The Science of Wealth was written by Münif Pasha, who features large in our history of science and philosophy. The work was used as a textbook by the Ottoman Law School, and took its place among the texts that carried modern economic knowledge to the Ottoman world of thought. The period that started in the second half of the 19th century and continued up until the foundation of the Republic was a time of remarkable contributions to economic literature. The fact that The Science of Wealth remains an important part of this body of literature and reflects the economic knowledge of period in its discussions served as the basis for In The Science of Wealth, Münif Pasha defends the idea of a liberal economy, although his criticisms of some of the views of Adam Smith and Malthus differentiate his work from other books in the economics field at the time. Issues, such as private property, the division of labour, freedom of industry and trade, fixed pricing, customs and interest, all of which are highly important in the creation of a liberal transformation to an economic, political, administrative, legal, religious and social structure, are among the headings in the Science of Wealth. The original, translated and simplified texts allow the work to reach a broader audience. It is hoped that the study will increase the level of interest in our economics and science history literature
Azerbaijan earned independence in 1991, it has lived developments in all areas of the economy importantly and turn in the short time. Azerbaijan which allow behind from point of view speed of the growing with relation of the growing in next years economy, where has revived and it has grown. Strength is oil push of foundation behind high relation grow in Azerbaijan economy. Cannot deny the place in the Azerbaijani economy of the oil. Thesis, Azerbaijan use of the oil sector, oil and oil taking out investigating of situation in the state inside to the selling and In the light of information got in the result of this investigating, it is carrying the purpose of the statement middle of the necessary offers for taking out of the way outs from point of view continuation of the time of the development. It is separate Azerbaijan will guard the feature of the possessing world the greatest stake in the energy balance of the oil in the inside of 20-30 years front. Of the centres of important demand, import expectation being of the growth striking to the attention and importance is it will earn of Azerbaijan oil in the light these wait for. Necessary time was in the Turkey is Azerbaijan address foundation purpose of the thesis being of source will be done from point of view to get information in the oil-industry subject.This work is the result of the investigating driving long and investigate. Work have been investigated along Azerbaijan oil sector, foreign investment in Azerbaijan etc to the today from past. I want to thank the Azerbaijan State Oil Company of which labour is been to member and worker of staff in the preparing of the thesis, educational official and pupil Baku State University, Azerbaijan Oil Academy, Azerbaijan State Economy University and Giresun state University. In addition, I extend my gratitude to my consultant, by name Prof. Dr Ayse Ozcan.
Çalışmada Ukrayna ile Türkiye arasındaki ekonomik ilişkiler incelenmektedir. Türkiye ve Ukrayna'nın ortak bir geçmişi bulunmaktadır. İkisi de yakın ilişkilere önem vermekte ve gelişmesi için çalışmaktadır. İki ülke arasındaki iş ilişkileri, iş ortaklıklarının gelişmesi ile zaman gittikçe daha belirgin bir yer tutmaya başlamıştır. Ukrayna ve Türkiye arasındaki son yıllarda siyasi, ekonomik, kültürel ve ticari ilişkiler yoğunluk kazanmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışma ile iki ülkenin ilişkilerinin tarihsel gelişimi ve geleceği irdelenmektedir. Ayrıca sürdürülebilir bir işbirliği kurmak için önerilerde bulunmaktadır. Ukrayna ile Türkiye arasında ekonomi alanında sağlıklı işbirliğinin gerçekleştirilebilmesi için, ikili ilişkilerin gelişmesini frenleyen teknik özelliğe sahip sorunlar giderilmelidir; ileri teknoloji ürünlerinin üretilmesi gibi konularda ortak Ukrayna-Türkiye projelerinin gerçekleştirilmesi için iş çevreleri özendirilmeli ve devlet desteği verilmelidir. Tarım, sanayi ve turizm alanlarında Ukrayna-Türkiye şirketleri arasında ortak fuar organizasyonları yapılmalıdır. Türk iş çevrelerini Ukrayna'da temsil eden mevcut birliklerle sistematik ilişkiler kurulmalı ve geliştirilmelidir. Benzer biçimde iki ülke arasında ticaret ve sanayi Odaları, ticari birlikler ile ilişkiler güçlendirilmeli ve tarih ve kültür miraslarının tanıtılması için Ukrayna-Türkiye arasında ortak turizm güzergâhlarının gerçekleştirilmesi konularındaki çalışmalar desteklenmelidir. --- This work was aimed on analysis of economical relation between Turkey and Ukraina. This two countries shared a long history and for both of them the close, productive relationships is important. With the development of economical partnership, business relations between the two countries have become an integral part of the Turkey and Ukrainian economies. In last years political, economic, cultural and trade relations between Ukraine and Turkey began to increas intensivly. İn this work was performed a study of the historical development and future relations between the Ukraine and Turkey. Also was made recommendations for establishing sustainable partnership. In order to achieve a healthy cooperation between Turkey and Ukraine in the economic field, with a emphasizing of the importance of bilateral relations problems, the following must be resolved; Ukraine-Turkey co-production of high-tech products and projects implementation should be encouraged and given government support. For componies, wich are working in such areas such as agriculture, industry and tourism should be provide expo organizations. Associations representing the Turkish business community in Ukraine should be established and developed. Same for the Chambers of commerce and industry between the two countries, relations with trade unions should be strengthened and promoted. It is substantive not to underestimate the importants of not only ekonomical relations between Turkey and Ukraine, but political and cultural. As this two countries may cooperate in different fiealds with many benifits for both of them.
