Suchergebnisse

This study examines the social construction of masculinity within the Israeli society, focusing on the associations between masculine identity, prior military service, and current involvement in long-distance running. A 2-year ethnographic research design was utilized, involving two running groups, which incorporated participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and running websites. The findings shed light on the significance of military service experience and the utilization of military discourse as strategies employed by runners to navigate the challenges of long-distance running and to reinforce their masculine identity. Through an analysis of the runners' military discourse and behavior, it becomes evident that the integration of women into traditionally masculine domains of intense physical activity poses a threat to masculine dominance, eliciting various responses from men, such as intensified sports training and the use of sexist and aggressive language. These coping mechanisms contribute to the perpetuation of male dominance within the long-distance running sphere while simultaneously providing male runners with a pseudo-corrective experience associated with their personal history of non-combat military involvement.

'Die russischen Streitkräfte, hervorgegangen aus der sowjetischen Armee, stehen unter erheblichem Druck zur Umgestaltung und Reform. Der vorliegende Bericht zur Militärreform in Rußland versucht, den bisherigen Verlauf der Bemühungen zur Reformierung von Streitkräften und militärischem Apparat, ihren aktuellen Stand, sowie ihre Zukunftsaussichten zusammenzufassen und zu bewerten. Dabei beschäftigt sich der vorliegende erste Teil mit einer detaillierten Übersicht der Probleme der Streitkräfte der Russischen Förderation, wie sie sich der russischen Führung in den letzten Jahren darstellten und in großen Teilen auch noch heute darstellen. Anschließend folgt eine knappe Geschichte der Militärreform von der Ära Gorbatschow bis zum Sommer 1997. Im zweiten Teil des Berichtes geht es um die erheblichen Fortschritte zumindest in Teilbereichen, die seit dem Wechsel im russischen Verteidigungsministerium (Mai 1997) erreicht wurden. Ein Ausblick auf die Perspektiven für die Militärreform vor dem Hintergrund der jüngsten Krise in Rußland beschließt den Bericht. Abgerundet wird er im Anhang durch die auszugsweise Übersetzung einiger richtungsweisender Dokumente Präsident Jelzins zur Neustrukturierung der Militärbezirke der Russischen Förderation vom Sommer 1998.' (Textauszug)

Culture is a prominent theme in U.S. military doctrine, and the Department of Defense has invested much effort in improving the cultural competency of military professionals. This article utilizes first-person reflections of the author, a political scientist who worked in an advisory capacity for the Army in Afghanistan in 2012, to support arguments for applying the social sciences as a way to address the need for improved cultural competency training provided to military personnel. Observations are described, followed by brief analyses of how knowledge of social science concepts, methods, and theories proved to be an instrumental means through which the author's missions were understood at the time and ultimately conducted in a manner that improved the chances of success. This article therefore provides a unique perspective on the value of social science education, specifically political science, to obtain cultural competency among military personnel engaged in modern combat operations.

In the novel of Tsuboi Sakae titled Nijuushi no Hitomi, the are many conditions ofJapanese society at World War II (1939-1945) that can be known.They had to strugle forliving, there were many social problems that had to be faced. Social discrepancy and povertyforced each of family member work harder to survive. The method which is used in thisresearch is descriptive method, and the theory that is used in this research is the literaturesociology and sociology. The many social problems that is happened in Japan that is causedby economic problem, politic, and Japanese culture it self. The first problem is poverty: thekids can not enjoy education any more; starvation disister makes the parents sell theirdaughter to keep alive; The men follow military academy. The second problem is familydisorganization that is happened to Japanese people at World War II: It changes a daughterbecome a mother; father and each son from the family must go to fight at war. Theseproblems make a new serious problem in family environment it is a disunion of the family,because they can not fill their roll as family member. The third problem is the violation ofnorms at World War II: The parents force their daughter to work at prostitution; also viewJapanese poeple are influenced by west culture.Keywords: Japanes society, World War II, social problem.

This article examines the way in which mathematicians were led to contribute to ballistic studies in France during World War I. It pays special attention to the French Navy's G^avre Experiments Commission rst established in 1829, where university professor Jules Haag, military engineer Maurice Garnier and high school teacher Os ee Marcus jointly developed a new method for computing ballistic trajectories (the so{called GHM method). It highlights the di culties and successes encountered by mathematicians when they approached this military culture that already was mathematically sophisticated. It reviews brie y the history of ballistics at G^avre before the First World War to understand the bitter feeling among artillerymen serving on the front about the inadequacies of their ballistic tables. In a nal part, the technical contributions made by mathematicians, their experimental practices, and their e ort for dissiminating their results are examined. This paper focuses on the role of several tensions between civilians and military science, betwen theory and experiment, between front and rear, etc. for undertanding the value of mathematicians' contributions to the war e ort.

