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The article deals with military intervention of the US army to Somalia in the period of 1992-1994. The study makes definitely clear that Washington usually was ambiguous in holding the peacekeeping policy. Frequent disagreements between the USA and the UN regarding the keypoints of mission in Somalia serve to confirm such point of view. ; В статье дан анализ военного вмешательства США в Сомали в 1992-1994 гг. По итогам исследования выдается возможным констатировать, что Вашингтон проводит далеко неоднозначную политику относительно миротворчества. Под-тверждением этого выступают неединичные разногласия между США и ООН по поводу ключевых моментов миссии в Сомали ; У статті дано аналіз військового втручання США в Сомалі в 1992-1994 рр. За підсумками дослідження виглядає можливим констатувати, що Вашингтон проводив далеко неоднозначну політику щодо миротворчості. Підтвердженням того виступають часті розбіжності між США та ООН щодо ключових моментів місії в Сомалі

Досліджено історію виникнення та особливості існування невизнаної держави Сомаліленд в умовах відсутності її дипломатичного визнання з боку інших держав. З'ясовано, що ця територія упродовж тривалого часу була колонією Великої Британії, згодом увійшла до складу Федеративної Республіки Сомалі, а 1991 р. проголосила незалежність. Визначено політичні причини проголошення держави Сомаліленд, отож етнічний чинник суттєвого значення не відігравав. Зазначено, що Сомаліленд має ефективну систему державного управління, належить до частково демократичних держав, а його державною релігією є іслам. Наголошено, що співпраці Сомаліленду з сусідніми державами сприяє його вигідне розташування, а також зв'язки з Великою Британією та США. Наведено аргументи стосовно визнання держави незалежною (розвиток економіки, геополітичні чинники тощо). Серед аргументів, які свідчать проти визнання, варто виокремити ймовірне загострення ситуації на півдні Сомалі, можливість виникнення значної кількості нових утворень в Африці, нівелювання підходів ООН до вирішення цієї проблеми тощо. Ключові слова: Сомаліленд; Сомалі; невизнана держава; держава де-факто; дипломатичне визнання; Африка; Африканський Ріг. SOMALILAND: APPEARANCE, FUNCTIONING AND THE PROBLEM OF INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITIONIt is discussed a history of appearance of unrecognized state Somaliland and the peculiarities of its existence without a diplomatic recognition from other states. It is revealed that a territory of Somaliland was a colonial possession of Great Britain. After liberation from English power it became a part of Federal Republic of Somalia and in 1991 it proclaimed its independence. It is defined that the reasons of proclamation of Somaliland had a political character and that ethnic factor did not play a significant role. It is found out that Somaliland has an effective system of state governance, belongs to partly democratic states and islam is its state religion. It is determined that neighbour states cooperate with Somaliland and that a geopolitical location helps it. Somaliland has close ties with Great Britain and USA. Advantages and disadvantages of diplomatic recognition of Somaliland are discussed. The advantages of recognition are geopolitical factors, good functioning state economy, stimulus for democratization of other states of the region. The disadvantages of recognition are probable intensification of the conflict on the south of Somalia, possible appearance of many political entities in Africa, elimination of UN approaches to the settlement of this problem. Key words: Somaliland; Somalia; unrecognized state; de-facto state; diplomatic recognition; Africa; African Horn.

Introduction. Today, measles is one of the most common endemic infections, which in the modern world affects not only children but also adults. Fifty percent of the world's incidence of measles is in five countries: Madagascar, Somalia, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Ukraine. It should be noted that according to the WHO, Ukraine is one of the five countries with the highest incidence of measles, and since 2018 Ukraine ranks second in the world in the incidence of measles. The sharp increase in the incidence began in 2017, when 4,782 people fell ill with measles. In 2018, more than 54,000 Ukrainians contracted a measles infection, which is almost 64% of all cases registered in Europe. In 2019, the number of patients reached 57 thousand people. During 2017-2019, a total of more than 115 thousand people fell ill, of whom 41 died (including 25 children) [2].As for the Kharkiv region, in 2017-2019 there was also a surge in the incidence of measles infection. Given the goal of the WHO and UNESCO (2015) program to address the elimination of measles infection in the world [3], the effectiveness of which determines the timeliness of specific prevention and surveillance, it remains urgent to monitor measles infection to assess the degree of endemic circulation of measles in Kharkiv region. Material & methods. The material of our work was statistical data and reporting forms on epidemiological, virological and serological tests for measles infection in the Kharkiv region for 2017-2019, provided by the State Institution "Kharkiv OLC of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine" under the agreement on scientific and practical cooperation from 02.01. 2017. Results & discussion. In 2017, 11 cases of measles were registered (8 children and 3 adults), including 6 residents of Kharkiv, 3 in Barvinkivskyi, and 1 each in Kharkiv and Lozivskyi districts. Among the sick are 7 people of Roma nationality who do not have measles vaccinations. The diagnosis was confirmed in the laboratory in 9 patients. Starting ...