Çalışmada Ukrayna ile Türkiye arasındaki ekonomik ilişkiler incelenmektedir. Türkiye ve Ukrayna'nın ortak bir geçmişi bulunmaktadır. İkisi de yakın ilişkilere önem vermekte ve gelişmesi için çalışmaktadır. İki ülke arasındaki iş ilişkileri, iş ortaklıklarının gelişmesi ile zaman gittikçe daha belirgin bir yer tutmaya başlamıştır. Ukrayna ve Türkiye arasındaki son yıllarda siyasi, ekonomik, kültürel ve ticari ilişkiler yoğunluk kazanmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışma ile iki ülkenin ilişkilerinin tarihsel gelişimi ve geleceği irdelenmektedir. Ayrıca sürdürülebilir bir işbirliği kurmak için önerilerde bulunmaktadır. Ukrayna ile Türkiye arasında ekonomi alanında sağlıklı işbirliğinin gerçekleştirilebilmesi için, ikili ilişkilerin gelişmesini frenleyen teknik özelliğe sahip sorunlar giderilmelidir; ileri teknoloji ürünlerinin üretilmesi gibi konularda ortak Ukrayna-Türkiye projelerinin gerçekleştirilmesi için iş çevreleri özendirilmeli ve devlet desteği verilmelidir. Tarım, sanayi ve turizm alanlarında Ukrayna-Türkiye şirketleri arasında ortak fuar organizasyonları yapılmalıdır. Türk iş çevrelerini Ukrayna'da temsil eden mevcut birliklerle sistematik ilişkiler kurulmalı ve geliştirilmelidir. Benzer biçimde iki ülke arasında ticaret ve sanayi Odaları, ticari birlikler ile ilişkiler güçlendirilmeli ve tarih ve kültür miraslarının tanıtılması için Ukrayna-Türkiye arasında ortak turizm güzergâhlarının gerçekleştirilmesi konularındaki çalışmalar desteklenmelidir. --- This work was aimed on analysis of economical relation between Turkey and Ukraina. This two countries shared a long history and for both of them the close, productive relationships is important. With the development of economical partnership, business relations between the two countries have become an integral part of the Turkey and Ukrainian economies. In last years political, economic, cultural and trade relations between Ukraine and Turkey began to increas intensivly. İn this work was performed a study of the historical development and future relations between the Ukraine and Turkey. Also was made recommendations for establishing sustainable partnership. In order to achieve a healthy cooperation between Turkey and Ukraine in the economic field, with a emphasizing of the importance of bilateral relations problems, the following must be resolved; Ukraine-Turkey co-production of high-tech products and projects implementation should be encouraged and given government support. For componies, wich are working in such areas such as agriculture, industry and tourism should be provide expo organizations. Associations representing the Turkish business community in Ukraine should be established and developed. Same for the Chambers of commerce and industry between the two countries, relations with trade unions should be strengthened and promoted. It is substantive not to underestimate the importants of not only ekonomical relations between Turkey and Ukraine, but political and cultural. As this two countries may cooperate in different fiealds with many benifits for both of them.
