Suchergebnisse

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

Soviet occupation and sovietic occupation zone in Austria in 1945 – 1955 (aspects of strategy and administration) SUMMARY After Germany had executed the occupation of Austria, the politics of the USSR in the respect of the state of Austria was not consistent. until the Moscow Conference in 1943, regardless of the importance of the propagandistic Communist party, diplomats of USSR treated Austria from the prism of German problem. In a way of the conference in Moscow of the foreign office ministers of the Allies in 1943 the most important Second World War memorandum for the Austrian future had been subscribed. Here the myth of "the first victim of Hitler aggression" was consolidated and became acceptable for the allies forces as well as for Austrians themselves. This led to establish the new "historic true", which separated Austria from Germany. The rehabilitation of little states in the Middle Europe was supposed to prevent the rise of new anti-Soviet unions, in this way facilitating penetration of the soviet influence. According to the Soviet Union opinion, the postwar Austria should had became small independent state, which in the beginning was not supposed to be included to the direct sphere of Soviet influence. Discussing for the occupation zones of Austria, the decision of Soviet Union was determined by the aim to protect borders of Czechoslovakia and Hungary. In the end of the War, while Red Army was by the borders of "Ostmark", TSRS decided turn military superiority to the political benefit. The plan was fulfilled only partly for the reason that Soviet Union had to follow the decisions about the occupation zones and common structures of administration that were accepted in the July of 1945. The strategy of USSR in Eastern Europe as well as in Austria was based on the "folk front" project. It gain great importance for the local communist party. Following the conception, the democracy of bourgeois should have evolved to the folk democracy and at the end to the socialistic democracy. The final point of transformation was – the communistic state. After the Red Army had occupied Austria, the system of military commandant's in the occupation zone of USSR was created. The treaty for Austrian control, subscribed between the Allies of anti Hitler coalition, provided common occupation structures which included sections of the council of the Allies, Executive committee and commission if the Allies. Occupational institutions of USSR had militaristic character in the structural schemes and composition of executives until 1953. The process of government was not effective, if was the reason for the reforms in the administration of SČSKA and the structures of commandant are which started in 1952. When the occupational contingent had drawn back, the demilitarization of the occupational institutions was finished.

Soviet occupation and sovietic occupation zone in Austria in 1945 – 1955 (aspects of strategy and administration) SUMMARY After Germany had executed the occupation of Austria, the politics of the USSR in the respect of the state of Austria was not consistent. until the Moscow Conference in 1943, regardless of the importance of the propagandistic Communist party, diplomats of USSR treated Austria from the prism of German problem. In a way of the conference in Moscow of the foreign office ministers of the Allies in 1943 the most important Second World War memorandum for the Austrian future had been subscribed. Here the myth of "the first victim of Hitler aggression" was consolidated and became acceptable for the allies forces as well as for Austrians themselves. This led to establish the new "historic true", which separated Austria from Germany. The rehabilitation of little states in the Middle Europe was supposed to prevent the rise of new anti-Soviet unions, in this way facilitating penetration of the soviet influence. According to the Soviet Union opinion, the postwar Austria should had became small independent state, which in the beginning was not supposed to be included to the direct sphere of Soviet influence. Discussing for the occupation zones of Austria, the decision of Soviet Union was determined by the aim to protect borders of Czechoslovakia and Hungary. In the end of the War, while Red Army was by the borders of "Ostmark", TSRS decided turn military superiority to the political benefit. The plan was fulfilled only partly for the reason that Soviet Union had to follow the decisions about the occupation zones and common structures of administration that were accepted in the July of 1945. The strategy of USSR in Eastern Europe as well as in Austria was based on the "folk front" project. It gain great importance for the local communist party. Following the conception, the democracy of bourgeois should have evolved to the folk democracy and at the end to the socialistic democracy. The final point of transformation was – the communistic state. After the Red Army had occupied Austria, the system of military commandant's in the occupation zone of USSR was created. The treaty for Austrian control, subscribed between the Allies of anti Hitler coalition, provided common occupation structures which included sections of the council of the Allies, Executive committee and commission if the Allies. Occupational institutions of USSR had militaristic character in the structural schemes and composition of executives until 1953. The process of government was not effective, if was the reason for the reforms in the administration of SČSKA and the structures of commandant are which started in 1952. When the occupational contingent had drawn back, the demilitarization of the occupational institutions was finished.

