Suchergebnisse

The Moroccan dynamism of the CSR is very recent, it is as well for example that in 2006 we have seen appear the initiative by the Moroccan confederation of business associations (CGEM) through the CSR label with more than 70 companies in the majority of large firms labeled. The same year the Kingdom accedes to an international initiative Spearheaded by the United Nations: the Global Compact. At the policy level, the country has presented its achievements regarding the objectives millennia and began the implementation of the objectives of sustainable development. In this dynamism, What about SMEs? which are a key part of the national economy? The SME is the subject of my study where I wonder about the existence of the CSR in this structure and if it exists what form is present in focusing on the social practices because the environmental component is relatively developed My thesis is part of a qualitative approach by the method of case studies, this choice is proving to be the most appropriate for achieving my goal exploratory and seen the emerging nature of our theme. The study of these cases demonstrates that social practices that SMEs are putting in place are socially responsible reflecting a CSR the implicit but also our research explains the motivations of these practices and the relationship of SMEs with its stakeholders. ; Au Maroc, le dynamisme de la RSE est très récent, c'est ainsi par exemple qu'en 2006 on a vu apparaître l'initiative du patronat à travers le label RSE de la CGEM avec plus de 70 entreprises en majorité des grandes entreprises sont labellisées, la même année le royaume adhère à une initiative internationale piloté par les nations unies : le global compact. Au niveau politique, le pays a présenté ses réalisations concernant les objectifs millénaires et a commencé la mise en œuvre des objectifs du développement durable. Dans ce dynamisme, qu'en est il des PME? L'essentiel de l'économie marocaine? La PME est l'objet de mon étude où je m'interroge sur l'existence de la RSE dans cette ...

Based on the study of daily interactions between Katangese and Kasaians, in the aftermath of the mass violence committed against the non-native Kasaians in the early 1990s, the dissertation shows that in their face-to-face interactions (Goffman), Katangese and Kasaians used practices of coexistence based on avoidance, silence, and self-censorship. Silence on the past violence and on political topics that can be interpreted with regard to the conflict between the two communities has indeed became an interactional norm of peaceful coexistence, unlike the injunction of NGOs specialized in the 'bottom-up' pacification to set up a dialogue that is deemed to foster a mutual understanding. The dissertation also shows that specific political or socio-economic contexts lead to 'crisis situations' (Dobry; Vidal). These crisis situations result in the polarization of collective identities: Katangese and Kasaians are viewed only by their ethno-regional origins. The expectations about interaction situations are made more difficult, because of the "structural uncertainty" that characterizes 'crisis situations'; and the routine practices of coexistence based on self-censorship and avoidance tend to disappear. From these findings, the dissertation questions the moral injunctions in favor of reconciliation and dialogue, which are at the heart of the theories and practices of 'bottom-up' pacification, and even the eventuality of a "bottom-up" reconciliation spreading step by step a 'culture of peace', which would eventually permeate society as a whole. ; A partir de l'étude des interactions quotidiennes entre Katangais et Kasaïens, après les violences de masse perpétrées contre les Kasaïens « non originaires» au début des années 1990, la thèse montre que les Katangais et les Kasaïens mettent en œuvre, dans le cadre de leurs interactions en face-à-face (Goffman), des pratiques de coexistence fondées sur l'évitement, le silence et les non-dits. Le silence sur les violences passées et l'évitement des sujets politiques interprétables ...