Anahtar Kelimeler : Dinlerarası Diyalog, Strateji, Teo-strateji, Misyonerlik, 11 Eylül OlayıÖZET11 EYLÜL 2001 SONRASI TÜRKİYE'DE DİN MERKEZLİ BATI STRATEJİLERİII. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra başlayan süreçte, başını ABD'nin çektiği Batı Dünyası, stratejilerinin merkezine dini oturtmuştur. Bu sürecin üç önemli aşaması olmuştur. Birincisi, 1965 yılında başlayan dinlerarası diyalog aşaması; ikincisi SSCB'nin dağılması, üçüncü ve en dikkat çekici aşaması 11 Eylül Olayı'dır. Anılan süreçte İslam, Hıristiyanlık karşısında en büyük rakip ve dolayısıyla en büyük tehlike; Türkiye ise din merkezli bu stratejilerin muhatabı olan en önemli ülkesi olmuştur. "11 Eylül 2001 Sonrası Türkiye'de Din Merkezli Batı Stratejileri" adlı çalışmamızda temelde 11 Eylül Olayı sonrası Hıristiyan Batı Dünyası'nın teo-stratejilerinin ana hedef ülkesi durumunda olan Türkiye'deki yansımaları ele alınmıştır. Araştırmamız giriş, dört bölüm, sonuç, ekler ve bibliyografyadan oluşmaktadır. Girişte araştırmanın konusu, amacı, önemi, iddia ve varsayımları, sınırları, yöntemi, ilgili literatür, temel kavramlar, teorik çerçeve ve plan ele alınmaktadır. Birinci bölümde Batı'nın İslam Dünyası ve Türkiye ile ilişkilerinin tarihi arka planı ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde Batı'nın din ve siyaset ilişkilerine bakışının temel belirleyicisi olan Pavlus ile İslam ve Türkiye siyasetinin temsili teorisyenleri olan Toynbee ve Huntington ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde 11 Eylül Olayı tasvir edilmiş ve stratejik sonuçlarına değinilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde ise Batının Türkiye üzerindeki teostratejik hedeflerinin başlıca göstergelerine değinilmiştir. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEName and Surname : Mustafa Tahir ÖztürkField : TheologyProgramme : Sociology of ReligionSupervisor : Associated Professor Ali CoşkunDegree Awarded and Date : Doctorate-July 2010Keywords : Interreligious Dialogue, Strategy, Teo-strategy, Missionary, September 11 EventABSTRACTRELIGION CENTERED WESTERN STRATEGIES IN TURKEY AFTER SEPTEMBER 11, 2001Western world, under the lead of the United States, has taken "religion" as a core for their international strategies, particularly after the Second World War. This period can be investigated under three different stages. First stage called as the interreligious dialogue stage started in the year of 1965, dissolution of the Soviet Union opened the second stage in 1991. The third and the most striking stage started with the September 11. In the period which embraced three of aforementioned stages, Islam is considered as the most powerful opponent of Christianity and also the biggest danger for it. Hence, Turkey became the most important country which confronted with this religion centered western strategies. This work, entitled "Religion Centered Western Strategies in Turkey after September 11, 2001" focuses mainly on the impact of teo-strategies of Christian Western World on Turkey which became his main target after the September 11. Our research consists of an introduction part, four chapters, the conclusion, appendices and the bibliography. In introduction part the aim and scope, hypotheses, limitation and methodology, briefly theoretical background, of this work are framed. Whilst the first chapter touches briefly on historical background of relations between Western and Islamic World and Turkey, second chapter focuses on Pavlus who is the main determiner of the Western view on religion and politics, Toynbee and Huntington who are the representatives of Western politics for Islam and Turkey. In the third chapter, the September 11 is described and the strategic results of the event are explored. In the last chapter, i.e. fourth one, the main indicators of teo-strategic goals of Western for Turkey are handled.
Bu makalede sağlık hizmet anlayışındaki değişmelerin toplumun içinde bulunduğu sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel yapının yanı sıra bilimsel gelişmelerle de yakından ilişkisi bulunduğu varsayımından hareket edilmiştir. "Sağlık Emek Sürecinin Dönüşümü" olarak da adlandırılan süreci anlayabilmek için mevcut çalışmalar Weed'in (2005) "sistematik tarama" (systematic review) ve Elias'ın (1977; 2000) "yöntembilimsel ilişkiselcilik" (methodological relationalism) olarak belirlediği tarzda değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları Türkiye'de 1980 sonrasında egemen olan rejimin "esnek sermaye birikimi" ve buna bağlı olarak sanayisizleşme ve özelleştirme olduğunu göstermiştir. Türkiye'de Neo-liberal politikalarla Güneydoğu Avrupa Modeli uygulanırken temel ilke özellikle sağlık alanında hizmet sunumu ile bunun finansmanının birbirinden ayrılmasıdır. İkinci temel özellik ize merkez-dışı (adem-i merkeziyetçi) yönetime geçilmesidir. Kuşkusuz tüm değişmeler, bazı ilkelere bağlanmışsa da hizmetin finansmandan ayrılması hizmet kalitesini olumsuz etkilemiştir. Çünkü harcamalarda kısıntı yapılması ve işletme mantığı ile maliyetin düşürülmesi beklenmektedir. Ancak hastanelerin bazı gerekliler yerine daha fazla karlı olan işlemlerde yoğunlaşmaları söz konusudur. Ayrıca teşhis ve tedavi sürecindeki denetleyici kısıtlamalar da hekimlik mesleğinin icrası kadar kalitesini de olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Hekimlerin gerekli gördüğü tetkikler fiyatlandırma yönetmeliği uyarınca kısıtlandığında ortaya çıkan sonuç hekimin mesleki özerkliğinin kısıtlanmasından başka bir şey değildir. ; In this paper it is assumed that there is a close relationship between the health policy changes and socioeconomic structural changes of the Turkish society. Certainly scientific developments and globalization process are also important on social transformations of any society. Therefore, at the beginning of this paper in order to understand the process that is called " Transformation of Health Work Process" , historical background of health system in Turkey is reviewed based on relevant