Introduction. Today, measles is one of the most common endemic infections, which in the modern world affects not only children but also adults. Fifty percent of the world's incidence of measles is in five countries: Madagascar, Somalia, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Ukraine. It should be noted that according to the WHO, Ukraine is one of the five countries with the highest incidence of measles, and since 2018 Ukraine ranks second in the world in the incidence of measles. The sharp increase in the incidence began in 2017, when 4,782 people fell ill with measles. In 2018, more than 54,000 Ukrainians contracted a measles infection, which is almost 64% of all cases registered in Europe. In 2019, the number of patients reached 57 thousand people. During 2017-2019, a total of more than 115 thousand people fell ill, of whom 41 died (including 25 children) [2].As for the Kharkiv region, in 2017-2019 there was also a surge in the incidence of measles infection. Given the goal of the WHO and UNESCO (2015) program to address the elimination of measles infection in the world [3], the effectiveness of which determines the timeliness of specific prevention and surveillance, it remains urgent to monitor measles infection to assess the degree of endemic circulation of measles in Kharkiv region. Material & methods. The material of our work was statistical data and reporting forms on epidemiological, virological and serological tests for measles infection in the Kharkiv region for 2017-2019, provided by the State Institution "Kharkiv OLC of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine" under the agreement on scientific and practical cooperation from 02.01. 2017. Results & discussion. In 2017, 11 cases of measles were registered (8 children and 3 adults), including 6 residents of Kharkiv, 3 in Barvinkivskyi, and 1 each in Kharkiv and Lozivskyi districts. Among the sick are 7 people of Roma nationality who do not have measles vaccinations. The diagnosis was confirmed in the laboratory in 9 patients. Starting from 2018 in Kharkiv region, as well as in Ukraine as a whole, there is an increase in the incidence of cow infection against the background of three years of epidemic well-being (in 2015, 1 measles patient was registered, in 2016 - 0 patients, in 2017 - 11 patients). At the same time, the level of collective immunity in the Kharkiv region in 2015 - 2016 - 2017 was 86.8% - 91.2% - 92.1%, respectively.In 2018, 627 cases of measles were registered, of which 289 were residents of Kharkiv, 175 - Kharkiv, 28 - Valkiv and Derhachiv, 27 - Vovchansk, 15 - Zmiiv, 11 - Loziv, 10 - Kupyansk, 9 - Sakhnovshchyna, 8 - Krasnogradsky, 6 - Izyumsky, 5 - Shevchenkivsky, 1 - Zolochiv, Kolomatsky, Pervomaisky and Pechenizky districts. Thus, during 2017-2019 there is an increase in the incidence of measles infection. Compared to 2017, in 2018 the share of children of the younger age group (1-4 years 3 times, children under 1 year from 0 to 11.6%) and the adult population significantly increased - 1.8 times in 2019 there is a further the incidence of measles increased 7.2 times and reached a total of 4,522 patients. The share of family morbidity in 2019 was 17.8%. 2964 people were hospitalized - 65.6% of patients in 2019, in 2018 - 547 people, which is 87.2% of patients, and the percentage of cases with severe cases in 2018 was 2.2%, and in 2019 - 1.1%. The diagnosis was confirmed in 2019: laboratory in 7.9% of cases, clinical - 75.1%, clinical and epidemiological - 17.0%; in 2018: laboratory in 52.8% of cases, clinical - 29.7%, clinical and epidemiological - 17.5%. The share of unvaccinated patients was 61.6% in 2018 and 70.6% in 2019. Analysis of the incidence of vaccinated shows that in 2018 35.3%, and in 2019 34.5% of patients have only one vaccination. The duration of the disease within 1-12 months from the last vaccination was observed in 57 people in 2018 and 251 people in 2019, which corresponds to 23.6% and 18.9% of all vaccinated. By social groups, the largest share was officially unemployed - 30.1% in 2019 and 22.6% in 2018, by ethnic groups, the largest number of patients is among the Roma (about 60%). Conclusion. According to the results of the study in the Kharkiv region there is an increase in the incidence of measles infection during 2017-2019, primarily due to unvaccinated persons and those who have only one vaccination. There is an increase in the proportion of adults among patients, as well as the number of severe diseases. The deterioration of the epidemic situation may also be associated with the migration of unvaccinated people in various hard-to-reach groups, which transmit the infection to the general population. Keywords: measles incidence, Kharkiv region, Ukraine, period 2017 - 2019 ; Introduction. Today, measles is one of the most common endemic infections, which in the modern world affects not only children but also adults. Fifty percent of the world's incidence of measles is in five countries: Madagascar, Somalia, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Ukraine. It should be noted that according to the WHO, Ukraine is one of the five countries with the highest incidence of measles, and since 2018 Ukraine ranks second in the world in the incidence of measles. The sharp increase in the incidence began in 2017, when 4,782 people fell ill with measles. In 2018, more than 54,000 Ukrainians contracted a measles infection, which is almost 64% of all cases registered in Europe. In 2019, the number of patients reached 57 thousand people. During 2017-2019, a total of more than 115 thousand people fell ill, of whom 41 died (including 25 children) [2].As for the Kharkiv region, in 2017-2019 there was also a surge in the incidence of measles infection. Given the goal of the WHO and UNESCO (2015) program to address the elimination of measles infection in the world [3], the effectiveness of which determines the timeliness of specific prevention and surveillance, it remains urgent to monitor measles infection to assess the degree of endemic circulation of measles in Kharkiv region. Material & methods. The material of our work was statistical data and reporting forms on epidemiological, virological and serological tests for measles infection in the Kharkiv region for 2017-2019, provided by the State Institution "Kharkiv OLC of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine" under the agreement on scientific and practical cooperation from 02.01. 2017. Results & discussion. In 2017, 11 cases of measles were registered (8 children and 3 adults), including 6 residents of Kharkiv, 3 in Barvinkivskyi, and 1 each in Kharkiv and Lozivskyi districts. Among the sick are 7 people of Roma nationality who do not have measles vaccinations. The diagnosis was confirmed in the laboratory in 9 patients. Starting from 2018 in Kharkiv region, as well as in Ukraine as a whole, there is an increase in the incidence of cow infection against the background of three years of epidemic well-being (in 2015, 1 measles patient was registered, in 2016 - 0 patients, in 2017 - 11 patients). At the same time, the level of collective immunity in the Kharkiv region in 2015 - 2016 - 2017 was 86.8% - 91.2% - 92.1%, respectively.In 2018, 627 cases of measles were registered, of which 289 were residents of Kharkiv, 175 - Kharkiv, 28 - Valkiv and Derhachiv, 27 - Vovchansk, 15 - Zmiiv, 11 - Loziv, 10 - Kupyansk, 9 - Sakhnovshchyna, 8 - Krasnogradsky, 6 - Izyumsky, 5 - Shevchenkivsky, 1 - Zolochiv, Kolomatsky, Pervomaisky and Pechenizky districts. Thus, during 2017-2019 there is an increase in the incidence of measles infection. Compared to 2017, in 2018 the share of children of the younger age group (1-4 years 3 times, children under 1 year from 0 to 11.6%) and the adult population significantly increased - 1.8 times in 2019 there is a further the incidence of measles increased 7.2 times and reached a total of 4,522 patients. The share of family morbidity in 2019 was 17.8%. 