Suchergebnisse

How important were manufacturing and heavy industries to the economic integration of twentieth-century immigrants in Western societies? This article examines how macro-social change in Germany since the height of manufacturing has affected the socio-economic integration of male immigrants. We develop an analytical framework to assess how educational expansion among natives, deindustrialization, and the increasing importance of formal qualifications shape male immigrant-native gaps in labor-market outcomes over time. Empirically, we focus on first-generation male Turkish immigrants in Germany and use micro-census data spanning almost 40 years. Through a novel empirical quantification of key theoretical arguments concerning immigrant economic integration, we find growing inter-group differences between the late 1970s and mid-2000s (employment) and mid-2010s (incomes), respectively. The growth of differences between the immigrant and native income distributions was most pronounced in their respective bottom halves. Our analysis shows that these trends are linked to the increased importance of formal educational qualifications for individual labor-market success, to educational expansion in Germany, and to deindustrialization. Employment in Germany shifted away from middling positions in manufacturing, but while natives tended to move into better-paying positions, Turkish immigrants mainly shifted into disadvantaged service jobs. These results provide novel evidence for claims that the economic assimilation of less-skilled immigrants may become structurally harder in increasingly post-industrial societies. We conclude that structural change in host countries is an important, yet often overlooked, driver of immigrant socio-economic integration trajectories.

In this thesis, I will assess the various factors that are believed to have a significant impact on economic conditions on American Indian reservations. Drawing upon literature related to the lingering effects of colonialism, social fragmentation and ineffective government institutions experienced by American Indian tribes and Native Alaskan villages, this study hypothesizes that the rate of poverty and the rate of unemployment on designated American Indian Areas (AIAs) is directly related to measures of dependency on the federal government, social cohesion on the reservation, and strength of governance institutions. In order to test these predictions I have analyzed a data set containing information on 352 American Indian tribes and Alaskan Native villages in the United States. I will measure these factors with the use of ordinary least squares regression (OLS) techniques. I am interested in answering the general questions: What are the factors and conditions that contribute to economic prosperity on reservations? Exactly why are some tribes economically prosperous, while other tribes struggle? In order to answer these questions, I examine a set of frameworks relating to measures of dependency on the federal government, social cohesion, and strength of governance.

Drama is viewed as one of society's principal mechanisms for resolving soc & psychol'al conflicts of various types. Morality plays in England, which enjoyed great popularity from about 1400 to 1600, are examined as vehicles for the solution of both soc & intrapsychic conflicts among the uneducated or partially-educated bulk of the pop. While the plays were officially meant to inculcate reverence for Christianity, they showed some strange ambiguities & underlying currents quite opposed to the official intentions of church supervisors. These ambiguities may be interpreted (1) from a literary-dramatic point of view; (2) theologically; (3) sociol'ly, in terms of class conflict; (4) anthrop'ly, in the light of ancient ritual drama; or (5) psychol'ly. The latter approach is focused on here as the most rewarding. It is hyp'ed that medieval drama resolved conflicts via 2 basic psychol'al mechanisms: catharsis & cognitive processes. The sources utilized include the texts of plays, staging instructions, the writings of reformist clergy who disliked theater, & account books of the guilds, listing expenditures & properties for performance. The following cognitive processes are traced in the plays: (a) simplification through myth & allegory; (b) mastery of the future; (c) 'test' identification; (d) guilt induction. Of particular interest are the plays 'Everyman' & 'The Castle of Perserverance.' It is concluded that the morality play provided some catharsis of antiChristian & anti-Church sentiments, but above all helped to preserve a feeling of the basic unity of society by portraying the figure of Mankind facing the perils of death & hell which were the common property of all SC's. It also provided an outlet for the resentments of various diff classes, represented on the stage in historical & allegorical forms by traveling players who lived at the margins of society & could thus mirror the feelings of all classes or of none at all. Reasons for the decline of the morality play are briefly suggested. M. Maxfield.

