governance und kommt zu Empfehlungen für Politik und Praxis für den Umgang mit Wald- und Umweltkonflikten. Beispielsweise wird durch die Arbeit gezeigt, dass es wichtig ist verschiedene Akteurskonstellationen in partizipativen Prozessen auf verschiedenen Governance-Ebenen zu berücksichtigen und dass nicht jeder Akteur gleich in Entscheidungsprozessen agiert. Des Weiteren wird gezeigt, wie Vertrauensbildende Maßnahmen, wie beispielsweise verbesserte Kommunikation zwischen verschiedenen Stakeholdern, Transparenz in Entscheidungsprozessen und waldpädagogische Bildung das Risiko von destruktiver Konflikteskalation reduzieren kann. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die Diskussion um den Klimawandel und die Energiewende Ursache für neue Konflikte sind, bestehende Konflikte verändern und Ursache für, zusätzliche Entscheidungsebenen innerhalb des Wald-Goverance Systems sind. Dadurch verursachen die Diskussion um Klimawandel und Energiewende eine weitere Fragmentierung der Wald-Governance Landschaft und die Entstehung zusätzlicher Entscheidungsebenen. Dadurch entstehen zusätzliche Möglichkeiten des ´venue shoppings´. Des Weiteren gewinnen neue Akteure an Bedeutung. Diese Faktoren tragen zur Veränderung bisheriger Machstrukturen in dem Politikfeld Wald bei. Wald-Governance in Deutschland befindet sich in einem Konfigurationsprozess, der als Trend zu multi-level Governance konzeptualisiert werden kann. Die Wahl von Entscheidungsebenen und das Verhältnis von staatlichen und nicht-staatlichen Akteuren in Entscheidungen sind wichtige Elemente von Governance, daher konnte der theoretische Ansatz wertvolle Einsichten in Waldkonflikte und die Bedeutung der Konstruktion von Entscheidungsebenen in Konfliktdiskursen veranschaulicht werden. Verschiedene Entscheidungsebenen werden von Stakeholdern mit verschiedenen Funktionen, Stärken und Schwächen assoziiert, die Wahrnehmung angemessener Entscheidungsebenen basiert häufig auf Konflikt-Frames. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Wahl einer räumlichen Entscheidungsebene häufig eine normative und/oder kulturelle Entscheidung ist. Häufig gibt es keine objektive ´beste´ Entscheidungsebene. Verschiedene konkurrierende, überlappende und ineinander verschachtelte Entscheidungsebenen werden als Möglichkeiten der Interessendurchsetzung von einigen Akteuren angesehen. Andere Akteure fühlen sich hilflos und überwältigt in komplexen Mehrebenensystemen. Verschiedene Strategien werden von Akteuren angewendet, um festgelegte Entscheidungsebenen zu verändern (up-scaling, down-scaling, fit-scaling) um ihre Interessen durchzusetzen. Nicht-staatliche Akteure haben eine wichtige Funktion in der Verknüpfung von Prozessen auf verschiedenen Entscheidungsebenen. Dennoch hat multi-level Governance und verwandte Theoriefelder ihre Grenzen um Konfliktprozesse in Wald-Governance Systemen zu erklären, da einige wichtige Faktoren mit diesem theoretischen Ansatz nicht erfasst werden können. Sozial-psychologische Faktoren und Konflikt-Frames sind wichtig für das Verständnis von Konfliktentstehung und Governance und auf lokaler Ebene spielen individuelle Handlungen und das Verhältnis einziger Akteure zueinander eine wichtige Rolle und legen die Bedingungen für erfolgreiches Governance von Konflikten fest.

Government debt crisis and recession in Greece cause decline of the welfare state. This has been the result of the attempt of the Greek Government to reduce fiscal and macro-economic vulnerability to debt crisis through dismissals of public employees, cutting wages and pensions, shrinking social welfare public provisions. The state's adaptation however caused increase of human and social vulnerability and (re)activation of historical and new social risks. On their side, vulnerable people, urban level institutions and social organizations employed novel resilience attitudes to manage the unexpected risks of everyday life and amplified vulnerability, all caused by the crisis. This type resilience at the urban level sometimes is widely beneficial, but other times harmful to the most vulnerable, the environment and the wider public interest, currently or in the future.