2964 people were hospitalized - 65.6% of patients in 2019, in 2018 - 547 people, which is 87.2% of patients, and the percentage of cases with severe cases in 2018 was 2.2%, and in 2019 - 1.1%. The diagnosis was confirmed in 2019: laboratory in 7.9% of cases, clinical - 75.1%, clinical and epidemiological - 17.0%; in 2018: laboratory in 52.8% of cases, clinical - 29.7%, clinical and epidemiological - 17.5%. The share of unvaccinated patients was 61.6% in 2018 and 70.6% in 2019. Analysis of the incidence of vaccinated shows that in 2018 35.3%, and in 2019 34.5% of patients have only one vaccination. The duration of the disease within 1-12 months from the last vaccination was observed in 57 people in 2018 and 251 people in 2019, which corresponds to 23.6% and 18.9% of all vaccinated. By social groups, the largest share was officially unemployed - 30.1% in 2019 and 22.6% in 2018, by ethnic groups, the largest number of patients is among the Roma (about 60%). Conclusion. According to the results of the study in the Kharkiv region there is an increase in the incidence of measles infection during 2017-2019, primarily due to unvaccinated persons and those who have only one vaccination. There is an increase in the proportion of adults among patients, as well as the number of severe diseases. The deterioration of the epidemic situation may also be associated with the migration of unvaccinated people in various hard-to-reach groups, which transmit the infection to the general population. Keywords: measles incidence, Kharkiv region, Ukraine, period 2017 - 2019

Introduction. Today, measles is one of the most common endemic infections, which in the modern world affects not only children but also adults. Fifty percent of the world's incidence of measles is in five countries: Madagascar, Somalia, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Ukraine. It should be noted that according to the WHO, Ukraine is one of the five countries with the highest incidence of measles, and since 2018 Ukraine ranks second in the world in the incidence of measles. The sharp increase in the incidence began in 2017, when 4,782 people fell ill with measles. In 2018, more than 54,000 Ukrainians contracted a measles infection, which is almost 64% of all cases registered in Europe. In 2019, the number of patients reached 57 thousand people. During 2017-2019, a total of more than 115 thousand people fell ill, of whom 41 died (including 25 children) [2].As for the Kharkiv region, in 2017-2019 there was also a surge in the incidence of measles infection. Given the goal of the WHO and UNESCO (2015) program to address the elimination of measles infection in the world [3], the effectiveness of which determines the timeliness of specific prevention and surveillance, it remains urgent to monitor measles infection to assess the degree of endemic circulation of measles in Kharkiv region. Material & methods. The material of our work was statistical data and reporting forms on epidemiological, virological and serological tests for measles infection in the Kharkiv region for 2017-2019, provided by the State Institution "Kharkiv OLC of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine" under the agreement on scientific and practical cooperation from 02.01. 2017. Results & discussion. In 2017, 11 cases of measles were registered (8 children and 3 adults), including 6 residents of Kharkiv, 3 in Barvinkivskyi, and 1 each in Kharkiv and Lozivskyi districts. Among the sick are 7 people of Roma nationality who do not have measles vaccinations. The diagnosis was confirmed in the laboratory in 9 patients. Starting from 2018 in Kharkiv region, as well as in Ukraine as a whole, there is an increase in the incidence of cow infection against the background of three years of epidemic well-being (in 2015, 1 measles patient was registered, in 2016 - 0 patients, in 2017 - 11 patients). At the same time, the level of collective immunity in the Kharkiv region in 2015 - 2016 - 2017 was 86.8% - 91.2% - 92.1%, respectively.In 2018, 627 cases of measles were registered, of which 289 were residents of Kharkiv, 175 - Kharkiv, 28 - Valkiv and Derhachiv, 27 - Vovchansk, 15 - Zmiiv, 11 - Loziv, 10 - Kupyansk, 9 - Sakhnovshchyna, 8 - Krasnogradsky, 6 - Izyumsky, 5 - Shevchenkivsky, 1 - Zolochiv, Kolomatsky, Pervomaisky and Pechenizky districts. Thus, during 2017-2019 there is an increase in the incidence of measles infection. Compared to 2017, in 2018 the share of children of the younger age group (1-4 years 3 times, children under 1 year from 0 to 11.6%) and the adult population significantly increased - 1.8 times in 2019 there is a further the incidence of measles increased 7.2 times and reached a total of 4,522 patients. The share of family morbidity in 2019 was 17.8%. 2964 people were hospitalized - 65.6% of patients in 2019, in 2018 - 547 people, which is 87.2% of patients, and the percentage of cases with severe cases in 2018 was 2.2%, and in 2019 - 1.1%. The diagnosis was confirmed in 2019: laboratory in 7.9% of cases, clinical - 75.1%, clinical and epidemiological - 17.0%; in 2018: laboratory in 52.8% of cases, clinical - 29.7%, clinical and epidemiological - 17.5%. The share of unvaccinated patients was 61.6% in 2018 and 70.6% in 2019. Analysis of the incidence of vaccinated shows that in 2018 35.3%, and in 2019 34.5% of patients have only one vaccination. The duration of the disease within 1-12 months from the last vaccination was observed in 57 people in 2018 and 251 people in 2019, which corresponds to 23.6% and 18.9% of all vaccinated. By social groups, the largest share was officially unemployed - 30.1% in 2019 and 22.6% in 2018, by ethnic groups, the largest number of patients is among the Roma (about 60%). Conclusion. According to the results of the study in the Kharkiv region there is an increase in the incidence of measles infection during 2017-2019, primarily due to unvaccinated persons and those who have only one vaccination. There is an increase in the proportion of adults among patients, as well as the number of severe diseases. The deterioration of the epidemic situation may also be associated with the migration of unvaccinated people in various hard-to-reach groups, which transmit the infection to the general population. Keywords: measles incidence, Kharkiv region, Ukraine, period 2017 - 2019 ; Introduction. Today, measles is one of the most common endemic infections, which in the modern world affects not only children but also adults. Fifty percent of the world's incidence of measles is in five countries: Madagascar, Somalia, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Ukraine. It should be noted that according to the WHO, Ukraine is one of the five countries with the highest incidence of measles, and since 2018 Ukraine ranks second in the world in the incidence of measles. The sharp increase in the incidence began in 2017, when 4,782 people fell ill with measles. In 2018, more than 54,000 Ukrainians contracted a measles infection, which is almost 64% of all cases registered in Europe. In 2019, the number of patients reached 57 thousand people. During 2017-2019, a total of more than 115 thousand people fell ill, of whom 41 died (including 25 children) [2].As for the Kharkiv region, in 2017-2019 there was also a surge in the incidence of measles infection. Given the goal of the WHO and UNESCO (2015) program to address the elimination of measles infection in the world [3], the effectiveness of which determines the timeliness of specific prevention and surveillance, it remains urgent to monitor measles infection to assess the degree of endemic circulation of measles in Kharkiv region. Material & methods. The material of our work was statistical data and reporting forms on epidemiological, virological and serological tests for measles infection in the Kharkiv region for 2017-2019, provided by the State Institution "Kharkiv OLC of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine" under the agreement on scientific and practical cooperation from 02.01. 