literature. " Systematic review" method (Weed,2007) and process based sociology namely " methodological relationalism" (Elias,1977) are used to achieve study purposes. Findings revealed that we live in a period that is called " flexible" period in terms of capital accumulation. This period starting from 1990's is characterized by non-industrialization and privatization. In Turkey Southern European Model is applied based on Neoliberal Policies which mainly separates finance from health services. Second characteristic future is application of decentralization of administrative system. Majority of hospitals are transformed from social to economic organizations who run after profits by applying high numbers of operations to get money from insurances. Although there are some regulations to be followed, separation of services from finance also reduced the quality of health care. Besides some malpractices are observed regarding expensive unnecessary operations. Furthermore, some supervisory limitations on diagnostic and treatment processes can be interpreted lack of professional freedom of physicians
SUMMARYA great changement was occurring after fell down the Berlin Wall in East Europe, in 1989.The countries had begun to new period with high debts and inflation by these changements.East European countries have a common feature by carry out the transition period politics by rapidly in this process. So, it was necessity on stabilization politics but not easy.At result, privatization and restructure got an importance.I – THEORICAL AND CONSEPTIONAL FRAME OF MARKET ECONOMYFree market economy has the same philosophy and idea with liberalism. Economical liberalism is defended the free competition, reducing the customs taxes, import freedom and resisted to interference of state on the economy.Classical economy's base is economical freedom and market economy. Market economy is relying on free competition and private enterprise. Price mechanism and world prices are important. Interference of state must be in minimum levels. Public sector must be reduced. Basic factors such as wage, capital and foreign currency must reflect the real market prices, must get an importance to external trade.1-DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET ECONOMY1.1. CLASSIC REVIEWFree trade, specialization only on one field, annihilate the obstacles such as customs and quotas, interferences of state on the market are most important according to Adam Smith, which lived in 18th century.A specialization between nations must be obtained according to Ricardo. So, it must be an exchange on the entire world. 1.2. NEO-CLASSIC REVIEWAlfred Marshall, Leon Walras and Carl Menger is an echol. The state must be more active to improve the poor part of community and must create the opportunities on the market, get the taxes from revenues and wealth, finance the education, health, park and city planning, defence the personal freedom, private property and open markets, manufacture the public commodities.1.3. ORDO-LIBERALISM REVIEWIt is different from classic liberalism. Economical regularity is social which emerges in an evident process, not natural. Social and juridical standards emerge the economical system.Price, monetarily stability, sciences, stability and durability on economical politics are important to emerging of market economy.Basic aim is bring to existence an economical constitution.2- BASIC ELEMENTS OF MARKET ECONOMYBasic factors are enterprising, competition, economical ideas and attitudes.Enterprising is a person which makes unity the manufacturing factors, makes direct the investments, begins to motion by utilize the signals from internal and external markets, gets the share on productivity and determines the firm profit. Basic aim is profit.Competition is social event, protects the personal, which works with high productivity against to personal, which works with low productivity, uses the sources most effectively. Buyer and seller number must be too much in this system. Competition is opposed to monopolization but necessity laws and politics have to support it. ECONOMICAL IDEAS AND ATTITUDESIt includes price, wage, interest, hire and foreign currency. Price system occurs freely according to rate of request and demand conditions. At this straight, firms and consumers must carry out their decisions freely.3- MARKET MECHANISM FLOW AND ROLE OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONConsumers and producers have activities on the market economy. The prices are determined according to the lowest cost and to the highest profit.Ideal special future is high productivity, low profit and high production. Competition reduces the profit to the lowest level.Main mechanism on free market is price. If the relative scarcity is enough, request and demand is more or less equal.Producers and consumers may have a decision according to the price indicator and request and demand. This case makes lead the manufacturing, increases the alternatives, also economical activities make an harmony against to conditions.The evident features of market economy are free decision, liberty on preferences, a great price mechanism and competition. So, economical stability is obtainable.Interferences may apply on the market economy for public health, regulations on economical activities, protect the consumers. These motions are generally precautions to control of drugs and drink manufacturing and consumption, annihilation of harmful on public health, growth the power on economic morals, make grow the quality, regulation on manufacturing and marketing. The state may meddle with economy to development rapidly. For example, the state may encourage the saving, increase the rates of interest, decrease the taxes to get on the saving, provide the precautions on investment.The buyers and sellers cannot determine the price on one's own on free competition market. Otherwise monopoly, trust and cartels may occur, stability may out of order between commodity and services.Market economy may deviate from the rules on two main categories.Manufacturer, buyer and seller may make deviate from the rules. Especially trade unionization is effective on this deviation.The state may interfere in economy by taxes, if social and individual advantages different, it may deviate from competition market.The state is exist in every kind of economy and serves to people with harmony and politics and social philosophies of our age. Also it provides security, education and health services but it doesn't determine the prices. It is one of the biggest manufacturers at the same time.II – HISTORICAL WIEW TO BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF FREE MARKET ECONOMY1. BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL INDICATORS1.1. GENERALThe form of government is republic, capital is Sofia, Population is 8.297.000(1997), increasing of population is %0. 