Based on the study of daily interactions between Katangese and Kasaians, in the aftermath of the mass violence committed against the non-native Kasaians in the early 1990s, the dissertation shows that in their face-to-face interactions (Goffman), Katangese and Kasaians used practices of coexistence based on avoidance, silence, and self-censorship. Silence on the past violence and on political topics that can be interpreted with regard to the conflict between the two communities has indeed became an interactional norm of peaceful coexistence, unlike the injunction of NGOs specialized in the 'bottom-up' pacification to set up a dialogue that is deemed to foster a mutual understanding. The dissertation also shows that specific political or socio-economic contexts lead to 'crisis situations' (Dobry; Vidal). These crisis situations result in the polarization of collective identities: Katangese and Kasaians are viewed only by their ethno-regional origins. The expectations about interaction situations are made more difficult, because of the "structural uncertainty" that characterizes 'crisis situations'; and the routine practices of coexistence based on self-censorship and avoidance tend to disappear. From these findings, the dissertation questions the moral injunctions in favor of reconciliation and dialogue, which are at the heart of the theories and practices of 'bottom-up' pacification, and even the eventuality of a "bottom-up" reconciliation spreading step by step a 'culture of peace', which would eventually permeate society as a whole. ; A partir de l'étude des interactions quotidiennes entre Katangais et Kasaïens, après les violences de masse perpétrées contre les Kasaïens « non originaires» au début des années 1990, la thèse montre que les Katangais et les Kasaïens mettent en œuvre, dans le cadre de leurs interactions en face-à-face (Goffman), des pratiques de coexistence fondées sur l'évitement, le silence et les non-dits. Le silence sur les violences passées et l'évitement des sujets politiques interprétables en fonction du conflit entre les deux communautés constituent en fait une norme interactionnelle de coexistence pacifique, à rebours de l'injonction au dialogue et à la compréhension mutuelle, qui est au cœur des pratiques des ONG de pacification « par le bas». La thèse montre également que dans certains contextes politiques ou socio-économiques macros constituant des situations de crise (Dobry ; Vidal), se produit un phénomène de polarisation des identités collectives : les Katangais et les Kasaïens ne sont alors plus perçus que par rapport à leur origine ethno-régionale. L'anticipation du déroulement des situations d'interaction devient plus difficile, du fait de I' « incertitude structurelle» qui caractérise ces situations de crise; et les pratiques routinisées de coexistence fondées sur l'autocensure et l'évitement tendent à diminuer. A partir de ces conclusions, la thèse interroge les injonctions morales à la réconciliation et au dialogue, qui sont à l'œuvre dans les théories et pratiques de pacification «par le bas», et la possibilité même d'une réconciliation «par le bas», diffusant de proche en proche une « culture de la paix » qui finirait par imprégner toute une société.

Based on the study of daily interactions between Katangese and Kasaians, in the aftermath of the mass violence committed against the non-native Kasaians in the early 1990s, the dissertation shows that in their face-to-face interactions (Goffman), Katangese and Kasaians used practices of coexistence based on avoidance, silence, and self-censorship. Silence on the past violence and on political topics that can be interpreted with regard to the conflict between the two communities has indeed became an interactional norm of peaceful coexistence, unlike the injunction of NGOs specialized in the 'bottom-up' pacification to set up a dialogue that is deemed to foster a mutual understanding. The dissertation also shows that specific political or socio-economic contexts lead to 'crisis situations' (Dobry; Vidal). These crisis situations result in the polarization of collective identities: Katangese and Kasaians are viewed only by their ethno-regional origins. The expectations about interaction situations are made more difficult, because of the "structural uncertainty" that characterizes 'crisis situations'; and the routine practices of coexistence based on self-censorship and avoidance tend to disappear. From these findings, the dissertation questions the moral injunctions in favor of reconciliation and dialogue, which are at the heart of the theories and practices of 'bottom-up' pacification, and even the eventuality of a "bottom-up" reconciliation spreading step by step a 'culture of peace', which would eventually permeate society as a whole. ; A partir de l'étude des interactions quotidiennes entre Katangais et Kasaïens, après les violences de masse perpétrées contre les Kasaïens « non originaires» au début des années 1990, la thèse montre que les Katangais et les Kasaïens mettent en œuvre, dans le cadre de leurs interactions en face-à-face (Goffman), des pratiques de coexistence fondées sur l'évitement, le silence et les non-dits. Le silence sur les violences passées et l'évitement des sujets politiques interprétables en fonction du conflit entre les deux communautés constituent en fait une norme interactionnelle de coexistence pacifique, à rebours de l'injonction au dialogue et à la compréhension mutuelle, qui est au cœur des pratiques des ONG de pacification « par le bas». La thèse montre également que dans certains contextes politiques ou socio-économiques macros constituant des situations de crise (Dobry ; Vidal), se produit un phénomène de polarisation des identités collectives : les Katangais et les Kasaïens ne sont alors plus perçus que par rapport à leur origine ethno-régionale. L'anticipation du déroulement des situations d'interaction devient plus difficile, du fait de I' « incertitude structurelle» qui caractérise ces situations de crise; et les pratiques routinisées de coexistence fondées sur l'autocensure et l'évitement tendent à diminuer. A partir de ces conclusions, la thèse interroge les injonctions morales à la réconciliation et au dialogue, qui sont à l'œuvre dans les théories et pratiques de pacification «par le bas», et la possibilité même d'une réconciliation «par le bas», diffusant de proche en proche une « culture de la paix » qui finirait par imprégner toute une société.