2017. Results & discussion. In 2017, 11 cases of measles were registered (8 children and 3 adults), including 6 residents of Kharkiv, 3 in Barvinkivskyi, and 1 each in Kharkiv and Lozivskyi districts. Among the sick are 7 people of Roma nationality who do not have measles vaccinations. The diagnosis was confirmed in the laboratory in 9 patients. Starting from 2018 in Kharkiv region, as well as in Ukraine as a whole, there is an increase in the incidence of cow infection against the background of three years of epidemic well-being (in 2015, 1 measles patient was registered, in 2016 - 0 patients, in 2017 - 11 patients). At the same time, the level of collective immunity in the Kharkiv region in 2015 - 2016 - 2017 was 86.8% - 91.2% - 92.1%, respectively.In 2018, 627 cases of measles were registered, of which 289 were residents of Kharkiv, 175 - Kharkiv, 28 - Valkiv and Derhachiv, 27 - Vovchansk, 15 - Zmiiv, 11 - Loziv, 10 - Kupyansk, 9 - Sakhnovshchyna, 8 - Krasnogradsky, 6 - Izyumsky, 5 - Shevchenkivsky, 1 - Zolochiv, Kolomatsky, Pervomaisky and Pechenizky districts. Thus, during 2017-2019 there is an increase in the incidence of measles infection. Compared to 2017, in 2018 the share of children of the younger age group (1-4 years 3 times, children under 1 year from 0 to 11.6%) and the adult population significantly increased - 1.8 times in 2019 there is a further the incidence of measles increased 7.2 times and reached a total of 4,522 patients. The share of family morbidity in 2019 was 17.8%. 2964 people were hospitalized - 65.6% of patients in 2019, in 2018 - 547 people, which is 87.2% of patients, and the percentage of cases with severe cases in 2018 was 2.2%, and in 2019 - 1.1%. The diagnosis was confirmed in 2019: laboratory in 7.9% of cases, clinical - 75.1%, clinical and epidemiological - 17.0%; in 2018: laboratory in 52.8% of cases, clinical - 29.7%, clinical and epidemiological - 17.5%. The share of unvaccinated patients was 61.6% in 2018 and 70.6% in 2019. Analysis of the incidence of vaccinated shows that in 2018 35.3%, and in 2019 34.5% of patients have only one vaccination. The duration of the disease within 1-12 months from the last vaccination was observed in 57 people in 2018 and 251 people in 2019, which corresponds to 23.6% and 18.9% of all vaccinated. By social groups, the largest share was officially unemployed - 30.1% in 2019 and 22.6% in 2018, by ethnic groups, the largest number of patients is among the Roma (about 60%). Conclusion. According to the results of the study in the Kharkiv region there is an increase in the incidence of measles infection during 2017-2019, primarily due to unvaccinated persons and those who have only one vaccination. There is an increase in the proportion of adults among patients, as well as the number of severe diseases. The deterioration of the epidemic situation may also be associated with the migration of unvaccinated people in various hard-to-reach groups, which transmit the infection to the general population. Keywords: measles incidence, Kharkiv region, Ukraine, period 2017 - 2019

The topicality of issue. Dynamics of international processes points the increasing meaning of regional safety systems in providing of stability in the world. Mutual dependence of regional and global organizations of collective safety and defense is intensifying.During the last years the meaning of EU as an independent figure in the modern general European safety system is intensifying. It is important to point that diplomacy stays the basement for mutual foreign and safety policy in EU, so that it is supported by trade, help, safety and defense if it's necessary. This policy is directed firstly to solve the conflicts and reach the international understanding.The aim of the article is an analyzing of European safety and defense police (ESDP) as policy in process of further closer integration within EU and in the relationships with other international safety organizations. Questions of formation and development of common security and defense policy of the EU researched many foreign scholars, especially Tonroy B., T. Christiansen, S. Morshem, G. Makenstein and others in the writings of foreign policy.Contribution to the study of variable problems associated with European and Euro-Atlantic integration, released domestic scholars such as W.Govorukha, I.Hrytsiak, H.Nemyria, L.Prokopenko, A.Rudik, V.Streltsov, І.Shumlyayeva.The main material. In Western Europe, attempts to create a new collective security structures began soon after the Second World War. March 17, 1948 Belgium, UK, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and France signed the Brussels Pact - Agreement on cooperation in the economic, social and cultural fields, and collective self-defense. End of the Cold War and the transformation of the European Communities to the international union type structure led to the further significant changes in the relations between the countries of Europe. Particularly evident these processes affected the security relationship. At the European Council in Maastricht (9-10 December 1991) adopted a number of decisions relating to the common foreign and security policy states.Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union aims to form a common defense policy, which might eventually lead to a common defense system.CFSP developed as complementary, but not duplicating NATO structure. Its main task is to create capabilities to further empower the EU to participate in the settlement of regional and local conflicts, including outside Europe (in the Middle East, Africa and other regions of the world).The conclusions. In such way, in the last 20 years political and institutional changes in EU has created the premises for the new perception of "purely European" safety space. The development of European safety conception is characterized by complex approach, determination of qualitatively new threats and at the same time emphasizes the accepting of values which are mutual for European countries.1. Earlier in the EU state security relied entirely on the political defensive mechanism of NATO and the political mechanism of OSCE and the UN, the security problems are recently becoming further relevance for European policy and become "internal priority" of the European Union.2. Scope of soft security, i.e. the post-conflict settlement and assist in civil management, and is currently the most successful and best functioning element of ESDP. Scope of military solution is still considered controversial by most countries - EU members and has many obstacles to achieve efficient operation.3. Over the last decade, the EU was able to significantly develop its military component of ESDP as an important link. In particular, the creation and development of military forces allowed the EU to take over peacekeeping missions as in Europe and beyond.4. Over the last decade, the EU had 23 civilian missions and military operations on three continents. These include the following: peace of the after effects of Tsunami Aceh (Indonesia), the protection of refugees in Chad, the fight against piracy in Somalia and the Horn of Africa. This suggests that the EU's role as a player in the security becomes tangible.5. Motivation to improve the state of national security, stabilization of the internal and external situation, reducing dependence and further out from the influence of a number of other reasons make Ukraine more actively in the foreign and security policy. The general process of EU integration involves corresponding changes in all directions and areas, including security, so further participation in the CFSP have a positive attitude affect the positioning of our country in terms of geopolitical security space in Europe. ; Статья посвящена исследованию проблемы формирования, развития и усовершенствования оборонительной политики и политики безопасности Европейского Союза, совместной внешней политики и политики безопасности.Анализируются основные шаги европейского сообщества в направлении создания собственной, Европейской оборонительной политики и политики безопасности в контексте новых угроз региональной и глобальной безопасности, состояние и трансформация отношений ЕС и НАТО в сфере безопасности. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблеми формування, розбудови та вдосконалення оборонної і безпекової політики Європейського Союзу, спільної зовнішньої та безпекової політики.Аналізуються основні кроки європейського співтовариства у напрямку створення власної, Європейської безпекової та оборонної політики в контексті нових загроз регіональній і глобальній безпеці, стан та трансформація стосунків ЄС і НАТО у сфері безпеки.

