Da Diez de Abril kom til verden - og menneskerettighetene kom til Diez de Abril
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 65, Heft 2, S. 229-256
ISSN: 0020-577X
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 65, Heft 2, S. 229-256
ISSN: 0020-577X
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 68, Heft 2, S. 275-286
ISSN: 0020-577X
Fragile or failed states are often caused by long lasting and violent conflicts - Liberia is one of them. Since the war ceased in 2003, the United Nations and its coalition of states have tried to rebuild the nation and maintain its peace. Nation building can be seen from two different angles: as a Weberian legal and rational order or as a process that highlights social and contextual factors. Within social sciences this process can be studied either by looking into what factors contribute to a successful nation building or how this process works in practice. The article focuses on the former, by listing and analyzing the involved UN institutions with an emphasis on the Peacebuilding Commission and Peacebuilding Fund. L. Pitkaniemi
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 62, Heft 4, S. 579-602
ISSN: 0020-577X
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 65, Heft 2, S. 173-203
ISSN: 0020-577X
During the Cold War, the Norwegian Armed Forces were organized to fight an invasion against Norwegian territory. The end of this era should at least in principle imply changes not only in military practices on the ground but also in the training and education of officers. This article analyses the inertia in the internationalization of higher military education programs in Norway, where the strengthening of a subject like International Relations began only at the end of the 1990s. One explanation for the discrepancy between the military curriculum, on the one hand, and the new military environment facing the officers, on the other, is that existing practices were taken for granted and reproduced in social structures. The debate about military education also reflects a traditional conflict between those who have seen an academization of military education as an intervention into the monopoly of knowledge of the officer profession, and those who embraced such a development. Adapted from the source document.
In: Internasjonal politikk, Band 64, Heft 2, S. 199-212
ISSN: 0020-577X
The article compares the Norwegian & the German political debate on changes to the respective countries' citizenship laws. The Norwegian law will come into force in September 2006, while the German law was introduced in 2000. In citizenship laws we can find a contrast between an ethnic & cultural understanding of political community & a rights-based understanding. This contrast was hardly touched upon in the Norwegian debate. Among the Norwegian political parties there was broad agreement to carry on with the principle of ethnic decent. Moreover, all parties, with an exception of the Socialist Left Party (SV), wanted to introduce more restrictions on the established Norwegian practice to accept dual citizenship. The German debate dealt with the contrasting principles, & the conflict followed the left/right cleavages. The main difference found between the two countries refers to the left parties. Both with regard to the principle of ethnic decent/territorial principle & the acceptance of dual citizenship, the Social Democrats in Norway & Germany presented opposite standpoints. References. Adapted from the source document.
"This book addresses political conflicts in Norway through an extended time span, from the late autocracy of the 18th century until the democratic challenges of today. The book holds eight articles focusing on historical phases which have been particularly influenced by social and political mobilization. Thus, the book traces an oppositional tradition across borders in time and space. Although the articles are based on limited studies, the authors write with ambition to include their research into this wider context.
In Norway, the Constitution of 1814 marks the shift from autocratic rule to early democracy. 18th century peasant riots may be interpreted as expressions of impotence of the common people, but also as an opportunity for action with the potential to influence the authorities. The 19th century peasant opposition shows the potential for change through parliamentary representation. Around 1850 the first attempts at worker's organizations were criminalized – around 1950, however, the Labour Party dominated Norwegian politics. These trending lines reflect an increasingly developed democracy. The political system is in principle opening for broad popular participation. However, democracy is still being challenged by opposition in ways and by means that occasionally raise concerns about the stability of our political culture.
The book is divided into three parts. Part I is dedicated to the age of late autocracy, part II provides insights into the 19th century democratization processes, while Part III includes articles dealing with opposition and confrontations in the last century, focusing the interwar period, the 1970s, and today's multicultural society.The book is aimed both at researchers, students and the general audience." - "Denne boka tar opp politiske konflikter i Norge gjennom et langt tidsspenn, fra det seine eneveldet til vår tids demokratiske utfordringer. De åtte kapitlene representerer punktnedslag i historiske faser som i særlig grad har vært preget av sosial og politisk mobilisering. Slik bidrar boka til å belyse en opposisjonell tradisjon.
Historikere er blitt kritisert for å fokusere ensidig på avgrensede perioder og hendelser, og være for lite opptatt av å spore linjer på tvers av grenser i tid og rom. Forfatterne av denne boka skriver med bakgrunn i avgrensede studier, men alltid med ambisjon om å sette sine forskningstema inn i en videre kontekst.
I Norge markerer Grunnloven av 1814 skiftet fra eneveldig styre til begynnende demokrati. 1700-tallets bondeopprør kan tolkes som uttrykk for allmuens avmakt, men også som handlingsrom med potensiale til å påvirke myndighetene. 1800-tallets bondeopposisjon viser mulighetene for å nå fram gjennom parlamentarisk opposisjon. Rundt 1850 ble de første forsøk på organisering av arbeidere kriminalisert – rundt 1950 dominerte Arbeiderpartiet norsk politikk. Dette er linjer som speiler et stadig mer utviklet demokrati. Det politiske systemet åpner i prinsippet for bred folkelig medvirkning. Men fortsatt blir demokratiet utfordret av opposisjon i ytringsformer som til tider vekker bekymring for stabiliteten i vår politiske kultur."