This volume highlights some of the challenges in delivering effective environmental health interventions, and presents examples of emergent theories and case studies that can help close the gap between intent and impact. These include impact crediting systems, objective evidence gathering tools, and social businesses that service environmental health. The case studies presented cross disciplines, scales, organizational and national boundaries and can defy easy categorization. A water project may be designed for a health impact, but financed with a climate change tool, and leverage high tech cell phone sensors. A cookstove program may be primarily concerned with employment and capacity building, but balance environmental and health concerns. Presently, the impact of interventions may not always be aligned to the intent sought. In this book, readers will discover alternative ways to move the mindset of funders and implementers toward pay-for-performance models of humanitarian and environmental interventions. Undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, global health, appropriate technology, international development and development engineering would benefit from these increasingly non-traditional case studies that challenge commonly accepted presentations of poverty reduction and social enterprise

Intro -- CONTENTS -- Title -- Foreword ix -- Preface xi -- Acknowledgments xv -- Abbreviations and Acronyms xvii -- 1 Economic Changes and Policy Implications in East Asia 1 -- 2 Strengthening East Asian Economies: Macroeconomic Stability, Corporate and Financial Reform, and the Rule of Law 35 -- 3 Regional Cooperation in East Asia 95 -- 4 The Transition to Innovative Economies in East Asia 141 -- 5 Education for Growth 181 -- 6 Making Clusters Innovative 223 -- 7 Redrawing the International Boundaries of the Firm in East Asia: The Evolution of International Production Networks 271 -- 8 Information and Communications Technology in East Asia's Future Growth 325 -- 9 Next Steps for East Asia 365 -- Figures -- Tables.

AbstractIntroductionEngaging adolescents in HIV care and research promotes the development of interventions tailored to their unique needs. Guidelines generally require parental permission for adolescents to receive HIV care/testing or participate in research, with exceptions. Nevertheless, parental permission requirements can restrict adolescent involvement in care and research. To better appreciate prospects for policy reform, we sought to understand the perspectives of stakeholders involved in the development, review and implementation of policies related to adolescents living with HIV.MethodsSemi‐structured individual interviews (IDIs) were conducted from October 2019 to March 2020 with 18 stakeholders with expertise in the (1) development of policy through membership in the Law Society of Kenya or work as a health policy official; (2) review of policy through ethics review committee service; or (3) implementation of policy through involvement in adolescent education. IDIs were conducted in English by Kenyan social scientists, audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. We used thematic analysis to identify themes around how policies can be reformed to improve adolescent engagement in HIV care and research.ResultsOur analysis identified three major themes. First, policies should be flexible rather than setting an age of consent. Stakeholders noted that adolescents' capacity for engagement in HIV care and research depended on context, perceived risks and benefits, and "maturity"—and that age was a poor proxy for the ability to understand. Second, policies should evolve with changing societal views about adolescent autonomy. Participants recognized a generational shift in how adolescents learn and mature, suggesting the need for a more frequent review of HIV care and research guidelines. Third, adults should empower adolescent decision‐making. Stakeholders felt that caregivers can gradually involve adolescents in decision‐making to equip them to gain ownership over their health and lives, improving their confidence and capacity.ConclusionsRevising relevant laws to consider context, alternative measures of maturity, and evolving societal views about adolescence, along with supporting caregivers to assist in developing adolescent autonomy may promote more equitable and representative participation of adolescents in HIV care and research. Additional research should explore how to support caregivers and other adults to empower adolescents and improve stakeholder engagement in a more routine process of policy reform.

INGOs are at a crossroads. Caught up in a tide of technocracy, they have become increasingly managerialist – 'outsider' experts disconnected from the real struggle. But which road should they take? Can they transform societies, or should they opt for a more modest role, as catalysts for change?

What is military innovation? How should we think about Chinese military innovation? By developing an analytical framework that captures both the components of military innovation (technology, doctrine, and organization) and the continuum of change, we can better assess the nature, extent, and importance of contemporary Chinese military innovation.

"Population Displacement in Lithuania in the XXth Century : Experiences, Identities and Legacies is an edited volume written by historians from several countries offering a series of ground-breaking case studies on forced migration in Lithuania during and between the two World Wars. Starting with the premise that the mass movement of peoples during and after the Second World War needs to be understood in relation to the population displacement of the First World War, the authors draw on theoretical perspectives ranging from entangled histories, cultural theory and studies of nationalism to trace the ethnic, social and cultural transformation of Lithuanian society caused by the displacement of Lithuanians, Poles, Jews and Germans. Contributors are: Tomas Balkelis, Daiva Dapkutė, Violeta Davoliūtė, Andrea Griffante, Ruth Leiserowitz, Klaus Richter, Vasilijus Safronovas, Vitalija Stravinskienė, Arūnas Streikus and Theodore R. Weeks"--Provided by publisher.