This article examines the way in which mathematicians were led to contribute to ballistic studies in France during World War I. It pays special attention to the French Navy's G^avre Experiments Commission rst established in 1829, where university professor Jules Haag, military engineer Maurice Garnier and high school teacher Os ee Marcus jointly developed a new method for computing ballistic trajectories (the so{called GHM method). It highlights the di culties and successes encountered by mathematicians when they approached this military culture that already was mathematically sophisticated. It reviews brie y the history of ballistics at G^avre before the First World War to understand the bitter feeling among artillerymen serving on the front about the inadequacies of their ballistic tables. In a nal part, the technical contributions made by mathematicians, their experimental practices, and their e ort for dissiminating their results are examined. This paper focuses on the role of several tensions between civilians and military science, betwen theory and experiment, between front and rear, etc. for undertanding the value of mathematicians' contributions to the war e ort.

This article examines the way in which mathematicians were led to contribute to ballistic studies in France during World War I. It pays special attention to the French Navy's G^avre Experiments Commission rst established in 1829, where university professor Jules Haag, military engineer Maurice Garnier and high school teacher Os ee Marcus jointly developed a new method for computing ballistic trajectories (the so{called GHM method). It highlights the di culties and successes encountered by mathematicians when they approached this military culture that already was mathematically sophisticated. It reviews brie y the history of ballistics at G^avre before the First World War to understand the bitter feeling among artillerymen serving on the front about the inadequacies of their ballistic tables. In a nal part, the technical contributions made by mathematicians, their experimental practices, and their e ort for dissiminating their results are examined. This paper focuses on the role of several tensions between civilians and military science, betwen theory and experiment, between front and rear, etc. for undertanding the value of mathematicians' contributions to the war e ort.

AbstractDrawing on past research on judgment and decision making, as well as preference reversal, we investigated the impact of question framing on support for military versus diplomatic conflict resolution strategies. In three studies with two heterogeneous samples from the United States and one representative sample from Israel, preferences for military action were substantially stronger when asked in isolation (i.e., "yes/no" [support/reject]) rather than in conjunction with the alternative of diplomacy (i.e., "either‐or" [military or diplomacy]), sometimes even causing a complete reversal from majority support for military action to majority support for diplomacy. These findings point to problems in public opinion polls and scientific research on military support (usually presenting no alternatives), and address issues important for psychology, political science, sociology, and survey methodology. In a real world context, our findings have important implications for governmental decisions on conflict resolution strategies and the implementation of policies based on public opinion.

The civil–military dynamic in Southeast Asia has been a contested issue for years. Although most countries in the region have been undertaken democratic governance, the military role in politics remains relatively unresolved. After having relatively stable civilian governments for over a decade, the Thai military launched another coup in 2014 to topple a democratically elected government. In Indonesia and the Philippines, the military has been moderately controlled by the democratically elected civilian governments, but their professional roles in sustaining democratic principles and values are also questionable. Accordingly, the crucial issues are the role that the military plays in the transition period, such as in Thailand, and the degree to which the military is institutionalised under civilian control in nascent democracies, such as Indonesia and the Philippines. These issues are addressed in the books discussed herein.

This study investigates cognitive, emotional, & moral aspects of the experience of using military force against civilians in an army-civilian clash. Focusing on the case of the intifada (the Palestinian uprising in the Israeli-administered territories during 1987-1993), it examines how soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) who participated in military actions aimed at suppressing the uprising, experienced & coped with this asymmetrical use of force against a civilian population & with its after-effects. The study is based on interviews of 22 men who had done part of their military service (conscripts as well as reserves) in the territories during the intifada & had described themselves as participating in violent encounters with Palestinians. Analysis of the themes that emerged from the interviews revealed two main approaches toward the use of force against Palestinian civilians. One approach was taken by interviewees who legitimized & even enjoyed the use of force; the second was held by soldiers who were divided or ambivalent about their forceful acts. The study presents major notions, images, & expressions that characterized each of the approaches. Finally, it discusses the implications of these approaches for the ability to adapt to the transition from war to peaceful relations. 45 References. Adapted from the source document.

This paper takes a radical view for the application of a reflexive approach to the analysis of interview data. It suggests that, if adopted, such an approach allows us to see in our data the use of an ongoing reflexivity of the researcher in the interview. As such, this permits us to observe analysis being undertaken during the interview process—not, as is reported in the literature, as a separate stage. Importantly, if we look at the work of the interviewees, we can also appreciate that they are themselves applying a reflexive approach to their interaction with the interviewer. Indeed, they also undertake a reflexive analysis of the emergent interview and collaboratively contribute to the analytic aspects of the co-produced data which is the research interview.
What we suggest is that this being the case, we need to reappraise our view of where analysis of interviews begins, recognize the reflexive nature of interview data production and the contributions of both the interviewer and interviewee to this process in order to recognize and understand the interactional and collaborative practices involved. With respect to photo elicitation we need to recognize that the photograph is not simply a source of information, of details that can be read by the informant. Rather, it is part of a collaborative interaction between the interviewer and interviewee in the production of analysis and data.