Multiculturalism has been one of the dominant concerns in political theory over the last decade. To date, this inquiry has been mostly informed by, or applied to, the Canadian, American, and increasingly, the European contexts. This volume explores for the first time how the Australian experience both relates and contributes to political thought on multiculturalism. Focusing on whether a multicultural regime undermines political integration, social solidarity, and national identity, the authors draw on the Australian case to critically examine the challenges, possibilities, and limits of multiculturalism as a governing idea in liberal democracies. These essays by distinguished Australian scholars variously treat the relation between liberalism and diversity, democracy and diversity, culture and rights, and evaluate whether Australia's thirty-year experiment in liberal multiculturalism should be viewed as a successful model

International audience ; This article introduces the smart urban planning in the mitigation of natural disasters in urban areas in Indonesia especially North Sumatera. A smart city is a city-based social development, capital, citizen participation, transportation and information technology, natural resources and quality of life. Frequency and socio-economic impacts of natural disasters frequent in recent decades due to climate change and the environment. The approach used in this paper is a combination of Geographic Information System (GIS) and mobile IT in the form of geospatial information. Mobile services sector in which the city government is involved in the formation of smart cities. This article reviews the growth of smart cities and considers how a systems can improve mitigation and adaptation approaches to these risks and to recovery from the natural disasters.

The citizen security service provided by the Colombian State is unequal. It focuses mainly on large cities and municipal capitals, and is absent in vast expanses of the national geography. In these regions, state incapacity to enforce the law, resolve citizen conflicts, and protect and promote social order based on peaceful coexistence is painfully evident. Also, in a context of armed conflict, the State has placed special emphasis on the fight against illegal armed groups (national security), rather than respond to coexistence and security challenges (citizen security).Post-conflict, the transition from national security to citizen security in rural areas requires the design of security strategies with a regional focus. It should consider institutional adjustments, construction of legal authorities, and the strengthening of local capacities.

Reviews current debates in Marxism, with a view toward possible future theoretical movements in the field. Following a brief historical introduction to historical materialism, the most controversial issues in Karl Marx's work & Marxist theory are identified, among them, the theory of value; common social work & abstract work; work as a lasting activity; liberation, time, & existence; the philosophy of history & historiography; the history of capitalism & the historiography of the working class; materialism, naturalism, & realism; & epistemological problems. It is remarked that current political manifestations of Marxism have little connection with either socialist Marxism or Marxist-Leninism. While the study of Marx's works fails to inspire human revolution on a political scale, insights into the mechanics of domination & exploitation can still be gained. 13 References. Adapted from the source document.

Replies to Alain Lipietz's "Political Ecology and the Future of Marxism" (2000). Although Lipietz's suggestion that political ecology is the future of Marxism is supported, his contention that Marxism's intellectual foundation must be abandoned is rejected. Even though Lipietz's assertion that both Marxists & political ecologists do not know how to associate materialism, politics, & ethics is seconded, his understanding of the Marxist conceptualization of production is also rejected. Several additional problems with Lipietz's merging of liberal & social democratic unionism with revolutionary Marxism, disregard of class issues as it pertains to Southern hemisphere nations, rationale for Marxism's breaking away from ethics & ecology, critique of women's/feminist & greens/environmentalist movements, account of James O'Connor's two contradiction theories, & understanding of the Marxist tradition are discussed. J. W. Parker

For more than a generation, as the authors rightly point out, the impact of organized labor on electoral politics has been neglected in scholarly literature. Indeed, only a tiny minority of social scientists explicitly focuses on organized labor in the United States. Although the impact of the social movements of the 1960s appeared to heighten awareness of the importance of class, race, and gender, class and its organized expression, the union movement, has received less attention, while studies of race and gender have flourished.

Arnhart argues that a scientific understanding of women's nature, achieved through primatology and related disciplines, can serve as a basis for judging social arrangements. Those arrangements that promote the expression of women's "natural potentials" should be encouraged. Based on this argument, the key issues are (1) how to determine the "natural" potential of women, and (2) how to use this information to judge social arrangements. I will begin by focusing on the second and more fundamental issue; I will return later to the first.