In the early 21st century, conflicts remained widespread on the political map of the world. The article explores the role of the peninsula as a subject of territorial dispute, territorial expansion, as well as the region of arms deployment and battlefield. A significant challenge to the security of Ukraine and all of Central and Eastern Europe was the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014. Despite the popular in modern Political Geography discourse on the decline of traditional Geopolitics, the peninsulas still can be explored as vulnerable to manifestations of geopolitical and military rivalry. The purpose of the article is to establish a list of peninsulas vulnerable to the manifestation of international territorial claims, disputes and conflicts, and on this basis to propose a classification of peninsular regions according to their position on the political map. The peninsula is a stretch of land that can be functionally used to establish military and civilian control of adjacent territories. Maintaining military bases on the peninsula makes sense to modern nations because of their role as outposts for the effective deployment of land, air, and naval components of the armed forces and their use inland, adjacent regions and airspace. The peninsulas became a battlefields during the so-called proxy wars that took place between the countries of the West and the East on the territory of third countries. The conquest and decolonization of the peninsula have given rise to specific forms of jurisdiction, such as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, with its autonomous system of government within the United Kingdom, or the autonomous Hong Kong and Hong Kong. The large peninsulas are characterized by several historic cores of statehood, some of which may be located outside the state. This creates favorable conditions for regionalism and devolution (Lombardy in Italy), separatism (Catalonia in Spain), irredentism (Crimea, Bakassi) and armed conflicts (Somalia). The Russian annexation of the Crimean Peninsula is a flagrant violation of international law. De-occupation is the only acceptable solution to the problem, but the necessary prerequisites for changing the political regime and paradigm of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation must be ripe for this. ; Качественные изменения политической карты предусматривают появление и исчезновение зон нестабильности, отдельное место среди которых занимают полуострова. Цель статьи – проанализировать и отразить уязвимость отдельных полуостровов к проявлениям территориальных претензий, споров и конфликтов. На основе анализа баз данных о территориальных противоречиях и конфликтах современного мира предложено типы полуостровов с точки зрения их расположения на политической карте и международно-правового статуса. Указано, что главной причиной территориально-политических конфликтов по поводу полуостровов есть противоречия по поводу международно-правого статуса и правового режима территорий. Наличие у государства полуостровов не является безусловным признаком уязвимости к конфликтам. Территориальные противоречия проявляются при наличии определенных предпосылок, к которым относим выгодное политико-географическое положение, политический статус, политико-правовой режим территории, ценные природные ресурсы, а также особую структуру населения, которая обусловливает крепкие исторические, этнические и другие связи идентичности с соседними государствами (т.н. перекрестная территориальность). В статье приводятся примеры односторонних и многосторонних претензий к полуостровам. Отмечено, что отдельным проявлением односторонних претензий является хозяйственная деятельность на суверенной территории, которая квалифицируется соседним государством как нарушающая его интересы. Исследованы международные территориальные споры, в рамках которых обе стороны признают наличие противоречия по поводу суверенитета над полуостровами, и пути их урегулирования. Отдельно рассматривается Антарктический полуостров, как единственный пример многосторонних отложенных территориальных споров. Осуществлено политико-географическую интерпретацию современного расположения Крымского полуострова. Итак, определен ряд полуостровных регионов современного мира, которые являются объектом территориальных противоречий, и влияние их позиционной уязвимости на генезис конфликтных отношений. ; Якісні зміни політичної карти передбачають появу і зникнення зон політичної нестабільності, окреме місце серед яких займають півострови. Мета статті – проаналізувати та відобразити вразливість окремих півостровів до територіальних претензій, спорів і конфліктів. На основі аналізу баз даних про територіальні суперечності і конфлікти сучасного світу запропоновано типологію півостровів з точки зору положення на політичній карті і їх міжнародно-правового статусу. Вказано, що головною причиною територіально-політичних конфліктів з приводу півостровів є суперечності щодо міжнародно-правого статусу і правового режиму територій. Наявність у держави півостровів не є безумовною ознакою вразливості до конфліктів. Територіальні суперечності проявляються за умови наявності певних передумов, до яких відносимо вигідне політико-географічне положення, політичний статус, політико-правовий режим території, цінні природні ресурси, а також особливу структуру населення, що обумовлює міцні історичні, етнічні та інші зв'язки ідентичності із сусідніми державами у вигляді т.зв. перехресної територіальності. У статті наводяться приклади односторонніх і багатосторонніх претензій щодо півостровів. Відзначено, що окремим проявом односторонніх претензій є господарська діяльність на суверенній території, яка кваліфікується сусідньою державою як така, що порушує її інтереси. Досліджено міжнародні територіальні спори, в рамках яких обидві сторони визнають наявність суперечності з приводу суверенітету над півостровами, та шлях їх врегулювання. Окремо розглядається Антарктичний півострів, як єдиний приклад багатосторонніх відкладених територіальних спорів. Здійснено політико-географічну інтерпретацію сучасного положення Кримського півострова. Отже, визначено низку півострівних регіонів сучасного світу, які є об'єктами територіальних суперечностей, та проаналізовано вплив їх позиційної вразливості на ґенезу конфліктних відносин.