Based on the study of daily interactions between Katangese and Kasaians, in the aftermath of the mass violence committed against the non-native Kasaians in the early 1990s, the dissertation shows that in their face-to-face interactions (Goffman), Katangese and Kasaians used practices of coexistence based on avoidance, silence, and self-censorship. Silence on the past violence and on political topics that can be interpreted with regard to the conflict between the two communities has indeed became an interactional norm of peaceful coexistence, unlike the injunction of NGOs specialized in the 'bottom-up' pacification to set up a dialogue that is deemed to foster a mutual understanding. The dissertation also shows that specific political or socio-economic contexts lead to 'crisis situations' (Dobry; Vidal). These crisis situations result in the polarization of collective identities: Katangese and Kasaians are viewed only by their ethno-regional origins. The expectations about interaction situations are made more difficult, because of the "structural uncertainty" that characterizes 'crisis situations'; and the routine practices of coexistence based on self-censorship and avoidance tend to disappear. From these findings, the dissertation questions the moral injunctions in favor of reconciliation and dialogue, which are at the heart of the theories and practices of 'bottom-up' pacification, and even the eventuality of a "bottom-up" reconciliation spreading step by step a 'culture of peace', which would eventually permeate society as a whole. ; A partir de l'étude des interactions quotidiennes entre Katangais et Kasaïens, après les violences de masse perpétrées contre les Kasaïens « non originaires» au début des années 1990, la thèse montre que les Katangais et les Kasaïens mettent en œuvre, dans le cadre de leurs interactions en face-à-face (Goffman), des pratiques de coexistence fondées sur l'évitement, le silence et les non-dits. Le silence sur les violences passées et l'évitement des sujets politiques interprétables en fonction du conflit entre les deux communautés constituent en fait une norme interactionnelle de coexistence pacifique, à rebours de l'injonction au dialogue et à la compréhension mutuelle, qui est au cœur des pratiques des ONG de pacification « par le bas». La thèse montre également que dans certains contextes politiques ou socio-économiques macros constituant des situations de crise (Dobry ; Vidal), se produit un phénomène de polarisation des identités collectives : les Katangais et les Kasaïens ne sont alors plus perçus que par rapport à leur origine ethno-régionale. L'anticipation du déroulement des situations d'interaction devient plus difficile, du fait de I' « incertitude structurelle» qui caractérise ces situations de crise; et les pratiques routinisées de coexistence fondées sur l'autocensure et l'évitement tendent à diminuer. A partir de ces conclusions, la thèse interroge les injonctions morales à la réconciliation et au dialogue, qui sont à l'œuvre dans les théories et pratiques de pacification «par le bas», et la possibilité même d'une réconciliation «par le bas», diffusant de proche en proche une « culture de la paix » qui finirait par imprégner toute une société.

The object of this thesis is the spatial dimension of social relationships which obtain in border areas. At the turn of 1990s, new international relations emerged from the collapsed stage of the Eastern bloc and the unsurpassed acceleration of the process of globalization. It was the development of capital without nationality in a world where borders would no longer signify anything. The world of a multitude of nations was coupled with a world in the grip of markets. This new context orientates and influences international politics, the nature and shape of relations between countries and populations, but also, national policies in security, in "management" of immigration and relations to foreigners. In a multiscalar approach and by recourse to various empirical methods (observations, discussions), the practices of the key economic players are studied in several field laboratories: The United States / Mexico, Spain / Morocco, Israel / Lebanon / Palestine. What is the role of borders in production and reproduction of socials relations? What do border relations and social practices of the border space reveal of social relations? What can we understand of balance of power and antipathetic polarity or not between players in asymmetrical situations as part of the social relationship? By a social geography and geopolitical approach, from the spatial dimension (border space) of sociopolitics and economics facts, this thesis proposes an analysis of social relations as a contribution to explaining international relations, conflicts, relationships of dominations and the role of borders asymmetries. ; L'objet de la thèse est la dimension spatiale des rapports sociaux qui se manifestent dans les espaces frontaliers. Au tournant des années 1990, de nouvelles relations internationales émergent de la scène écroulée du bloc de l'Est et de l'accélération sans précédent du processus de mondialisation. C'est l'essor du capital sans nationalité dans un monde où les frontières n'auraient plus de sens. Le monde débordant de nations se ...