I have chosen the subject "Ideas of Economic Independence in Soviet Lithuania in 1988-1989", because it is not widely investigated in Lithuanian historiography. Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was established after Soviet Occupation of Lithuania in 1940 and existed to 1990. The Lithuanian SSR was renamed the Republic of Lithuania again on March 11, 1990, all legal ties of sovereignty were cut with the Soviet Union as Lithuania declared the restitution of its independence. But its way to independence was long and not easy. The last five years of occupation beginning in 1985, when Mikhail Gorbachev made significant changes in the economy were perestroika and glasnost. His policy of glasnost gave some freedom for media and hope for occupied nations. The objective of master thesis is to investigate process and development of ideas of economic independence in Soviet Lithuania (1988-1989). To obtain the objective I made three tasks: 1) to review Soviet Lithuanian economy in the end on 1980s and to show discussions about Lithuanian SSR as dependant republic of Soviet Union; 2) to introduce "Lithuania's economic independence conception" and to analyze its implementation; 3) to review ideas about its own currency and to introduce Lithuania's system of money and credit conception. In the end I came to these conclusions: 1) Soviet Lithuania's economy was integrated to Soviet Union's central economy and there was no self-sufficiency for Soviet republics; 2) in the discussions about dependency of Soviet Lithuania's economy from Soviet Union, Lithuanian economists reasoned denied Soviet government affirmations that Soviet Lithuania is dependant; 3) The ideas of Soviet Lithuania were systematized in "Lithuania's economic independence conception" (1988). This conception determined political, law and economic conditions, and only with these conditions republic economy could be independent; 4) Lithuania's economic independence conception did not threatened disintegration of Soviet Union, but it had some essential independent state features like: a) all property situated in Lithuania's territory should be Lithuanian, b) Lithuania's government institutions are not under central Soviet rule jurisdiction anymore; 5) in 1988 and 1989 the important discussion was about its own currency. In media this idea was discussed no less, than the idea of Lithuania as dependent state on the Soviet Union or not. Discussions about own currency were summarized and systematized in "Lithuania's system of money and credit conception".

I have chosen the subject "Ideas of Economic Independence in Soviet Lithuania in 1988-1989", because it is not widely investigated in Lithuanian historiography. Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was established after Soviet Occupation of Lithuania in 1940 and existed to 1990. The Lithuanian SSR was renamed the Republic of Lithuania again on March 11, 1990, all legal ties of sovereignty were cut with the Soviet Union as Lithuania declared the restitution of its independence. But its way to independence was long and not easy. The last five years of occupation beginning in 1985, when Mikhail Gorbachev made significant changes in the economy were perestroika and glasnost. His policy of glasnost gave some freedom for media and hope for occupied nations. The objective of master thesis is to investigate process and development of ideas of economic independence in Soviet Lithuania (1988-1989). To obtain the objective I made three tasks: 1) to review Soviet Lithuanian economy in the end on 1980s and to show discussions about Lithuanian SSR as dependant republic of Soviet Union; 2) to introduce "Lithuania's economic independence conception" and to analyze its implementation; 3) to review ideas about its own currency and to introduce Lithuania's system of money and credit conception. In the end I came to these conclusions: 1) Soviet Lithuania's economy was integrated to Soviet Union's central economy and there was no self-sufficiency for Soviet republics; 2) in the discussions about dependency of Soviet Lithuania's economy from Soviet Union, Lithuanian economists reasoned denied Soviet government affirmations that Soviet Lithuania is dependant; 3) The ideas of Soviet Lithuania were systematized in "Lithuania's economic independence conception" (1988). This conception determined political, law and economic conditions, and only with these conditions republic economy could be independent; 4) Lithuania's economic independence conception did not threatened disintegration of Soviet Union, but it had some essential independent state features like: a) all property situated in Lithuania's territory should be Lithuanian, b) Lithuania's government institutions are not under central Soviet rule jurisdiction anymore; 5) in 1988 and 1989 the important discussion was about its own currency. In media this idea was discussed no less, than the idea of Lithuania as dependent state on the Soviet Union or not. Discussions about own currency were summarized and systematized in "Lithuania's system of money and credit conception".

