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In its introduction, the text presents the basis for a sociology of globalization at affirming that such a phenomenon is comprehensible not only in terms of interdependency and formation of exclusively global institutions but in regard to something within what is national. After overcoming a methodological nationalism it becomes possible to approach a growing number of cases of localization of what is global and others of denationalization of what is national which, meanwhile, opens a wide range of research possibilities in social sciences. Then, a study of global cities as a convenient space to test theoretical assumptions of such a sociology is undertaken since, in those cities, a new transnational geography serving as a space for new transnational politics emerges. ; El texto presenta en la introducción las bases para una sociología de la globalización en la que se afirma que dicho fenómeno es comprensible en términos no sólo de la interdependencia y la formación de instituciones exclusivamente globales sino en relación a algo que también reside en el interior de lo nacional. Al superar el nacionalismo metodológico, es posible entonces abordar un número creciente de casos de localización de lo global y de desnacionalización de lo nacional que, a su vez, abre para las ciencias sociales una amplia gama de posibilidades de investigación. A continuación, se aborda el estudio de las ciudades globales como un espacio propicio para poner a prueba los presupuestos teóricos de esta sociología en la medida en que, a través de aquellas, se crea una nueva geografía transnacional que al mismo tiempo constituye el espacio para una nueva política transnacional.

In its introduction, the text presents the basis for a sociology of globalization at affirming that such a phenomenon is comprehensible not only in terms of interdependency and formation of exclusively global institutions but in regard to something within what is national. After overcoming a methodological nationalism it becomes possible to approach a growing number of cases of localization of what is global and others of denationalization of what is national which, meanwhile, opens a wide range of research possibilities in social sciences. Then, a study of global cities as a convenient space to test theoretical assumptions of such a sociology is undertaken since, in those cities, a new transnational geography serving as a space for new transnational politics emerges. ; El texto presenta en la introducción las bases para una sociología de la globalización en la que se afirma que dicho fenómeno es comprensible en términos no sólo de la interdependencia y la formación de instituciones exclusivamente globales sino en relación a algo que también reside en el interior de lo nacional. Al superar el nacionalismo metodológico, es posible entonces abordar un número creciente de casos de localización de lo global y de desnacionalización de lo nacional que, a su vez, abre para las ciencias sociales una amplia gama de posibilidades de investigación. A continuación, se aborda el estudio de las ciudades globales como un espacio propicio para poner a prueba los presupuestos teóricos de esta sociología en la medida en que, a través de aquellas, se crea una nueva geografía transnacional que al mismo tiempo constituye el espacio para una nueva política transnacional.

The use of the term social networks has spread in a majority way in the Spanish-speaking countries, not only in an academic and scientific way, but also in the whole society, understanding a commonly accepted meaning to refer to certain online tools such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or LinkedIn among others. Thus, we must ask ourselves if this terminological conception and the conceptual form are well used and if there is a better alternative, to clarify such an important field of study in the social sciences. The article compiles definitions and uses of the term, placing special emphasis on the most primitive definitions of social networks that we can find in the Anglo-Saxon literature. Based on social
scientific studies that were published in English and more recently in Spanish, we can explain the detailed conceptualization and differentiation of social networks and social media, emphasizing the way of improvement. A distinction is made between types of social networks and the possibilities offered by distinguishing between social networks and social media for research methodology in social sciences in Spanish.

Notas acerca de la evolución del folclore, en líneas generales, a partir del siglo XVII hasta la actualidad. Diversas razones, económicas y políticas, inciden hoy en un nuevo auge otorgado a la tradición folclórica. Ésta constituye, según el autor, el último instrumento de resistencia frente a la pérdida de la identidad cultural local, comarcal o regional. ; We present some notes about the evolution of folklore, along general lines, from the XVII century until the present. Diverse economic and political reasons have given new interest to folk tradition. Folklore, according to the author, is the last intrument of resistance against the loss of local and regional cultural identity. ; Grupo de Investigación Antropología y Filosofía (SEJ-126). Universidad de Granada