7, distinctive characteristics in common with Turkishs, Pomaks, Russians, Gipsies, Tatars, Jewishes are in 16 percent.Estimated agricultural area is 1/3 and woodland is 1/3 of all the land. Charcoal, petroleum, natural gas, ferrum and sources except metal are too much. Bulgaria can't use the money too much on surroundings cause of economical lacks.Too many people are migrated to Turkey reason of economical lacks after communism regime. Population is decreased year by year, but unemployment.2. BULGARIA BEFORE 1989Ottoman empire had governorship on the Bulgaria more 500 years till 1908. Then, Bulgarian Kingdom is founded in 1908. Stamboliyski is in powered from Farmer Party in 1920. A new fascism supporter government is founded but communists and farmers were outside of government.Bulgaria is allied with Germany in 1941. Although a new government was found in 1944, the republican regime with referendum is founded in 1946. The new constution is validated in 1947. Cercenkov is in powered in 1950, relations with U.S.A. were out of order and membership of United Nations was validity in 1955.The new constitution is validated in 1971. T.Jivkow is in powered continually, became arrested cause of irregularity in 1990 and then, again a new constitution is validated. Communist Party is made to take out of only one party. In that year, state's name is changed to Republic of Bulgaria and removed the communist symbols from flag. Privatizational laws are validated with Jelev in 1992. The Government of Videnov is contraried the privatization in 1994.Peter Stoyanov is Nato's supporter and he was president in 1996. United Democratic Forces is in powered with 52 percent of vote after selections in 1997.2.1. COMECON AND COLLAPSING OF SYSTEMComecon is a union that emerged by East European Countries. Bulgarian economy has begun to transition period with some negative ness like other East European countries causes of political incompetence and dissociating end of 1980s.Bulgaria which had more than 60 percent of export to associate but it had couldn't find the new markets cause of inadequate ship of quality standards and had an old technology. Foreign currency reserves are high level. It has too many debts, political incompetent ship in the land. Financial system is not conformity to market economy and also could not claim 2 million dollars of money owing from Iraq because of golf war. So, Bulgaria couldn't save from crisis because of above reasons.2.2 GENERAL ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECTORSBulgarian manufacturing industry basically is founded on textile, wooden engrave, leather products and food prep rationing sectors.Bulgaria had realisation the attacks on the heavy industry that supported by S.S.C.B. after 2nd world war.Production of electro-mechanic and electronic goods in manufacturing sector is reached to an important share since 1970s.The biggest natural wealth of Bulgaria is productive earths. There are not important minerals in Bulgaria.In the following period of 2nd world war, metallurgy and chemical production had an importance. Industry sector had old technology. Its competition is losted the power with disunited of the Comecon.Productivity rates on industry are grown with economical reforms that started in 1979. Economical growing is dynamically continued in spite of reducing the productivity on agriculture sector, building sector and investments in Bulgaria. Especially, price volatility on agriculture sector is a reason of suspicion about real value of growth in 1988 according to 1987.Productions on agriculture and industry of Bulgaria are reduced according to statistics. Main problem on agriculture sector is delivery prices of goods.A stagnation indicator on Bulgarian economy is weakness of building and construction sector. Manufacturing products such as cement and weawing is in necessity. Manufacturing level is inadequate on that area and also unqualificationed organisations have been affected.2.3 - FOREIGN TRADEThere are no definite results on foreign trade reason of inadequate of numerical data's.However, export is increased up to the rate of 4 percent in 1988 and import is reduced to the rate of 1.8 percent. Bulgaria finance deficit is 600 million dollars result of trade with west countries in 1998. Tourism revenues are positive. Trade connections with Turkey are weak according to another East European countries.2.4 – PERESTROICA POLITICSThe new age on economy with state council's decision is started in January 9,1989. Activities to get the indepences of firms are velocitied. At the same time, this decision is more benefit to foreign investors too.3. 