The definitions of mass libraries can strike a note that they are very similar to the public libraries of the democratic countries, therefore, it is important to analyze the rise of this expression its strengths and weaknesses. Mass libraries of Soviet Union take a special part in the history of librarianship, so its necessitate exceptional attention. The subject of research is soviet librarianship. The point is analyze attitude and concepts of soviet librarianship and without bias light ideological and objective base of practice. Overriding problems: make out main concepts of soviet librarianship and its lineament; profile libraries history development in Soviet Union, by marking Lithuania context; discuss with mass library theoretical and historical development; survey V.I. Lenin's and N.K. Krupskaja's concepts by content analysis Paper consist of three section. First section familiarize with public and mass libraries basics policy guidelines, dispute mass library place in soviet librarians typological concepts and sum up the influence of propaganda and censorship in library work. Second section consists of three parts. In first briefly elucidate the development of library and librarianship in Soviet Union. In second part present the state of library and librarianship in Lithuania in Soviet era. In last part introduce pioneer of soviet librarianship V.I. Lenin's and N.K Krupskaja's concepts. Third section designed for investigative part of paper. First present methodology of content analysis and next introduce results and interpretation of context analysis. For investigating part used literary and context analysis. Literary analysis used on writing theoretical part. For investigative part used content analysis.

The definitions of mass libraries can strike a note that they are very similar to the public libraries of the democratic countries, therefore, it is important to analyze the rise of this expression its strengths and weaknesses. Mass libraries of Soviet Union take a special part in the history of librarianship, so its necessitate exceptional attention. The subject of research is soviet librarianship. The point is analyze attitude and concepts of soviet librarianship and without bias light ideological and objective base of practice. Overriding problems: make out main concepts of soviet librarianship and its lineament; profile libraries history development in Soviet Union, by marking Lithuania context; discuss with mass library theoretical and historical development; survey V.I. Lenin's and N.K. Krupskaja's concepts by content analysis Paper consist of three section. First section familiarize with public and mass libraries basics policy guidelines, dispute mass library place in soviet librarians typological concepts and sum up the influence of propaganda and censorship in library work. Second section consists of three parts. In first briefly elucidate the development of library and librarianship in Soviet Union. In second part present the state of library and librarianship in Lithuania in Soviet era. In last part introduce pioneer of soviet librarianship V.I. Lenin's and N.K Krupskaja's concepts. Third section designed for investigative part of paper. First present methodology of content analysis and next introduce results and interpretation of context analysis. For investigating part used literary and context analysis. Literary analysis used on writing theoretical part. For investigative part used content analysis.