The object of this thesis is the spatial dimension of social relationships which obtain in border areas. At the turn of 1990s, new international relations emerged from the collapsed stage of the Eastern bloc and the unsurpassed acceleration of the process of globalization. It was the development of capital without nationality in a world where borders would no longer signify anything. The world of a multitude of nations was coupled with a world in the grip of markets. This new context orientates and influences international politics, the nature and shape of relations between countries and populations, but also, national policies in security, in "management" of immigration and relations to foreigners. In a multiscalar approach and by recourse to various empirical methods (observations, discussions), the practices of the key economic players are studied in several field laboratories: The United States / Mexico, Spain / Morocco, Israel / Lebanon / Palestine. What is the role of borders in production and reproduction of socials relations? What do border relations and social practices of the border space reveal of social relations? What can we understand of balance of power and antipathetic polarity or not between players in asymmetrical situations as part of the social relationship? By a social geography and geopolitical approach, from the spatial dimension (border space) of sociopolitics and economics facts, this thesis proposes an analysis of social relations as a contribution to explaining international relations, conflicts, relationships of dominations and the role of borders asymmetries. ; L'objet de la thèse est la dimension spatiale des rapports sociaux qui se manifestent dans les espaces frontaliers. Au tournant des années 1990, de nouvelles relations internationales émergent de la scène écroulée du bloc de l'Est et de l'accélération sans précédent du processus de mondialisation. C'est l'essor du capital sans nationalité dans un monde où les frontières n'auraient plus de sens. Le monde débordant de nations se double d'un monde sous emprise des marchés. Ce contexte oriente, influence les politiques internationales, la nature et la forme des relations entre pays et populations, mais aussi, les politiques nationales en matière de sécurité, de " gestion " de l'immigration et du rapport aux étrangers. De manière multiscalaire et par le recours à diverses méthodes empiriques (observations, entretiens.), les pratiques des acteurs sont étudiées sur plusieurs terrains-laboratoires : États-Unis / Mexique, Espagne / Maroc, Israël / Liban / Palestine. Quel est le rôle des frontières dans la production et la reproduction des rapports sociaux ? Qu'est-ce que les relations frontalières, les pratiques sociales de l'espace frontalier, révèlent des rapports sociaux ? Que peut-on comprendre des rapports de forces et des contradictions antagoniques ou non entre acteurs aux situations asymétriques dans le cadre des rapports sociaux ? Par une approche de géographie sociale et de géopolitique, à partir de la dimension spatiale (espace frontalier) des faits sociopolitiques et économiques la thèse propose une analyse des rapports sociaux pour contribuer à expliquer les relations internationales, les conflits, rapports de dominations et le rôle des asymétries frontalières.

The object of this thesis is the spatial dimension of social relationships which obtain in border areas. At the turn of 1990s, new international relations emerged from the collapsed stage of the Eastern bloc and the unsurpassed acceleration of the process of globalization. It was the development of capital without nationality in a world where borders would no longer signify anything. The world of a multitude of nations was coupled with a world in the grip of markets. This new context orientates and influences international politics, the nature and shape of relations between countries and populations, but also, national policies in security, in "management" of immigration and relations to foreigners. In a multiscalar approach and by recourse to various empirical methods (observations, discussions), the practices of the key economic players are studied in several field laboratories: The United States / Mexico, Spain / Morocco, Israel / Lebanon / Palestine. What is the role of borders in production and reproduction of socials relations? What do border relations and social practices of the border space reveal of social relations? What can we understand of balance of power and antipathetic polarity or not between players in asymmetrical situations as part of the social relationship? By a social geography and geopolitical approach, from the spatial dimension (border space) of sociopolitics and economics facts, this thesis proposes an analysis of social relations as a contribution to explaining international relations, conflicts, relationships of dominations and the role of borders asymmetries. ; L'objet de la thèse est la dimension spatiale des rapports sociaux qui se manifestent dans les espaces frontaliers. Au tournant des années 1990, de nouvelles relations internationales émergent de la scène écroulée du bloc de l'Est et de l'accélération sans précédent du processus de mondialisation. C'est l'essor du capital sans nationalité dans un monde où les frontières n'auraient plus de sens. Le monde débordant de nations se double d'un monde sous emprise des marchés. Ce contexte oriente, influence les politiques internationales, la nature et la forme des relations entre pays et populations, mais aussi, les politiques nationales en matière de sécurité, de " gestion " de l'immigration et du rapport aux étrangers. De manière multiscalaire et par le recours à diverses méthodes empiriques (observations, entretiens.), les pratiques des acteurs sont étudiées sur plusieurs terrains-laboratoires : États-Unis / Mexique, Espagne / Maroc, Israël / Liban / Palestine. Quel est le rôle des frontières dans la production et la reproduction des rapports sociaux ? Qu'est-ce que les relations frontalières, les pratiques sociales de l'espace frontalier, révèlent des rapports sociaux ? Que peut-on comprendre des rapports de forces et des contradictions antagoniques ou non entre acteurs aux situations asymétriques dans le cadre des rapports sociaux ? Par une approche de géographie sociale et de géopolitique, à partir de la dimension spatiale (espace frontalier) des faits sociopolitiques et économiques la thèse propose une analyse des rapports sociaux pour contribuer à expliquer les relations internationales, les conflits, rapports de dominations et le rôle des asymétries frontalières.