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS - ICSU SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL Newsletter No. 63 December 1996 Code Number:NL97004 Sizes of Files: Text: 168.8K Graphics: No associated graphics files CONTENTS MEETING REPORTS 25th General Assembly of ICSU and Associated Meetings Julia Marton-Lefevre, Executive Director, ICSU The 25th General Assembly of ICSU was held in Washington D.C. from 24 to 27 September 1996, twenty years after the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of the United States had hosted ICSU's 16th General Assembly. The Assembly was preceded by a number of ICSU related meetings organized in Washington. Resolutions of the 25th General Assembly of ICSU 1. The need for Radio Frequency Spectrum for Radio Science 2. ICSU Statement on Principles for Use of Animals for Research and Education 3. Science in the 21st Century 4. COBIOTECH/COGENE 5. Assessment of ICSU 6. Freedom in the Conduct of Science 7. Electronic Publishing 8. Capacity Building in Science 9. Environment 10. DIVERSITAS 11. Ethics 12. Science in Developing Countries 13. Access to Data and Information 14. Agriculture and Food Security 15. History of ICSU 16. Finance 17. Conference on the Discovery of Polonium and Radium 18. Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology 19. Expressions of Appreciation Workshop. on the Financing of Basic Research in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union Christine Glenday, on detail to ICSU from NSF, USA As a result of a recommendation ICSU's Special Committee on Science in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (COMSCEE), ICSU hosted a two day "Workshop on the Financing of Basic Research in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union" at the ICSU headquarters in Paris on July 15-16, 1996. GETTING TO KNOW Introducing new Members of the ICSU Executive Board and General Committee (1996-1999) Werner Arber Yola Verhasselt Peter John Wyllie Thomas B.A. Senior Albert E. Fischli Jan S. Nilsson Bruno Messerli Philip Coppens Shigefumi Mori Robin Brett Gery d'Ydewalle Siegfried J. Bauer Juri Engelbrecht Horst Kleinkauf Anne McLaren Hideo Ohashi Qian Yi Michael O. Rabin Jana Slotova Shem Oyoo Wandiga David L. Hawksworth New Activities at World Resources Institute Walter V. Reid, Vice President for Program, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. Introduction The World Resources Institute (WRI) was established 14 years ago as a policy research center seeking to help governments, international organizations, and private business address a fundamental question: How can societies meet basic human needs and nurture economic growth without undermining the natural resources and environmental integrity on which life, economic vitality, and international security depend? WRI seeks to move human society to live in ways that protect Earth's environment and its capacity to provide for the needs and aspirations of current and future generations. Because people are inspired by ideas, empowered by knowledge, and moved to change by greater understanding, WRI provides -- and helps other institutions provide -- objective information and practical proposals for policy and institutional change that will foster environmentally sound, socially equitable, development. WRI's particular concerns are with globally significant environmental problems that are ubiquitous or affect the global commons, and their interaction with economic development and social equity at all levels. SPOTLIGHTS ON SCIENCE Symposium on Science and Human Goals in the 21st Century National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Washington DC 24 September 1996 Sophie Boyer King, Environmental Science Officer The Symposium on Science and Human Goals in the 21st Century preceded the 25th General Assembly of the International Council of Scientific Unions. Synopsis F.S. Rowland, the Foreign Secretary of the National Academy of Sciences, opened the Symposium by noting that the Academy had hosted the ICSU General Assembly twenty years ago, and was one of ICSU's rounding members. The objectives of the Symposium were to demonstrate the Inherently international character of science and its contributions to knowledge and to practical solutions to problems facing humanity in the 21st century. Opening remarks by invited speakers at 25th General Assembly of ICSU Bruce Alberts, President, US National Academy of Sciences It is an honor to welcome all of you -- delegates and guests - - to our home in Washington. And I have the pleasure of sharing this podium with my fellow speakers tonight -- two outstanding leaders in the US scientific community: Dr. Jack Gibbons, Science Advisor to President Clinton, and Dr. Neal Lane, Director of the National Science Foundation. And, of course, the distinguished President of ICSU, James Dooge. John H. Gibbons Science Advisor to President Clinton I. Introduction Good evening. I am delighted to be here with so many of my colleagues and to have the opportunity to speak to you tonight. I understand that this is the first time in twenty years that the International Council of Scientific Unions has held its General Assembly in the United States. I join Dr. Rowland and