This article is unique in that, for the first time, Russian and Soviet social security development in Lithuania is studied comprehensively and systematically including all major types of social insurance, tracking changes over time and identify their causes. The article broadly analyzes the social security legislation, the publications of Soviet Union's and Lithuanian SSR's official statistics, presents national and international analysis and the archival materials, revealing how the Lithuanian social security system evolved during Russian and Soviet rule. The article reveals the structure and ideology of the Soviet social insurance system. In the whole territory of the USSR, the same principles and laws of social insurance were applied. The foundations for Soviet social security and social insurance systems were layed rather early – already 8–10 years before the II world war began. But Soviet Union, especially after 1940, was not totally homogeneous. In several Soviet republics, for example Lithuania, some specific elements were observed which influenced the administrative methods in social security, social insurance and social support. The article explains the nature of social insurance expenditure. We define and explain the branches of social insurance in the USSR: old age and disability pensions, illness, maternity, funeral and unemployment benefits (the latter were paid in the early Soviet period only). The article deals with official USSR and Lithuanian SSR statistics, mainly from the last Soviet period (beginning 1975), when Soviet social insurance reached its limits and showed its potential. Although Soviet social insurance was related to the principles of the Bismarckian work record and former earnings, it was however financed from Moscow's centrally organised budget and was not related to meaningful contributions of employers and employees. The one-party communist system had a big role in the functioning of social insurance in the USSR and the Lithuanian SSR. The article shows that the Lithuanian social protection system because of the occupation of Russia (1795–1914) and the Soviet Union (1940–1990) was closely related to the system of pre-revolution Russian and Soviet Union's, with some insignificant regional differences. The social security programs were used as instruments to strengthen workers' control. No other country in the world but USSR has used its social security system as a tool for propaganda. Despite that, the Soviet Union and the Lithuanian SSR did not stay aloof from social security system reforms in the world. When Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, it had to comply with the formed system of social insurance and social care. The main role in Lithuanian SSR was given to the social insurance scheme, which did not involve contributions of the residents (instead, it was done by work organizations, and administered by the state and trade unions). In comparison with other soviet republics, Lithuania featured a higher level of independence in the social care field than in the field of social insurance, and the Lithuanian authorities used it wisely to build nursing homes for elderly and improving their administration, supporting children of poor families, etc. However, certain economic-social conditions in Lithuania also had an effect on the social insurance, e.g. there were more working old-age pensioners in Lithuania, and social insurance was administered more effectively than in the rest of the USSR republics. Notably, social security specialists from other USSR republics were coming to Lithuania to gather good practice.

This article is unique in that, for the first time, Russian and Soviet social security development in Lithuania is studied comprehensively and systematically including all major types of social insurance, tracking changes over time and identify their causes. The article broadly analyzes the social security legislation, the publications of Soviet Union's and Lithuanian SSR's official statistics, presents national and international analysis and the archival materials, revealing how the Lithuanian social security system evolved during Russian and Soviet rule. The article reveals the structure and ideology of the Soviet social insurance system. In the whole territory of the USSR, the same principles and laws of social insurance were applied. The foundations for Soviet social security and social insurance systems were layed rather early – already 8–10 years before the II world war began. But Soviet Union, especially after 1940, was not totally homogeneous. In several Soviet republics, for example Lithuania, some specific elements were observed which influenced the administrative methods in social security, social insurance and social support. The article explains the nature of social insurance expenditure. We define and explain the branches of social insurance in the USSR: old age and disability pensions, illness, maternity, funeral and unemployment benefits (the latter were paid in the early Soviet period only). The article deals with official USSR and Lithuanian SSR statistics, mainly from the last Soviet period (beginning 1975), when Soviet social insurance reached its limits and showed its potential. Although Soviet social insurance was related to the principles of the Bismarckian work record and former earnings, it was however financed from Moscow's centrally organised budget and was not related to meaningful contributions of employers and employees. The one-party communist system had a big role in the functioning of social insurance in the USSR and the Lithuanian SSR. The article shows that the Lithuanian social protection system because of the occupation of Russia (1795–1914) and the Soviet Union (1940–1990) was closely related to the system of pre-revolution Russian and Soviet Union's, with some insignificant regional differences. The social security programs were used as instruments to strengthen workers' control. No other country in the world but USSR has used its social security system as a tool for propaganda. Despite that, the Soviet Union and the Lithuanian SSR did not stay aloof from social security system reforms in the world. When Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, it had to comply with the formed system of social insurance and social care. The main role in Lithuanian SSR was given to the social insurance scheme, which did not involve contributions of the residents (instead, it was done by work organizations, and administered by the state and trade unions). In comparison with other soviet republics, Lithuania featured a higher level of independence in the social care field than in the field of social insurance, and the Lithuanian authorities used it wisely to build nursing homes for elderly and improving their administration, supporting children of poor families, etc. However, certain economic-social conditions in Lithuania also had an effect on the social insurance, e.g. there were more working old-age pensioners in Lithuania, and social insurance was administered more effectively than in the rest of the USSR republics. Notably, social security specialists from other USSR republics were coming to Lithuania to gather good practice.