1989 – 1997 TRANSITION PERIOD3.1 – ECONOMICAL REFORM ACTIVITIESAlteration is started in east block countries after 1989 and together with this alteration. Comecon is losted the activity. So, idle capacities are commenced and Bulgaria is losted the production markets.The reforms are making started by new government in February 1991. External trade regime is liberalisation in one direction; this is one of the import nest factors of the reforms. With a decision is accepted in 1989, basic of economical reforms are occurred. Firms had equal rights to execution of economical activities. The laws related to foreign investment are validated in 1992.Commercial banks have gone to consolidation. Prices had freed except 11 basic consumption. Economical activities, government status on economy, foreign trade and foreign exchange regime, price regulations, privatization, tax systems are reorganized about foreign investors.3.2. SECTORAL CONSTITUTIONIndustrial sector had the over 50 percent of share on economy until 1990s. 11 private sector's share with service and trade sector approached to 60 percent between 1992 and 1997.SECTORSProductivity with old technologies on industrial sector is at low level. Engineering sector is developed. Products of textile sector are manufactured at high quality.CHEMICALSChemical products that have an important mark on export of Bulgaria. They were 1,096 milliard dollars with 22,3 percent in 1997 and 983 million dollars with 19.4 percent of total export in 1998.AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND TOBACCORate of plan tablelands are 34 percent in Bulgaria. Totally 304 firms are active on food, drink and tobacco sector.METALLURGY AND MINERSHIPIron product is 6.2 percent and other than iron is 6.8 percent on all of industry in 1998. In 1997, metallurgy sector is grown up to 117.2 percent with 529 million dollars in total amount of export in Bulgaria.MACHINEShare of machine sector is 13.8 percent in all of industry. Principal are; Machine parts, tractor, bus, ship, building and auto spare parts.CONSTRUCTIONPrivate firms in the sector have share with 13 percent in 1991. That share is grown to 62 percent in 1995 but then; it is reduced reason of financial inadequate ships.TOURISMTourism revenues are approximately 280 million dollars in 1995.4.5 million of transits and totally 8 million tourists are visited the Bulgaria in 1996.3.3. TRADE AFTER ECONOMICAL REFORMSExport of Bulgaria is totally 4.9 milliard dollars in 1997. The import nest export products are fuel oil, other fuels, cooper and its products and nuclear reactors. Import is 4.5 milliard dollars in 1997 and included the product such as mineral fuels, nuclear reactor heaters and spare parts, electric machines, mineral substances, cotton, synthetic fibres, cereals, auto and tractors.3.4. EXTERNAL DEBTSRate of the external debts to export revenues were 249.9 Percent in 1993 but then, back to 188.2 percent in 1994.Official external debts were 10.363 dollars in the end of 1997.3.5. FOREIGN INVESTORS EXTERNAL CAPITALMost investments with 636.2 million dollars by foreigners are made in 1997. This amount is 526 million dollars in 1998. Principal foreign investors are European countries and U.S.A. A new foreigner investment law is prepared in Oct 1997. Main sectors to investment are industry, trade, finance and tourism.3.6. COMMERCIAL BANKINGState banks are privatization by associate. Regulations relate to control of banking are valitidied by government. In the middle of 1997, a new law on banking are validated after economical crisis in 1996, Central Bank Law are rebuilt. High levels of capital and capital qualifications are obligationed.3.7. PRIVATIZATIONPrivatization is started with foundation transformation and privatization belongs to state and municipalities in April 1992. Privatization Agency is built-up. Privatization is realization with totally 836 million dollars between Jan 1,1993 and Dec 30,1998. Its part of 421.4 million dollars is in 1997 and part of 116 million dollars is realization in 1998.Foundations like ports, telecommunication and, etc.are out of privatization by laws. 95 percent of state firms transformed to form of private limited or nationalization. Share of these firms are belong to state.III. BULGARIA IN EUROPAN UNION AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEY1. BULGARIAN ECONOMY AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEYTest and certification operations, metal products except iron, chemical products, cereals, operational petroleum. Products are important substances from Bulgaria to Turkey.Although weaving products, food, chemical products, leather and stout leather products, glass, ceramics, brick products are ones of important from Turkey to Bulgaria.1.1. CONTENTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN TURKEY AND BULGARIAAll taxes and restrictictions on industrial products by signed on European Agreement between European Union and Bulgaria in Mar 8,1993 and validated in Dec 31,1993 will be removed till 2002.Turkey and Bulgaria made easy to particularization into agricultural products market by reduced the taxes for between their selves.End of signed acts, 131 products of 446 that stated to Turkey and 1141 goods of existing on European Union Agreement are liberalization by remove from list of sensitive products.Foreign companies had a partnership rights with corporations and individuals and also foreign individuals had a right on economical activities by law of keeping foreign investors, which is validated in 1992. Same economical rights are recognized between foreigners and Bulgarians and also getting unlimited share from exist companies and companies that will be found.2. CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPEAN UNION AND FINANCIAL PORTREIT OF BULGARIA2.1. CONNECTION WITH EUROPEAN UNION OF BULGARIAIn the autumn 1989, Berlin wall is demolished and this motion make united the European that had divided to east and west after 2nd world war. Comecon's mean is continuing the economical dependent ship to Soviet Union. But, most east and west European countries reject it. After these European Union augmented economical and political supports to that countries reason of carry out and conclude the reform, which is started in middle and east European countries.Firstly, a group includes the Turkey is formed by 24 of OECD countries. G24s are transferred to entrust with coordination of support to the European Union Commission.That commission is functionizationed the Phare program that helps on financial and technical areas to Poland and Hungary. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in Sept.1990, Albanian, Estonia, Leetonia and Livonia in Jan.1992 and Slovenia in Aug.1992 are included by Phare program.Military regulations on security of West European losted the importance but they are already securely areas.Main political aims that related to Middle and East European countries of European Unions are explained below;a- Encouragement of liberal democratic system with respectful of law's superiority.b- to be sense on surroundingsc- to prevent the ethnical collidesd- to prevent the migration to foreign countries at the west.e- Phare program and encouragement of free market economy from planned economy.2.2. WHAT IS THE PHARE PROGRAM?Phare program's aim is build the encourage mental conditions to the market economy and to take pains about investments on economies of Middle and East Europe countries. This program includes unfinancable fields by traditional external supports. That supports on the program is formed by credits and encouragements and used for pilot projects related to reorganization of associations.Bulgaria is taken a support of 10.6 millions ECU by include of Phare program.European Union don't use only Phare program as a tool on politics related to Middle and East Europe countries, except itIncludes the programs within own constitution such as ERASMUS and COMETT.2.3. FIRST PERIOD (before 1989)In this period; trading is developed between Middle and East European countries that named as COMECON COUNTRIES but couldn't show the same developments against to West Europe in European Union.Soviet Union takes the priority on exporting with countries. Bulgaria is the develop pest country on trade with Soviet Union.2.4 TRANSITION PERIOD (1989-1992)The great changements occurred on trade in Soviet Union and Middle and East Europe countries from starting the reforms in 1989 to 1992.From 1989,trade and partnership agreements signed with Hungary and Poland then, with Czechoslovakia in 1990,also Bulgaria and Romania in 1991. At the same time, rejection is started on amount of restrictions. Exporting is increased between Middle and East European countries, Soviet Union and European Union other than below too;Devaluation in the countries other than Hungary,- Workings to join into the West European markets reason of re-emerging the losted ones in East European- Import is on peak-level from those countries to Germany after unitized the East and West Europe.2.5. EUROPEAN AGREEMENTSEuropean agreements are acted end of 1991.Bulgaria-Europe agreement's date of signature: Mar8, 1993Date of being inforce: Dec 31,1995Temporarily agreement: Dec 31,1992European agreement has been in force in Bulgaria, end of 1995. European agreements are partnership agreements that signed by based on 238th paragraph of Roma agreement and Maastricht agreement. According to that state, increasing of export is an prestipulation to growth the economy with stability.3. SUCCEED OF STABILITY PROGRAM IN BULGARIABulgaria signed on an agreement with IMF to pass over the economical hardships and started the reforms in 1991.Economy is grown at the rates of 2.1 percent in 1995.In 1997,economy has the new crisis related to Yugoslavia crisis and so, Bulgaria signed on a new agreement with IMF.Leva is fixed with 20 DM and 1000 Bulgarian Leva to 1 DM and constructral reforms is started to gain the speed.Economy in Bulgaria grown to positive from 1994 but to the 10.9 percent in 1996.- Inflation rates (%) in Republic of Bulgaria; 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199882,2 72,8 96,2 62 123,1 1082,3 22,3After the stand-by agreement with IMF, inflation approached to 22.3 percent in 1998.Annual average of inflation is expected as 7.3 percent in 1999 and 9.0 percent in 2000.Bulgaria is the poorest country according to other east European countries candidate to membership of EU. Bulgarian Leva is determined by rejected the 3 zeros from Detsch Mark. So, new Leva is make related on euro at the rates of 1.95583:euro 1 (Lvl:DMI ).CONCLUSION:Bulgaria is declared the moratorium reason of hardness's to find an external debt, to refund the capital and interests of external debt.While external debt is 10.6-milliard dollars end of 1990,it has been 12.2 milliard dollars, end of 1993. So, started to paces towards to market economy in Feb 1991. Annual inflation is reduced from 338.5 percent in 1991 to 79.4 percent in 1992.The debts of managements of state are ruined the budget and also a reason to broken balance on economy too.The crisis on foreign currency is occurred in Mar 1994. Reforms have been out of control at the result of that crisis.Leva is devaluated as 100 percent and inflation is reduced to 90 percent on annual average. At this parallel, financial and revenue politics, money and its value are controlled. The debts to foreign countries are decreased to 9.8 milliard dollars with precautions in 1994 and end of 1996.Financial balance are obtained again in the first months of 1995, reduced the inflation and also rate of interests to 72 percent.Rate of exchange (Leva/$) was 503 percent between Jan 1 and Feb 12,1997. Especially, that increasing was 20-percent/each day in Feb 1997.Rate of interest was 300 percent in Sep.1996. 14 Banks are bankrupted in that period. Bulgaria had been 1st of the world from inflation increasing speed of view.Inflation, devaluation, unemployment and also wages are on the lowest level in transition period in Bulgaria. Incoming per person is decreased 50 percent between 1989 and 1995.Annual criminal events are increased 3 times more after 1990. Money committee had formed by advice of IMF in Jul 1997. 1Deutsche Mark is indexed on 1 Leva.Qualified personnel with educationed on technical areas is a great potential force of Bulgarian economy.Bulgaria will be completed the transition period when it became to membership of European Union.