Media attention on climate change (cc) in developing countries is crucial for understanding the discourses that exist in vulnerable zones. Past research has focused on printed media coverage of cc in western developed countries, but there is little knowledge on online media in developing countries. Using framing theory framework, this study analyses the way in which spanish-speaking online media frames news about cc. We carried out a quantitative content analysis of 889 news items from 97 online media outlets that published news about cc during cop16 (Cancun-2010) and cop17 (Durban-2011). Findings show that the principal sources are politicians and almost half of the news items came from news wire services. The analysis also indicated an association between the quoted source and the news frame. It is discussed that there exists a 'nationalistic domestication' and that media coverage does not respond to local needs. Further qualitative and comparative analyses are suggested

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: http://brajets.com/index.php/brajets/article/view/453/244 ; Today, Spain is an advanced country in the field of sport for people with disabilities. Thanks to social movement led by National Blind Organization (ONCE) since the mid-80s, the Paralympic Games in Barcelona in 1992, the birth of the Spanish Paralympic Committee in 1995 and the Paralympic Sport Support Plan (ADOP) by the Government, Spain is a Paralympic power and many athletes with disabilities are socially known and admired people. However, there are yet situations of social and economic discrimination. Surely the media have powerfully influenced for improve the image of these athletes with disabilities, but still they use to give the sport for people with disabilities much less coverage than they give to other sports. From a sociological point of view, the study of sport is consolidating as a scientific area and in recent decades it has highlighted the connections between sport and society in various fields. In particular, sport for people with disabilities has become one of the areas that has evolved, especially in relation to their physical, psychological and social benefits. However, the study area relating adapted sports and mass communication is poorly developed in Spain and the references are still sporadic. The aim of this article is to show the current state of studies on sport for people with disabilities from the point of view of sociology and communication sciences in Spain, as well as the relevance of deepening these studies to achieve understanding and, as far as possible, improve the situation of these people. / Hoje, a Espanha é um país avançado no campo do esporte para pessoas com deficiência. Graças ao movimento social liderado pela Organização Nacional das Cegas (ONCE) desde meados dos anos 80, os Jogos Paraolímpicos de Barcelona em 1992, o nascimento do Comitê Paralímpico Espanhol em 1995 e o Plano Paralímpico de Apoio Esportivo (ADOP) pelo Governo, a Espanha é um poder ...

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: http://brajets.com/index.php/brajets/article/view/453/244 ; Today, Spain is an advanced country in the field of sport for people with disabilities. Thanks to social movement led by National Blind Organization (ONCE) since the mid-80s, the Paralympic Games in Barcelona in 1992, the birth of the Spanish Paralympic Committee in 1995 and the Paralympic Sport Support Plan (ADOP) by the Government, Spain is a Paralympic power and many athletes with disabilities are socially known and admired people. However, there are yet situations of social and economic discrimination. Surely the media have powerfully influenced for improve the image of these athletes with disabilities, but still they use to give the sport for people with disabilities much less coverage than they give to other sports. From a sociological point of view, the study of sport is consolidating as a scientific area and in recent decades it has highlighted the connections between sport and society in various fields. In particular, sport for people with disabilities has become one of the areas that has evolved, especially in relation to their physical, psychological and social benefits. However, the study area relating adapted sports and mass communication is poorly developed in Spain and the references are still sporadic. The aim of this article is to show the current state of studies on sport for people with disabilities from the point of view of sociology and communication sciences in Spain, as well as the relevance of deepening these studies to achieve understanding and, as far as possible, improve the situation of these people. / Hoje, a Espanha é um país avançado no campo do esporte para pessoas com deficiência. Graças ao movimento social liderado pela Organização Nacional das Cegas (ONCE) desde meados dos anos 80, os Jogos Paraolímpicos de Barcelona em 1992, o nascimento do Comitê Paralímpico Espanhol em 1995 e o Plano Paralímpico de Apoio Esportivo (ADOP) pelo Governo, a Espanha é um poder ...