How should we go about collaborating with children and adolescents? Young Participation: Creativity and Conflict in Planning explores how youth participation work in practical terms, in the context of urban development processes at the municipal level in Norway.
From their unique perspectives, several social scientists, artists, an architect, and a young contributor discuss experiences and dilemmas of including children, teens, and young adults as contributing stakeholders on various projects. The reader will find concrete examples of participation processes and tools developed in cooperation with young people, architects, and public employees.
The chapters reveal how good intentions regarding inclusion can obscure power hierarchies, friction, and conflicts of interest. Yet they also demonstrate that the potential for creativity and innovation are great when young people are invited to contribute their input in planning and developing everything from youth community centers and school grounds to parks and other outdoor spaces in local neighborhoods.
This anthology will provide inspiration to researchers, students, municipal employees, urban planners, and others working collaboratively in urban and community development. Among the topics covered are participation as co-research, social entrepreneurship and participation as part of school curricula and in socio-cultural place analyses, the power of the hand in creative practices, co-location as a trend, digital and hybrid participation processes, and power plays in planning. By introducing a new model for 'thick participation', the anthology attempts to ensure that young citizens are not just seen and heard but are also given the opportunity to become lasting resources within their local communities.
The book's editors, senior researcher Aina Landsverk Hagen and research professor Bengt Andersen, are both based at the Work Research Institute (AFI), Oslo Metropolitan University. - Hvordan gjør vi medvirkning med barn og unge? Ung medvirkning: Kreativitet og konflikt i planlegging tar for seg hvordan medvirkning med barn og unge utspiller seg i praksis, i steds- og byutviklingsprosesser i norske kommuner.
Fra sine ulike ståsteder diskuterer samfunnsforskere, kunstnere, en arkitekt og en ung medvirker erfaringer og dilemmaer med å inkludere barn, ungdom og unge voksne som medvirkere. Leseren får konkrete eksempler fra medvirkningsprosesser og presentasjon av verktøy som er utviklet i samarbeid med ungdom, arkitekter og offentlig ansatte.
Bidragene viser hvordan gode intensjoner om inkludering kan skjule makthierarkier, konflikter og interessemotsetninger. Samtidig peker boken på hvordan muligheten for kreativitet og nytenking er stor når unge inviteres inn til å medvirke i planleggingen av alt fra ungdomshus og skolegårder til parker og uteområder i nabolaget.
Antologien gir inspirasjon til forskere, studenter, kommunalt ansatte, planleggere og andre praktikere som jobber med medvirkning i by- og stedsutvikling. Blant temaene som tas opp er medvirkning som medforsking, sosialt entreprenørskap og medvirkning i skolefag og i sosiokulturelle stedsanalyser, håndens kraft i kreative praksiser, samlokalisering som trend, digital og hybrid medvirkning og medvirkningens maktspill. Ved å introdusere en ny modell for «tykk medvirkning», søker antologien å sikre at unge innbyggere ikke bare blir hørt og sett, men også får mulighet til å være vedvarende ressurser i sine nærmiljøer.
Bokens redaktører, Aina Landsverk Hagen og Bengt Andersen, er begge seniorforskere ved Arbeidsforskningsinstituttet, OsloMet – storbyuniversitetet.
Forfatterne av antologien har også utviklet en digital ressurs for alle som er interessert i ungdomsmedvirkning: https://unghus.oslomet.no
Which voices, bodies and practices have expressed critical powerlessness in the face of institutional power, and who is expressing this today? What is at play, and what is the root of this powerlessness? These questions are at the core of this book. With Michel Foucault's theory of power and powerlessness as a point of departure, the contributing authors analyze and discuss the many conflicts and tension that arise when service users and patients take (or relinquish) a particular position.
Institutions and professional practitioners have used and still use traditions, theories and methods that often weaken more than strengthen service users', patients' and clients' own volition and subjectivity. The chapters are by researchers in a variety of disciplines including theology, nursing, ethics, child welfare, disability research, history, diakonia, and social work. In the context of these fields, recognizing and emphasizing people's dignity and promoting equity are explored. But both historically and at present, research and experience show that the opposite also occurs. The ethical takes place between power, powerlessness and practice. - Hvilke stemmer, kropper og praksiser har uttrykt en kritisk motmakt til institusjonenes makt, og hvem uttrykker den i dag? Hva står på spill, og hvor er motmakten forankret? Dette er spørsmål som står i sentrum for denne boken. Med utgangspunkt i Michel Foucaults teori om makt og motmakt analyserer og drøfter forfatterne i denne boka de mange spenninger og konflikter som oppstår når tjenestebrukere og pasienter tar (eller gis) en egen posisjon.
Institusjoner og profesjonsutøvere har brukt og bruker tradisjoner, teorier og metoder som ofte mer svekker enn styrker tjenestebrukeres, pasientenes og klientens egen vilje og subjektivitet. Kapitlene kommer fra forskere innen mange fagfelt, som teologi, sykepleie, etikk, barnevern, funksjonshemmingsforskning, historie, diakoni og sosialt arbeid. I disse kunnskapsområdene handler det om å anerkjenne og å styrke menneskers verdighet og fremme rettferdighet. Men både historisk og aktuelt viser forskning og erfaring at det motsatte også skjer. Det etiske utspiller seg mellom makt, motmakt og praksis.