การวิจัยครั้งนี้ ใช้ระเบียบวิธีวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ (Qualitative Research) ด้วยการสัมภาษณ์แบบเชิงลึก (In-depth Interview) สื่อมวลชน และบุคคลสำคัญที่กำหนดวาระไทยพลัดถิ่นของภาคประชาชน เพื่อศึกษาการกำหนดวาระไทยพลัดถิ่นของสถานีโทรทัศน์ไทยพีบีเอส รวมถึงการมีส่วนร่วมในการกำหนดวาระไทยพลัดถิ่นผ่านสถานีโทรทัศน์ไทยพีบีเอสของเครือข่ายการแก้ปัญหาคืนสัญชาติคนไทย ตลอดจนปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อการกำหนดวาระไทยพลัดถิ่น เพื่อทราบถึงการกำหนดวาระที่มาจากส่วนต่าง ๆ เพื่อนำไปสู่การเปลี่ยนแปลงทางสังคม ผลการศึกษาพบว่าการกำหนดวาระข่าวสารไทยพลัดถิ่นของสถานีโทรทัศน์ไทยพีบีเอสเป็นการสื่อสารกำหนดวาระข่าวสารเพื่อให้เกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลงอันเป็นกระบวนทัศน์ใหม่ทางการสื่อสาร กล่าวคือ การกำหนดวาระข่าวสารดังกล่าวนำไปสู่การเปลี่ยนแปลงให้เกิดการแก้ไขกฎหมายสัญชาติ ฉบับที่ 4 โดยตราพระราชบัญญัติ สัญชาติ (ฉบับที่ 5) ให้มีผลบังคับใช้เป็นกฎหมาย อันเป็นการรับรองสถานะความเป็นคนไทยแก่คนไทยพลัดถิ่นซึ่งมีเชื้อสายไทยแต่ต้องกลายเป็นคนในบังคับของประเทศอื่นโดยเหตุอันเกิดจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงอาณาเขตของราชอาณาจักรไทยในอดีต โดยผลการศึกษาพบว่า ในการกำหนดวาระข่าวไทยพลัดถิ่นของสถานีโทรทัศน์ไทยพีบีเอสมาจากสองภาคส่วนที่สำคัญคือ การกำหนดวาระข่าวสารไทยพลัดถิ่นโดยสื่อมวลชนและการกำหนดวาระข่าวสารไทยพลัดถิ่นโดยเจ้าของประเด็นหรือเจ้าของปัญหาเพื่อขยายผลให้เกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางสังคมด้วยการสื่อสารขยายผลใน 3 ระดับ ได้แก่ การสื่อสารเพื่อขยายผลในระดับสื่อมวลชน การสื่อสารเพื่อขยายผลในระดับเจ้าของประเด็น และการสื่อสารเพื่อขยายผลในระดับพื้นที่ชุมชนและเครือข่ายเพื่อสร้างชุดความคิดใหม่ทางสังคมอันนำไปสู่การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่เกิดขึ้นดังนั้น ในการกำหนดวาระข่าวสาร จึงควรถูกยกระดับมากกว่าการเป็นผู้ทำหน้าที่กำหนดประเด็นให้แก่สังคมว่าเรื่องใดสำคัญเท่านั้น หากแต่ต้องยกระดับไปสู่การสื่อสารกำหนดวาระข่าวสารเพื่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางสังคม The Agenda Setting for Change: Agenda Setting of Thai Diaspora on Public Service Broadcasting CaseThis thesis aims to study about the agenda setting for change: agenda setting of Thai diaspora on public service broadcasting case. A qualitative research methodology was used and in-depth interviews were conducted within the media sector, consisting of the Board of Governors of Thai Public Broadcasting Service in Mass Media, Managing Director, Director of Civil Media Network Department, Specialists in Civil Media, Reporters and Civil Media Development Officers who are related to the agenda setting of Thai diaspora in the media sector. In-depth interviews with key persons in the agenda setting in the people sector, consisting of leaders and working groups or members of the Solution Network of Thai Nationality were also conducted to study the Thai PBS's agenda setting of Thai diaspora. The objectives also include to study the Solution Network of Thai Nationality participation in the agenda setting on Thai PBS and to study the factors affecting the agenda setting to learn where each agenda came from in order to bring about a change. The study results that: the agenda setting of Thai diaspora on Thai PBS was the communication for change. This change, in other words, was the change that has led to the legislative amendments to the Nationality Act No.4. It made the Nationality Act No.5 become effective in order to guarantee citizenship to the displaced people of Thai descent who have become subject to a foreign country as a result of a change in Thai territory in the past. The study result found that the agenda setting of Thai diaspora on Thai PBS came from two important sectors— the mass media and the people who have faced problems themselves. The objectives were to extend results for social change by using three levels of expansion of communication which are the mass media level, the troubled people level and the community and network level in order to create a new set of social concept which leads to the change.Even though there are public contribution on setting agenda but the agenda might not be easily responded by policymaker or government sector therefore any agenda or social issue setting should be elevated in order to change the role on agenda setting to the role that will make change to the society.