European Union combines territories of 27 member countries and also economical, trade and financial aspects. It has an essential role in global problems and its importance is increasing equal to adoption of collective decisions in sphere of foreign policy. EU converses with all the world key figures and also with those who have their own opinion about world and their own interests.During the last years the meaning of EU as an independent figure in the modern general European safety system is intensifying. It is important to point that diplomacy stays the basement for mutual foreign and safety policy in EU, so that it is supported by trade, help, safety and defense if it's necessary. This policy is directed firstly to solve the conflicts and reach the international understanding.The topicality of issue. The historical development of Europe witnesses that guaranteeing of safety has been a task of various international political blocks and organizations. Exacerbation of untraditional threats influenced the strengthening of institutional and functional role of international organization in sphere of guaranteeing of safety.Dynamics of international processes points the increasing meaning of regional safety systems in providing of stability in the world. Mutual dependence of regional and global organizations of collective safety and defense is intensifying (UN, NATO, OSCE and EU).The aim of the article is an analyzing of European safety and defense police (ESDP) as policy in process of further closer integration within EU and in the relationships with other international safety organizations.The object of survey is mutual safety and defense policy of EU in the context of new threats to the regional and global safety.The subject of survey – international political specifies of formation and evolution, institutional and practical and international law mechanisms of ESDP since the second half of XX cen. – the beginning of XXI cen.The conclusions In such way, in the last 20 years political and institutional changes in EU has created the premises for the new perception of «purely European» safety space. The development of European safety conception is characterized by complex approach, determination of qualitatively new threats and at the same time emphasizes the accepting of values which are mutual for European countries.1. Earlier in the EU state security relied entirely on the political defensive mechanism of NATO and the political mechanism of OSCE and the UN, the security problems are recently becoming further relevance for European policy and become «internal priority» of the European Union. EU concern for maintaining their own security, the creation of an appropriate system and its organization was implemented in an effort to strengthen the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). However, since its launch CFSP was ineffective political-legal and institutional mechanisms. Therefore, in 1999 the European Union introduced a new, more successful initiative called the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP).It should be noted that this area of soft security, ie the post-conflict settlement and assist in civil management, and is currently the most successful and best functioning part of ESDP. Scope military solution is still considered controversial by most Member States and has many obstacles to achieve efficient operation.2. The EU strongly and gradually approaching the ability to influence to European and international security. Over the last decade, the EU was able to significantly develop its military component of ESDP as an important link. In particular, the creation and development of military forces allowed the EU to take over peacekeeping missions as in Europe and beyond.3. Enhancing the EU efforts in the area of foreign and security policy was due to the failure of the EU itself resolve the conflict in the Balkans, the knowledge of its own military and technological backwardness, the understanding of the changes in the content and scope of threats and recognition of the need to build an appropriate response strategy. This led to a conceptual change in European security policy and the emergence of initiatives to create a European military instruments of influence on world politics (in the so-called «hard security»).4. Over the last decade, the EU had 23 civilian missions and military operations on three continents. These include the following: peace of the after effects of Tsunami Aceh (Indonesia), the protection of refugees in Chad, the fight against piracy in Somalia and the Horn of Africa. This suggests that the EU's role as a player in the security becomes tangible.As of November 2010 the EU has both thirteen military and civilian missions in 4 regions of the world: the European continent (the Balkans, Moldova / Ukraine), the Middle East, Asia and Africa. Also completed 11 military and civilian operations in the Balkans, the Caucasus, Asia and Africa.While EU operations using inputs NATO. Thus, we can speak of complementary efforts and mutually beneficial cooperation between the EU and NATO.5. In the EU a priority for further development of ESDP recognizes no quantitative growth indicators and qualitative implementation of capacity in this area, which in turn confronts the EU Member States following objectives: reaching consensus on all aspects of common security and defense policy, development and learning new methodologies crisis management, effective use of international cooperation, strengthening the defense industry and military technology.6. Motivation to improve the state of national security, stabilization of the internal and external situation, reducing dependence and further out from the influence of a number of other reasons make our country more actively in the foreign and security policy. The overall process of the EU integration process involves appropriate in all areas and sectors, including security, so further participation in the CFSP has a positive attitude affect the positioning of Ukraine in the security dimension of European geopolitical space. Achieving this goal is possible only in case of joint ownership of all political parties, the government and the President to improve geo-political situation of our country both in Europe and internationally. ; Статья посвящена исследованию проблемы формирования, развития и усовершенствования оборонительной политики и политики безопасности Европейского Союза, совместной внешней политики и политики безопасности.Анализируются основные шаги европейского сообщества в направлении создания собственной, Европейской оборонительной политики и политики безопасности в контексте новых угроз региональной и глобальной безопасности, состояние и трансформация отношений ЕС и НАТО в сфере безопасности. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню проблеми формування, розбудови та вдосконалення оборонної і безпекової політики Європейського Союзу, спільної зовнішньої та безпекової політики.Аналізуються основні кроки європейського співтовариства в напрямку створення власної, Європейської безпекової та оборонної політики в контексті нових загроз регіональній і глобальній безпеці, стан та трансформація стосунків ЄС і НАТО у сфері безпеки.