Dr. Alberts in welcoming you to Washington and in congratulating you on the twenty-fifth meeting of the ICSU General Assembly. Neal Lane, Director, National Science Foundation What Einstein said that we did not hear Members of the ICSU General Assembly and invited guests, it is an honor to participate in these opening ceremonies. It is an honor, also, for the United States to host this 25th General Assembly. As I look out across this representation from so many of the world's nations, I am reminded of the comment of the American Secretary of State, Dean Rusk. He said, "The world is round. Only one-third of its people are asleep at any one time. The other two-thirds are awake and causing mischief somewhere". NEWS IN BRIEF Trends in Science and Technology Careers: Report of an International Conference Sherburne B. Abbott, Director, Committee on International Organizations and Programs, U.S. National Research Council In 1990, the 23rd General Assembly of ICSU passed a resolution noting concern about the apparent declining interest of younger generations in science, and calling on ICSU to examine the magnitude of the problem. The Assembly reasoned that because the science and technology enterprise depends on the continuing flow of new talent into the field, declining student interest could have a significant and devastating long-term impact on the size and quality of the workforce in any nation and on the global pool of scientists and engineers. Conclusions and Recommendations from the UN/Norway Conference on Alien Species Trondheim, Norway, 1-5 July 1996 Peter J. Schei, Conference Chairman Article 8 (h) of the Convention on Biological Diversity calls on each contracting Partner to, as far as possible and as appropriate, prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species. Scientists, managers and policy advisors from 80 countries and representatives from several UN bodies, institutions and organisations gathered in Trondheim on 1-5 July 1996, at the invitation of the Government of Norway, against the background of the challenges related to the implementation of relevant provisions in article 8 of the Convention on Biological Diversity related to alien species. Assessment of ICSU R. Schmitt, Chair of the Panel to Assess ICSU, set up by the 33rd meeting of the General Committee, attended the General Assembly of ICSU at which time the Report was officially presented to ICSU. According to the General Assembly Resolution on this matter, the Executive Board has been asked to formulate a strategy for responding to the recommendations of the Assessment Panel Report and to present its suggested actions for approval by an Extraordinary General Assembly of ICSU to be held before the end of 1998. The full text of the Report has since been sent to all ICSU family members and partners with a request for their written input by 30 April 1997. The following are excerpts from the Final Report of the ICSU Assessment Panel, copies of which are available from the ICSU Secretariat. Summary of Assessment Panel Recommendations We make recommendations in five areas: core activities and priorities, science policy, voice and outreach, governance, and membership. PUBLICATIONS NEWS New Edition of "Understanding Our Planet" The 1996 edition of "Understanding Our Planet", was launched at the 25th ICSU General Assembly in Washington D.C. This brochure is an overview of ICSU's programmes and activities on Global Change, and is an update of the first "Understanding Our Planet" published in 1993. Science International: A History of the International Council of Scientific Unions by Frank Greenaway Science International is the first history of a worldwide organization of scientists, now involving thousands of participants, which was started a century ago when a few visionaries rounded the International Association of Academies (1899-1919). This was succeeded by an International Research Council, which, in 1931, became the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). This history describes how national academies and International Unions of scientists from specific disciplines learned to work together, and shows that from these alliances sprang great cooperative projects, such as the International Geophysical Year and the International Biological Programme, as well as the creation of a global scientific organization directed to the study of the entire planet and prospects for the human race. The History of ICSU: an author's reflections Frank Greenaway When I was asked, in November 1992, to write an official history of ICSU I hardly expected it to turn out to be an adventure in personal recollection. But it did. FUTURE MEETINGS Achievements, Benefits and Challenges WMO/ICSU/IOC Conference on the World Climate Research Programme H. Grassl, Director, WCRP The international sponsors of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), announce an important Conference from 26 to 28 August 1997 in Geneva. Scientists, policy makers and advisers alike will have the opportunity to review the achievements of the WCRP, and to shape the course for the next decade. OBITUARY Professor Arne Magneli Professor Abdus Salam CALENDAR OF FORTHCOMING MEETINGS Details of Events Form Jan 1997 - June 1997