This thesis questions the relationship between social housing and new artistic practices. It aims to understand why, under what conditions and to what extent social housing organizations engage in the carrying of artistic projects or support for them. I refer to "new artistic practices" as in situ projects, which bring people from working-class districts to the foundations of their approach and question the ways of doing things by different actors. Based on three cases, two in Lyon and one in Dunkerque, the analysis of the relationships deals with the modalities and the effects of the games of actors, in terms of relations of power, affect and demands for legitimacy, but also in terms of ways of doing, spatiality and materialities of the projects. My thesis shows a very uneven commitment of social housing organizations. It highlights the emergence, through projects that involve artists and inhabitants, new ways of participating, new actors of participation, but also new ways of doing the city. It shows the opportunity for social housing organizations to acquire new skills, gain visibility and approach their relationships to their tenants differently. However, the relations between social housing and new artistic practices face several difficulties. Due to a pyramidal operation, the ways of doing things do not really change at the level of the organizations which then fall back on their own technical know-how and have difficulty integrating the cooperation with other actors than the usual actors of construction and urban planning. Without a free political carry, the organizations struggle to get involved. Finally, in times of economic downturn, social housing organizations are struggling to engage in projects on the public space. They increasingly reduce their scale of intervention around the building. In this context, the renewal of artistic practices also shows its limits, in their difficulty to be distinguished from sociocultural activities, to create relations with the inhabitants their power to act, and to ...

This thesis questions the relationship between social housing and new artistic practices. It aims to understand why, under what conditions and to what extent social housing organizations engage in the carrying of artistic projects or support for them. I refer to "new artistic practices" as in situ projects, which bring people from working-class districts to the foundations of their approach and question the ways of doing things by different actors. Based on three cases, two in Lyon and one in Dunkerque, the analysis of the relationships deals with the modalities and the effects of the games of actors, in terms of relations of power, affect and demands for legitimacy, but also in terms of ways of doing, spatiality and materialities of the projects. My thesis shows a very uneven commitment of social housing organizations. It highlights the emergence, through projects that involve artists and inhabitants, new ways of participating, new actors of participation, but also new ways of doing the city. It shows the opportunity for social housing organizations to acquire new skills, gain visibility and approach their relationships to their tenants differently. However, the relations between social housing and new artistic practices face several difficulties. Due to a pyramidal operation, the ways of doing things do not really change at the level of the organizations which then fall back on their own technical know-how and have difficulty integrating the cooperation with other actors than the usual actors of construction and urban planning. Without a free political carry, the organizations struggle to get involved. Finally, in times of economic downturn, social housing organizations are struggling to engage in projects on the public space. They increasingly reduce their scale of intervention around the building. In this context, the renewal of artistic practices also shows its limits, in their difficulty to be distinguished from sociocultural activities, to create relations with the inhabitants their power to act, and to ...