In general, government agricultural extension services were low or inadequate in many communities. Farmers reported not having adequate information on sound farm management practices and when they do come, they come in late. The gendered differences on access to information were also evident. Most people who access extension services were men with bigger cocoa farms. Women and youth receive less extension services which was attributed to their poor resource base. Agricultural interventions were sometimes structured in ways that favour men with the unitary model of household logic which assumes that whatever the man learns will trickle down to the household. Meanwhile, the households themselves are spaces for the entrenchment of gender and generational ideologies and hierarchical power dynamics. The study found that in almost all communities, while older men favoured women's involvement in decision making and for them to take control of cocoa related decision making, they only accepted this for instrumental reasons such as the benefits that the household will derive from it. Most importantly, many male youth disfavoured women's participations in decision making. The reasons for these included the fact that women are made to help men and the labour intensiveness of cocoa production among others. This requires programmes that are modelled with a Gender Transformative Approach (GTA) framework that will tackle the individual level capacities, social relations and the inherent institutional rules of organisations that work in the cocoa sector. Recommendations i) Initiate programmes and campaigns that aim at behavioural change, especially targeting the discriminatory practices and patriarchal norms in communities. This means excavating traditional practices that promote equity and gender equality and combining these with modern ones. These messages should target specific constituencies such as youth who are more averse to women's participation in decision making. a) Initiate youth clubs where conversations are held about gender inequality and equity. ii) Develop gender sensitive extension service and training programmes that take into account literacy levels of the various social groups, local farm management practices and indigenous knowledge. a) Develop content in the Ghanaian languages spoken in the communities. b) Design programmes in formats that are clear, concise, accessible, sensitive and friendly to farmers especially women and youth. This should include the use of multiple dissemination channels such as community information centres, Farmer Based Organisations (FBOs), info graphics, local radio, storytelling, community durbars, festivals, religious activities and theatre among others. c) Integrate climate change and variability information in extension service delivery iii) Initiate affirmative action programmes through ensuring that the leadership of producer-based organisations in communities have women in leadership positions. iv) Promote safe traditional and modern savings and loans schemes to encourage savings and to enhance access to loans in times of shock. a) Support local credit schemes with resources to function in ways that promote equity and equality. These should target women, youth, poorer farmers and other vulnerable social groups. v) Design programmes that create a pool of labour-saving technologies in communities for easy access. a) Identify agricultural and non-agricultural labour-saving technologies that are required in communities. b) Identify ways in which access can be enhanced especially for women and youth. c) Promote collective/group ownership of equipment and its management to ensure sustainability of the programmes. vi) Design programmes that help free women and girls of reproductive roles so they can have enough time for productive activities and leisure. a) Invest in basic social services such as water and energy in communities. vii) Promote alternative on-farm and off-farm livelihood activities in farming communities through community-based discussion processes and skills development programmes. The programmes will promote reinvestment in cocoa production and vice versa. a) Promote food crop production as part of agroecological practices. b) Develop multiple clusters of livelihoods including animal rearing and crop production both in terms of intensification and extensification. c) Design programmes that encourage processing and value addition on agriculture and non-agricultural products to improve earnings. d) Create programmes that link rural producers to markets viii) Advocate for higher producer price for cocoa to compensate for farmer's investment in production. ix) Design programmes that promote the health of farmers.