Purpose. To assess the poliomyelitis epidemic situation in Ukraine and determine ways to maintain the status of a country as free from poliomyelitis.Materials and methods. Findings of the epidemiological surveillance on acute flaccid paralyses (AFP)/ poliomyelitis, and statistical reports of the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine «Performance of Annual Immunization Plan» (Form 5) (from 2008 to 2015) were analyzed.Findings and discussion. Since 2008 there has been a decrease of immunization coverage in Ukraine, as well as against poliomyelitis. Consequently, in 2012 pursuant to the conclusions of 7th Meeting of the Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (October 29–31, 2012 London) Ukraine was listed as country at high risk of wild poliovirus transmission (alongside with the Horn of Africa, Kenya, Libya, Somalia, Uganda and Yemen). Despite the fact that polio immune prevention conditions in Ukraine were was rated as critical and the fact that this issue has been raised by the scientific community and up to the government levels, immunization coverage rates still remain extremely low (2008 — >98%, 2008 — 90.9%, 2009 — 80.6%, 2010 — 57.3%, 2011— 54.3%, 2012 — 73.7%, 2013 — 72.0%). Considering the required rate of 95%, the situation became particularly critical in 2014 (44.7%) and in the following year (as at 01.08.2015 — 17.3%). This resulted in vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Three strains of VDPV-2 were discovered in 2014, and in 2015 two polio outbreaks (2 cases) caused by circulating VDPV-1 were registered. Responding to the outbreak from October 2015 to February 2016 three immunization rounds to vaccinate children with oral polio vaccine (2 rounds for age groups from 2 months to 6 years; 3rd round — from 2 months to 10 years) with the respective coverage rates of 64.4%, 71.7% and 80.7%. This was followed by mop-up immunization campaign till 17.04.2016. Measures taken enabled some improvement of the immunization coverage conditions, namely in children under the age of 1 year had 3 vaccinations (inactivated + oral vaccine) the rate was 90.1%. At the same time, these figures were below 90% in 10 administrative areas. If immunization covers less than 90% the main goal of prophylactic immunization well not be accomplished, namely the formation of specific population immunity.Conclusions. The following conditions are necessary for the preservation and maintenance in Ukraine of status as a polio-free territory: the routine immunization coverage should remain at 95%; mop-up immunization should be provided for children till the age of 10 years that missed scheduled vaccinations; proper epidemiological surveillance of AFP/ poliomyelitis and other enteroviral infections should be conducted; virological control of wastewater should be enhanced. ; Цель: оценить эпидситуации по полиомиелиту в Украине и определить пути поддержания статуса свободной от полиомиелита территории.Материалы и методы. Проанализированы результаты эпидемиологического надзора за острыми вялыми параличами (ОВП) / полиомиелитом; статистические отчеты Минздрава Украины.Результаты и обсуждение. Начиная с 2008 г., в Украине начали снижаться показатели охвата прививками, в частности и против полиомиелита. В связи с этим в 2012 г. по выводам 7-го заседания Независимого совета по мониторингу о выполнении Программы глобальной эрадикации полиомиелита (29–31 октября 2012 г., Лондон), Украина была отнесена к странам высокого риска циркуляции «дикого» полиовируса в случае его завоза (наряду со странами Африканского Рога, Кенией, Ливией, Сомали, Угандой, Йеменом). Несмотря на то, что ситуация с иммунопрофилактикой полиомиелита в Украине была оценена как критическая, и тот факт, что этот вопрос неоднократно поднимался, начиная от научного сообщества до управленческих уровней, показатели охвата 3 дозами полиомиелитной вакцины и в дальнейшем оставались крайне низкими (2007 г. — >98%, 2008 г. — 90,9%, 2009 г. — 80,6%, 2010 г. — 57,3%, 2011 г. — 54,3%, 2012 г. — 73,7%, 2013 г. — 72,0%). При необходимом уровне не менее 95% особо критического значения они приобрели в 2014 г. (44,7%) и следущем году (на 01.08.2015 г. — 17,3%). Следствием стало формирование вакцинородственных вариантов полиовируса (ВРПВ). 3 штамма ВРПВ2 обнаружено в 2014 г., а в 2015 г. была зарегистрирована вспышка полиомиелита (2 случая), вызванная циркулирующим ВРПВ1. В ответ на вспышку в течение октября 2015 г. — февраля 2016 года проведено 3 тура вакцинации детей оральной полиомиелитной вакциной (2 тура — возрастная группа 2 мес. — 6 лет, 3_й тур — 2 мес. — 10 лет) с уровнями охвата соответственно 64,4%, 71,7% и 80,7%. В дальнейшем к 17.04.2016 г. продолжалась «подчищающая» иммунизация. Проведенные мероприятия позволили несколько улучшить состояние охвата прививками (часть детей в возрасте до 1 года получили 3 прививки — инактивированная + оральная вакцина), составившее 90,1%. В то же время, в 10 административных регионах эти показатели были ниже 90%. При охвате прививками ниже 90% теряется основная функция вакцинопрофилактики — формирование коллективной защиты.Выводы. Для сохранения Украиной статуса территории, свободной от полиомиелита, необходимо постоянное поддержание 95% уровня рутинной иммунизации; проведение доохвата иммунизацией детей возрастной группы до 10 лет, не получивших необходимые прививки по возрасту; осуществление надлежащего эпидемиологического надзора за ОВП/полиомиелитом и другими энтеровирусными инфекциями; усиление вирусологического мониторинга сточных вод. ; Мета. Оцінити епідситуацію з поліомієліту в Україні та визначити шляхи підтримки статусу вільної від поліомієліту території.Матеріали та методи. Проаналізовано результати епідеміологічного нагляду за гострими в'ялими паралічами (ГВП)/поліомієлітом; статистичні звіти МОЗ України.Результати та обговорення. Починаючи з 2008 р., в Україні почали знижуватися показники охоплення щепленнями, зокрема й проти поліомієліту. У зв'язку з цим у 2012 р. за висновками 7-го засідання Незалежної ради по моніторингу щодо виконання Програми глобальної ерадикації поліомієліту (29–31 жовтня 2012 р., Лондон), Україну було віднесено до країн високого ризику циркуляції «дикого» поліовірусу в разі його завозу (поряд із країнами Африканського Рогу, Кенією, Лівією, Сомалі, Угандою, Єменом). Незважаючи на те, що ситуація з імунопрофілактики поліомієліту в Україні була оцінена як критична, та той факт, що це питання неодноразово піднімалося, починаючи від наукової спільноти до управлінських рівнів, показники охоплення 3 дозами поліомієлітної вакцини і надалі залишалися вкрай низькими (2007 р. — >98%, 2008 р. — 90,9%, 2009 р. — 80,6%, 2010 р. — 57,3%, 2011 р. — 54,3%, 2012 р. — 73,7%, 2013р. — 72,0 %). При необхідному рівні не менше 95% особливо критичного значення вони набули в 2014 (44,7%) та наступному роках (на 01.08.2015 р. — 17,3%). Наслідком стало формування вакциноспоріднених варіантів поліовірусу (ВСПВ). 3 штами ВСПВ2 виявлено в 2014 р., а в 2015 р. було зареєстровано спалах поліомієліту (2 випадки), викликаний циркулюючим ВСПВ1. У відповідь на спалах протягом жовтня 2015 р. — лютого 2016 р. проведено 3 тури вакцинації дітей оральною поліомієлітною вакциною (2 тури — вікова група 2 міс. — 6 років; 3-й тур — 2 міс. — 10 років) із рівнями охоплення відповідно 64,4%, 71,7% та 80,7%. Надалі до 17.04.2016 р. тривала «підчищаюча» імунізація. Проведені заходи дали змогу дещо покращити стан охоплення щепленнями, а саме частка дітей віком до 1 року, що отримали 3 щеплення (інактивована + оральна вакцина), склала 90,1%. У той же час, у 10 адміністративних регіонах ці показники були нижче 90%. При охопленні щепленнями нижче 90% втрачається основна функція вакцинопрофілактики — формування колективного захисту.Висновки. Для збереження Україною статусу території, вільної від поліомієліту, необхідним є постійне підтримання 95% рівня рутинної імунізації; проведення доохоплення імунізацією дітей вікової групи до 10 років, хто не отримав необхідні щеплення за віком; здійснення належного епідеміологічного нагляду за ГВП/поліомієлітом та іншими ентеровірусними інфекціями; посилення вірусологічного моніторингу стічних вод.