This thesis questions the relationship between social housing and new artistic practices. It aims to understand why, under what conditions and to what extent social housing organizations engage in the carrying of artistic projects or support for them. I refer to "new artistic practices" as in situ projects, which bring people from working-class districts to the foundations of their approach and question the ways of doing things by different actors. Based on three cases, two in Lyon and one in Dunkerque, the analysis of the relationships deals with the modalities and the effects of the games of actors, in terms of relations of power, affect and demands for legitimacy, but also in terms of ways of doing, spatiality and materialities of the projects. My thesis shows a very uneven commitment of social housing organizations. It highlights the emergence, through projects that involve artists and inhabitants, new ways of participating, new actors of participation, but also new ways of doing the city. It shows the opportunity for social housing organizations to acquire new skills, gain visibility and approach their relationships to their tenants differently. However, the relations between social housing and new artistic practices face several difficulties. Due to a pyramidal operation, the ways of doing things do not really change at the level of the organizations which then fall back on their own technical know-how and have difficulty integrating the cooperation with other actors than the usual actors of construction and urban planning. Without a free political carry, the organizations struggle to get involved. Finally, in times of economic downturn, social housing organizations are struggling to engage in projects on the public space. They increasingly reduce their scale of intervention around the building. In this context, the renewal of artistic practices also shows its limits, in their difficulty to be distinguished from sociocultural activities, to create relations with the inhabitants their power to act, and to ...

This thesis questions the relationship between social housing and new artistic practices. It aims to understand why, under what conditions and to what extent social housing organizations engage in the carrying of artistic projects or support for them. I refer to "new artistic practices" as in situ projects, which bring people from working-class districts to the foundations of their approach and question the ways of doing things by different actors. Based on three cases, two in Lyon and one in Dunkerque, the analysis of the relationships deals with the modalities and the effects of the games of actors, in terms of relations of power, affect and demands for legitimacy, but also in terms of ways of doing, spatiality and materialities of the projects. My thesis shows a very uneven commitment of social housing organizations. It highlights the emergence, through projects that involve artists and inhabitants, new ways of participating, new actors of participation, but also new ways of doing the city. It shows the opportunity for social housing organizations to acquire new skills, gain visibility and approach their relationships to their tenants differently. However, the relations between social housing and new artistic practices face several difficulties. Due to a pyramidal operation, the ways of doing things do not really change at the level of the organizations which then fall back on their own technical know-how and have difficulty integrating the cooperation with other actors than the usual actors of construction and urban planning. Without a free political carry, the organizations struggle to get involved. Finally, in times of economic downturn, social housing organizations are struggling to engage in projects on the public space. They increasingly reduce their scale of intervention around the building. In this context, the renewal of artistic practices also shows its limits, in their difficulty to be distinguished from sociocultural activities, to create relations with the inhabitants their power to act, and to ...

In French cities, recent evolutions in urban design and planning have made essential to rebuild the city on itself while respecting its environment. Now, cities have to be of good urban environmental quality. Although it seems obvious today, the making of environmental urban quality is still a question because it is a multi interpreted concept in the scientific field, as well as in the operational field.This Ph.D. in urban planning, well inscribed in the field of social geography, addresses the multiple meanings of urban environmental quality. In particular, it questions the possibility of taking into account the meanings of this concept for the inhabitants in urban projects in Toulouse. The Ph.D. is based on a field investigation by commented paths conducted with residents of a neighborhood subject to severe environmental nuisances, and semi-structured interviews with professionals from Toulouse's urban projects. The field investigation was supplemented by an analysis of documents on the policy, regulatory and institutional frameworks governing the urban policies. ; Dans les villes françaises, les évolutions récentes en matière de conception urbaine ont rendu incontournable la reconstruction de la ville sur elle-même dans le respect de son environnement. La ville doit désormais être de bonne qualité environnementale urbaine. Même si cela semble aujourd'hui une évidence, la fabrique urbaine de la qualité environnementale pose encore question car c'est une notion multi interprétée dans le champ scientifique comme dans le champ opérationnel.Cette thèse en urbanisme et aménagement inscrite dans le champ de la géographie sociale, porte sur les multiples acceptions de la qualité environnementale urbaine. Elle questionne en particulier la prise en compte des acceptions qu'en ont les habitants dans les projets urbains à Toulouse. La thèse s'appuie sur une enquête de terrain par parcours commentés menée auprès d'habitants d'un quartier soumis à de fortes nuisances environnementales, et par entretiens semi directifs auprès de professionnels toulousain du projet urbain. L'enquête de terrain a été complétée par une analyse de documents sur les cadres politique, réglementaire et institutionnel qui régissent la fabrique urbaine.La thèse montre que même si les habitants et les professionnels du projet urbain partagent une dimension subjective et expérientielle de la qualité environnementale urbaine, les conditions politique, règlementaire et institutionnelle de la fabrique urbaine ne permettent pas vraiment de la prendre en compte dans les projets urbains. La thèse ayant aussi comme objectif opérationnel de participer à améliorer la fabrique de la qualité environnementale urbaine, elle propose un prototype d'outil interdisciplinaire et participatif d'aide à sa conception destiné aux professionnels du projet urbain.