Adorno's work, in particular the texts dealing with the relationship between music and social behaviors or structures, has been the target of criticism, especially in the second half of the 20th century, being considered by many to be generalist, dogmatic or even elitist. This work proposes the analysis of musical technologies not only as a set of compositional techniques, as Adorno does, but, in fact, as material conditions for the realization of a certain type of sound/music. The colonialist character of these technologies is also analyzed. Based on a review of some key concepts in Adornian theory, a dialogue is sought with more contemporary authors from the sociology of music.

The relevance of the present study is predetermined by the widespread political propaganda of new technologies in the digital environment. Analysis of the consequences of their application in journalism is an urgent task for humanities and social practice. Therefore, the article aims, firstly, to reveal the facts of inadequate display of social reality in the media space, secondly, to consider the problems of compliance of the social object and its reflection in the digital environment, and thirdly, to understand the media technologies in terms of their value context. Methods. The essence of the topical issue predetermined the reliance on the methodology of value-based analysis of journalism that allowed considering the impact of media technologies on the humanistic essence of human communication. The research object is the student community as a social and political media audience. In this context, an international research project was prepared and implemented. In the framework of this project, students from Poland, Russia, and Serbia were interviewed. In total, more than 2,000 questionnaires were processed. Results. The article substantiates the following provisions: media technology is the rationalization of the transfer of socially significant texts from the communicator to the mass audience; in terms of value, the effectiveness of technology is ambivalent; the modern media environment is characterized by the dissemination of fakes, and post-truths; media facts and media events have become derivatives of pseudo-social media practice; functional relationship, historically developed in world culture between the object and its reflection in artistic and journalistic creativity, is broken; practice is replaced by media shadow. Conclusion. Materials presented in the article are of practical value for political functionaries and technologists, theorists of journalism, and mass media executives.

The news media have a strong influence on people's perception of reality. But despite claims to objectivity, media organizations are, in general, politically biased (Patterson & Donsbach, 1996; Gaebler, 2017). The link between news media outlets and political organizations has been a critical question in political science and communication studies. To assess the closeness between the news media and particular political organizations, scholars have used different methods such as content analysis, undertaking surveys or adopting a political economy view. With the advent of social networks, new sources of data are now available to measure the relationship between media organizations and parties. Assuming that users coherently retweet political and news information (Wong, Tan, Sen & Chiang, 2016), and drawing on the retweet overlap network (RON) method (Guerrero-Solé, 2017), this research uses people's perceived ideology of Spanish political parties (CIS, 2020) to propose a measure of the ideology of news media in Spain. Results show that scores align with the result of previous research on the ideology of the news media (Ceia, 2020). We also find that media outlets are, in general, politically polarized with two groups or clusters of news media being close to the left-wing parties UP and PSOE, and the other to the right-wing and far-right parties Cs, PP, and Vox. This research also underlines the media's ideological stability over time. ; Los medios de comunicación tienen una fuerte influencia sobre la percepción de la realidad que tiene la gente. A pesar de su pretensión de objetividad, los medios tienen, en general, un sesgo político (Patterson & Donsbach, 1996; Gaebler, 2017). La relación entre los medios y las organizaciones políticas ha sido una cuestión crucial en los estudios de ciencias políticas y comunicación. Para evaluar la proximidad entre los medios de comunicación y organizaciones políticas concretas, los investigadores han empleado distintos métodos como el análisis de contenido, las encuestas o la adopción de una visión político-económica. Con la llegada de las redes sociales, aparecen nuevas fuentes de datos disponibles para medir la relación entre los medios de comunicación y los partidos políticos. Asumiendo que los usuarios retuitean coherentemente información política y mediática (Wong, Tan, Sen & Chiang, 2016), y haciendo uso del método RON (Retweet Overlap Network) (Guerrero-Solé, 2017), este estudio utiliza la ideología percibida por la población de los partidos políticos españoles (CIS, 2020) para proponer una medida de la ideología de los medios de comunicación en España. Los resultados muestran que las puntuaciones obtenidas siguen la línea de estudios realizados previamente sobre la ideología de los medios (Ceia, 2020). También se ha descubierto que los medios, en general, están polarizados políticamente, con dos grupos de medios más próximos a los partidos de izquierda UP y PSOE, y los otros a los partidos de derecha y ultraderecha Cs, PP y Vox. Esta investigación también remarca la estabilidad ideológica de los medios a lo largo del tiempo.