Purpose. To assess the poliomyelitis epidemic situation in Ukraine and determine ways to maintain the status of a country as free from poliomyelitis.Materials and methods. Findings of the epidemiological surveillance on acute flaccid paralyses (AFP)/ poliomyelitis, and statistical reports of the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine «Performance of Annual Immunization Plan» (Form 5) (from 2008 to 2015) were analyzed.Findings and discussion. Since 2008 there has been a decrease of immunization coverage in Ukraine, as well as against poliomyelitis. Consequently, in 2012 pursuant to the conclusions of 7th Meeting of the Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (October 29–31, 2012 London) Ukraine was listed as country at high risk of wild poliovirus transmission (alongside with the Horn of Africa, Kenya, Libya, Somalia, Uganda and Yemen). Despite the fact that polio immune prevention conditions in Ukraine were was rated as critical and the fact that this issue has been raised by the scientific community and up to the government levels, immunization coverage rates still remain extremely low (2008 — >98%, 2008 — 90.9%, 2009 — 80.6%, 2010 — 57.3%, 2011— 54.3%, 2012 — 73.7%, 2013 — 72.0%). Considering the required rate of 95%, the situation became particularly critical in 2014 (44.7%) and in the following year (as at 01.08.2015 — 17.3%). This resulted in vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Three strains of VDPV-2 were discovered in 2014, and in 2015 two polio outbreaks (2 cases) caused by circulating VDPV-1 were registered. Responding to the outbreak from October 2015 to February 2016 three immunization rounds to vaccinate children with oral polio vaccine (2 rounds for age groups from 2 months to 6 years; 3rd round — from 2 months to 10 years) with the respective coverage rates of 64.4%, 71.7% and 80.7%. This was followed by mop-up immunization campaign till 17.04.2016. Measures taken enabled some improvement of the immunization coverage conditions, namely in children under the age of 1 year had 3 vaccinations (inactivated + oral vaccine) the rate was 90.1%. At the same time, these figures were below 90% in 10 administrative areas. If immunization covers less than 90% the main goal of prophylactic immunization well not be accomplished, namely the formation of specific population immunity.Conclusions. The following conditions are necessary for the preservation and maintenance in Ukraine of status as a polio-free territory: the routine immunization coverage should remain at 95%; mop-up immunization should be provided for children till the age of 10 years that missed scheduled vaccinations; proper epidemiological surveillance of AFP/ poliomyelitis and other enteroviral infections should be conducted; virological control of wastewater should be enhanced. ; Цель: оценить эпидситуации по полиомиелиту в Украине и определить пути поддержания статуса свободной от полиомиелита территории.Материалы и методы. Проанализированы результаты эпидемиологического надзора за острыми вялыми параличами (ОВП) / полиомиелитом; статистические отчеты Минздрава Украины.Результаты и обсуждение. Начиная с 2008 г., в Украине начали снижаться показатели охвата прививками, в частности и против полиомиелита. В связи с этим в 2012 г. по выводам 7-го заседания Независимого совета по мониторингу о выполнении Программы глобальной эрадикации полиомиелита (29–31 октября 2012 г., Лондон), Украина была отнесена к странам высокого риска циркуляции «дикого» полиовируса в случае его завоза (наряду со странами Африканского Рога, Кенией, Ливией, Сомали, Угандой, Йеменом). Несмотря на то, что ситуация с иммунопрофилактикой полиомиелита в Украине была оценена как критическая, и тот факт, что этот вопрос неоднократно поднимался, начиная от научного сообщества до управленческих уровней, показатели охвата 3 дозами полиомиелитной вакцины и в дальнейшем оставались крайне низкими (2007 г. — >98%, 2008 г. — 90,9%, 2009 г. — 80,6%, 2010 г. — 57,3%, 2011 г. — 54,3%, 2012 г. — 73,7%, 2013 г. — 72,0%). При необходимом уровне не менее 95% особо критического значения они приобрели в 2014 г. (44,7%) и следущем году (на 01.08.2015 г. — 17,3%). Следствием стало формирование вакцинородственных вариантов полиовируса (ВРПВ). 3 штамма ВРПВ2 обнаружено в 2014 г., а в 2015 г. была зарегистрирована вспышка полиомиелита (2 случая), вызванная циркулирующим ВРПВ1. В ответ на вспышку в течение октября 2015 г. — февраля 2016 года проведено 3 тура вакцинации детей оральной полиомиелитной вакциной (2 тура — возрастная группа 2 мес. — 6 лет, 3_й тур — 2 мес. — 10 лет) с уровнями охвата соответственно 64,4%, 71,7% и 80,7%. В дальнейшем к 17.04.2016 г. продолжалась «подчищающая» иммунизация. Проведенные мероприятия позволили несколько улучшить состояние охвата прививками (часть детей в возрасте до 1 года получили 3 прививки — инактивированная + оральная вакцина), составившее 90,1%. В то же время, в 10 административных регионах эти показатели были ниже 90%. При охвате прививками ниже 90% теряется основная функция вакцинопрофилактики — формирование коллективной защиты.Выводы. Для сохранения Украиной статуса территории, свободной от полиомиелита, необходимо постоянное поддержание 95% уровня рутинной иммунизации; проведение доохвата иммунизацией детей возрастной группы до 10 лет, не получивших необходимые прививки по возрасту; осуществление надлежащего эпидемиологического надзора за ОВП/полиомиелитом и другими энтеровирусными инфекциями; усиление вирусологического мониторинга сточных вод. ; Мета. Оцінити епідситуацію з поліомієліту в Україні та визначити шляхи підтримки статусу вільної від поліомієліту території.Матеріали та методи. Проаналізовано результати епідеміологічного нагляду за гострими в'ялими паралічами (ГВП)/поліомієлітом; статистичні звіти МОЗ України.Результати та обговорення. Починаючи з 2008 р., в Україні почали знижуватися показники охоплення щепленнями, зокрема й проти поліомієліту. У зв'язку з цим у 2012 р. за висновками 7-го засідання Незалежної ради по моніторингу щодо виконання Програми глобальної ерадикації поліомієліту (29–31 жовтня 2012 р., Лондон), Україну було віднесено до країн високого ризику циркуляції «дикого» поліовірусу в разі його завозу (поряд із країнами Африканського Рогу, Кенією, Лівією, Сомалі, Угандою, Єменом). Незважаючи на те, що ситуація з імунопрофілактики поліомієліту в Україні була оцінена як критична, та той факт, що це питання неодноразово піднімалося, починаючи від наукової спільноти до управлінських рівнів, показники охоплення 3 дозами поліомієлітної вакцини і надалі залишалися вкрай низькими (2007 р. — >98%, 2008 р. — 90,9%, 2009 р. — 80,6%, 2010 р. — 57,3%, 2011 р. — 54,3%, 2012 р. — 73,7%, 2013р. — 72,0 %). При необхідному рівні не менше 95% особливо критичного значення вони набули в 2014 (44,7%) та наступному роках (на 01.08.2015 р. — 17,3%). Наслідком стало формування вакциноспоріднених варіантів поліовірусу (ВСПВ). 3 штами ВСПВ2 виявлено в 2014 р., а в 2015 р. було зареєстровано спалах поліомієліту (2 випадки), викликаний циркулюючим ВСПВ1. У відповідь на спалах протягом жовтня 2015 р. — лютого 2016 р. проведено 3 тури вакцинації дітей оральною поліомієлітною вакциною (2 тури — вікова група 2 міс. — 6 років; 3-й тур — 2 міс. — 10 років) із рівнями охоплення відповідно 64,4%, 71,7% та 80,7%. Надалі до 17.04.2016 р. тривала «підчищаюча» імунізація. Проведені заходи дали змогу дещо покращити стан охоплення щепленнями, а саме частка дітей віком до 1 року, що отримали 3 щеплення (інактивована + оральна вакцина), склала 90,1%. У той же час, у 10 адміністративних регіонах ці показники були нижче 90%. При охопленні щепленнями нижче 90% втрачається основна функція вакцинопрофілактики — формування колективного захисту.Висновки. Для збереження Україною статусу території, вільної від поліомієліту, необхідним є постійне підтримання 95% рівня рутинної імунізації; проведення доохоплення імунізацією дітей вікової групи до 10 років, хто не отримав необхідні щеплення за віком; здійснення належного епідеміологічного нагляду за ГВП/поліомієлітом та іншими ентеровірусними інфекціями; посилення вірусологічного моніторингу стічних вод.