"Yükselen İslamofobi'nin Avrupa Kimliğine Etkisi" konulu tez, inşacı yaklaşım ile Hristiyan ve Müslüman kimliği arasındaki ihtilaf sürecini açıklamaya çalışmıştır. İslamofobi algısını oluşturan dinamikler kapsamında karşıt kimliklerin nasıl oluştuğu ile çokkültürlü yapının ve çokkültürcü politikaların kolektif kimliğe etkisi irdelenmiştir. 1960'lı yıllardan itibaren sanayi alanındaki atılımlarla ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınmayı başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleştiren Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde fabrikalarda çalışacak iş gücüne ihtiyaç duyulmaya başlamıştır. Bu yıllarda ülkelerine göçmen gelmesine izin veren, hatta bunu özel programlarla da teşvik eden AB ülkeleri, 90'ların sonuna doğru katı bir sınır kontrolü politikası gütmeye başlamış ve göçmenlerin ülkelerine girmesini engellemeye çalışmıştır. Bu politikalar zamanla kamuoyuna yabancı düşmanlığı şeklinde tezahür etmiş özellikle sağ muhafazakar partilerin popülist propagandalarına malzeme edilmiştir. Bu propagandaların önemli bir kısmı İslam karşıtlığı üzerinden yürütülmüştür. Bu da bizi şu gerçeğe götürmektedir: Kimliğin ve kültürün inşası için yaşanmış bir tarih duygusunun, ortak toplumsal belleğin ve geleneklerin, sürekli canlı tutulması gerekir. Kolektif belleğin oluşmasında biz ve öteki kavramlarının canlı tutulabilmesi, içerme ve dışlama koşullarının sürekliliği çok önemlidir. Ancak AB'nin, içinde barındırdığı çeşitli ulus devletler, farklı kültürler ve dinler, kolektif kimliğin ya da başka bir deyişle bir üst Avrupa kimliğinin oluşumundaki engellerden sadece birkaçıdır. Ortak bir üst kimlik yerine farklı kimliklerin kültürlerini ötekileştirmeyen farklı bir kavram da ortaya atılmıştır: Çokkültürlülük. Bir zamanlar karşılıklı anlayış çerçevesinde geliştirilmiş olan bu kavram, sonraları devam ettirilememiş, ülkelerin sırasıyla, kavramın iflas ettiğini açıklamasına neden olmuştur. İçerideki faklılıkların yanı sıra dış dinamiklerin de çokkültürlü yapının iflasına zemin hazırladığı bir gerçektir. 11 Eylül saldırılarından sonra İslam'ın terörizm ile birlikte anılmaya başlamasıyla AB içerisindeki Müslüman kimlik ötekileştirilmeye, bir düşman olarak görülmeye başlamıştır. AB üyesi ülkeler son yıllarda her ne kadar sınır kontrollerini katılaştırsalar da kaçak yollardan gelen göçmenlere engel olamamaktadır. Aslında göçmenlerin yasal yollar dışında AB ülkelerine gelmeleri, bu grubun insan hakları ve işçi hakları sözleşmelerinden mahrum kalmasına neden olmuştur. Aslında güvencesi olmayan ucuz iş gücü, küreselleşmenin ve kapitalist ekonomik sistemin çok da karşı çıkmadığı bir durumdur. Fakat yine de bu durum, sağ muhafazakar partilerin; göçmenleri, popülist söylemlerine malzeme etmesine, ırkçılığın ve milliyetçiliğin yükselmesine engel olamamıştır. ; Abstract ; This thesis titled "The Impact of Rising Islamophobia to the European Identity", aimed to explain the process of discord between Christian and Muslim identity by using constructionist approach. In this study, within the scope of dynamics that make up the perception of Islamophobia, how opposite identities formed and the effect of multicultural structure and multiculturalist policies to collective identity are examined. Since 1960's, EU countries which performed a successful economic and social development thanks to progress in the field of industry, began to need manpower to work in the factories. EU countries that allow migrants to come, even encourage them with a special programs during these years, at the end of 1990's they began to implement a strict border control policy and tried prevent immigrant to enter their countries. These policies were manifested in the form of xenophobia in public opinion in time and especially right-wing conservative parties used this problem in their propaganda. An important part of their propagandas were carried out over anti-Islam. This fact leads us to the following; for the construction of identity and culture, common sense of history and common social memory and traditions need to be kept constantly alive. For the formation of collective memory, the concept of "we" and "the other" can be kept alive, continuity conditions for inclusion and exclusion is very important. The various nation-states, different cultures and religions EU contained are just a few of the obstacles in the formation of collective identity or in the other words a supra-European identity. Instead of a common supra identity, a different concept not marginalizing cultures of different identities have been proposed: Multiculturalism. This concept which was developed within the framework of mutual understanding in the past wasn't sustained later and this lead to states respectively declared the collapse of concept. It's obvious not only internal differences but external dynamics has great effect on the failure of the multiculturalist structure. After the attacks of September 11, together with associating Islam with terrorism, Muslim identities in the EU was marginalized and began to be seen as an enemy. EU member states, although they hardened the border controls I recent years, they cannot interfere with smuggled immigrants. In fact, arrivals of immigrants to Europe in illegal way lead to this group is deprived of human rights and workers' right contracts. In fact, it is a condition that is not opposed by globalization and the capitalist economic system: cheap labor without assurance. However, this still didn't stop right-wings conservative parties to use migrants in their populist discourse and the rise of racism and nationalism.