Nowadays, when thinking about communication media, it is very common to refer to a discouraging panorama of crisis, in which some journalists' vices seem difficult to erradicate. In the last twenty-five years, however, together with this perception, it has also emerged a growing tendency for solving this situation, which makes us think that, no matter the situation, there is a light at the end of the tunnel. The objective of this article is to describe two of these solution ideas: audience's defenders and media watch. Both are mechanisms which can be placed in the bigger context of media criticism and characterized by their idea for increasing media quality. The existence of each one of these mechanisms as well as the possibility for them to live together performing a hard work for making institutional media more democratic and transparent are described in the following pages. ; Cuando se piensa hoy en los medios, es frecuente aludir a un panorama desalentador, de crisis, en el cual algunos de los vicios de los periodistas parecen difíciles de erradicar. Sin embargo, junto a esta percepción, también existe en los últimos veinticinco años un número creciente de intentos de solución que nos hacen pensar en que, a pesar de todo, hay luz al final del túnel. El objetivo del presente capítulo es describir precisamente dos de estos intentos de solución: los defensores de la audiencia y los observatorios de medios. En ambos casos, se trata de mecanismos que pueden ser ubicados en el contexto mayor del media criticism y que se caracterizan por su voluntad expresa de incrementar la calidad de los medios. En las siguientes páginas, se describe la existencia de cada uno de estos mecanismos y se apuesta por la conveniencia de las dos figuras, en la difícil búsqueda por hacer de los medios instituciones más democráticas y transparentes.

Nowadays, when thinking about communication media, it is very common to refer to a discouraging panorama of crisis, in which some journalists' vices seem difficult to erradicate. In the last twenty-five years, however, together with this perception, it has also emerged a growing tendency for solving this situation, which makes us think that, no matter the situation, there is a light at the end of the tunnel. The objective of this article is to describe two of these solution ideas: audience's defenders and media watch. Both are mechanisms which can be placed in the bigger context of media criticism and characterized by their idea for increasing media quality. The existence of each one of these mechanisms as well as the possibility for them to live together performing a hard work for making institutional media more democratic and transparent are described in the following pages. ; Cuando se piensa hoy en los medios, es frecuente aludir a un panorama desalentador, de crisis, en el cual algunos de los vicios de los periodistas parecen difíciles de erradicar. Sin embargo, junto a esta percepción, también existe en los últimos veinticinco años un número creciente de intentos de solución que nos hacen pensar en que, a pesar de todo, hay luz al final del túnel. El objetivo del presente capítulo es describir precisamente dos de estos intentos de solución: los defensores de la audiencia y los observatorios de medios. En ambos casos, se trata de mecanismos que pueden ser ubicados en el contexto mayor del media criticism y que se caracterizan por su voluntad expresa de incrementar la calidad de los medios. En las siguientes páginas, se describe la existencia de cada uno de estos mecanismos y se apuesta por la conveniencia de las dos figuras, en la difícil búsqueda por hacer de los medios instituciones más democráticas y transparentes.

Along with a considerable increase of thepeople involved in studying Chinese culture andChinese language, Confucius Institute, initiallyfounded in 2004 in Seoul, South Korea,provoked different reactions regarding to themanagement and the activity held. Especiallyon American press, the debate focused on whatthe real aim of the project consists in, has beenretained responsible for political propagandaand a threat for the academic freedom. Soonthe debate involved reporters, journalists,Chinese Studies experts, sinologists andConfucius Institutes directors from every part ofthe world, leading the debate to aninternational dimension. 32 articles publishedsince 2010 on the Italian national newspapers,periodicals, specialized website and onlinechannels, have been collected and examined inorder to propose a critical analysis on how theimage of Confucius Institute is perceived in Italythrough examining the discourse of the Italianpress and the voices of the experts in the press.