France is characterized by a good overall health status and high social inequalities in the health sector. The renewed interest in health inequalities is the opportunity to question a unique definition focused on results at the expense of processes, in a country where policies on tackling inequalities are based on the health care system. General practice has a particular position in this system, as a new academic speciality, which still needs to figure out how to define itself. It is described simultaneously as a heath care system gatekeeper, a public health officer or an advocate for inter-individual relationship and holistic care. While medicine is based on scientific evidence, it is also a prudential profession as it considers singular situations, generating uncertainty in practice. Among singular sources, social characteristics of both patients and doctors have to be considered. However, in their practice, physicians experience a diversity of social. Sometimes a barrier to the professional activity and considered external to the medical world, sometimes considered as part of scientific evidences by epidemiology, it could also be considered as a component of the individual construction of the patient on which the physician can rely, with the potential to lead to a moralization of behaviours and identities. The physician's social characteristics are often omitted, as if doctors were neutral or mere representatives of science. It is however in the interaction between these two worlds that social determinants of health inequalities can be found, and it seems that a physician could only provide good care to patients sharing the same similarities. ; La France est caractérisée par un bon état de santé global et d'importantes inégalités sociales de santé. Le renouveau d'intérêt pour ces dernières est l'occasion de questionner une définition univoque centrée sur les résultats au détriment des procédures, dans un pays qui a axé ses politiques de lutte sur le système de soins. La médecine générale y a une place ...

France is characterized by a good overall health status and high social inequalities in the health sector. The renewed interest in health inequalities is the opportunity to question a unique definition focused on results at the expense of processes, in a country where policies on tackling inequalities are based on the health care system. General practice has a particular position in this system, as a new academic speciality, which still needs to figure out how to define itself. It is described simultaneously as a heath care system gatekeeper, a public health officer or an advocate for inter-individual relationship and holistic care. While medicine is based on scientific evidence, it is also a prudential profession as it considers singular situations, generating uncertainty in practice. Among singular sources, social characteristics of both patients and doctors have to be considered. However, in their practice, physicians experience a diversity of social. Sometimes a barrier to the professional activity and considered external to the medical world, sometimes considered as part of scientific evidences by epidemiology, it could also be considered as a component of the individual construction of the patient on which the physician can rely, with the potential to lead to a moralization of behaviours and identities. The physician's social characteristics are often omitted, as if doctors were neutral or mere representatives of science. It is however in the interaction between these two worlds that social determinants of health inequalities can be found, and it seems that a physician could only provide good care to patients sharing the same similarities. ; La France est caractérisée par un bon état de santé global et d'importantes inégalités sociales de santé. Le renouveau d'intérêt pour ces dernières est l'occasion de questionner une définition univoque centrée sur les résultats au détriment des procédures, dans un pays qui a axé ses politiques de lutte sur le système de soins. La médecine générale y a une place particulière par son apparition récente en tant que spécialité universitaire et la nécessité de se définir qui s'ensuit. Elle est décrite tout à la fois comme pivot du système de soins, agent de santé publique ou chantre d'une relation inter-individuelle et d'une prise en charge globale. Si la médecine est fondée sur les données de la science, elle est aussi une profession prudentielle en ce qu'elle prend en compte des situations singulières, générant de l'incertitude dans la pratique. Parmi les sources de singularité, l'aspect social, tant du patient que du médecin, est à considérer. Dans sa pratique, ce dernier éprouve cependant une diversité de social. Tantôt obstacle à son activité professionnelle et vu comme extérieur au médical, tantôt élément apparenté aux données de la science par l'épidémiologie, il peut aussi être une brique de la construction individuelle du patient sur laquelle s'appuyer, conduisant parfois à une moralisation des conduites et des identités. Les caractéristiques sociales du médecin sont quant à elles souvent oubliées, comme s'il était neutre ou simple représentant de la science. C'est pourtant dans l'interaction entre ces deux mondes que se jouent aussi les inégalités sociales de santé et tout se passe comme si le médecin ne pouvait bien soigner que ses semblables.