"Arguing Identity and Human Rights poses open questions about how to best argue for human rights and consider rival answers, to help us think through the advantages and trade-offs of different rhetorical strategies, identify options, and, ultimately, choose our own paths. Modelling a humane approach to human rights argument, the book offers four deep rhetorical analyses of some of the most vexing and fascinating challenges facing human rights arguers in the United States: - How do we want to frame difference in human rights advocacy-are we trying to downplay difference or something else? - How can we best answer dismissive responses to human rights arguments? - Should we portray people in marginalized categories as having "no choice" about their identity, and what would alternatives look like? - What are the possibilities and perils of trying to "afflict" audiences with hegemonic identities to persuade them on human rights issues? Offering clear practical and theoretical implications while resisting easy answers, the book provides a concise introduction to the relationship between identity, discourse, and social change. Designed for both theorists and practitioners, for current and aspiring human rights arguers, this insightful text will be of use to students of rhetoric, argumentation, persuasion, and communication studies more generally, as well as human rights, social activism and social change, political science, sociology, race and gender studies"--

"The Power of New Urban Tourism explores new forms of tourism in urban areas with their social, political, architectural, and economic implications on a global stage. By investigating various showcases of New Urban Tourism within its social and spatial frames, the book offers insights into power relations, the impact of cultural, social and economic capital on tourism, and connections between tourism and cityscapes in various socio-spatial settings around the world. Contributors to the volume show how urban space has become a battleground between local residents and visitors, with changing perceptions of tourists as co-users of public and private urban spaces and as influencers of the local economies. This includes different roles of digital platforms as resources for access to the city and touristic opportunities as well as means to organise protest. With contemporary cases from a wide disciplinary spectrum, the contributors investigate exploratively the power of New Urban Tourism in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and Oceania. This focus allows a cross-cultural evaluation of New Urban Tourism and its dynamic and changing concept, transforming and subverting cities and tourism alike. The Power of New Urban Tourism will be of great interest to academics, researchers and students in the fields of cultural studies, sociology, the political sciences, history, human geography, urban design and planning, architecture, ethnology and anthropology"--

"This book offers an updated and comprehensive phenomenology of norms and normativity. It is the first volume that systematically tackles both the normativity of experiencing and various experiences of norms. Part I begins with a discussion of the methodological resources that phenomenology offers for the critique of epistemological, social and cultural norms. It argues that these resources are powerful and have largely been neglected in contemporary philosophy as well as social and human sciences. The second part deepens the discussion by studying the existential and moral-philosophical foundations of practical normativity. It takes on the task of illuminating the origins of normativity and offers phenomenological alternatives to the neo-Kantian and neo-Hegelian approaches that dominate contemporary debates on the sources of normativity. The final part proceeds from practical normativity to the analysis of the guiding powers of values, perceptual norms, instincts and drives. These are different forms of intentionality that in various manners contribute to the constitution of human practices. By clarifying their divergences and their interrelations, the volume demonstrates that normativity is not one phenomenon but a complex set of various phenomena, with multiple origins and sources. Contemporary Phenomenologies of Normativity will be of interest to researchers and advanced students working on issues of normativity in phenomenology, epistemology, ethics, and social philosophy"--