Nach einer starken Phase der Reurbanisierung verändern sich sowohl die fachlichen Debatten als auch die Stadtentwicklungspraxis wieder hin zu einer verstärkten Bautätigkeit am Stadtrand. In mehreren deutschen Großstädten entstehen neue Stadtteile für bis zu 10.000 Menschen. Veränderte Lebensstile, Haushaltsstrukturen und Arbeitsmärkte, die Ausdifferenzierung von Wohntypen und Trägerformen sowie die Infragestellung klassischer "Schlafstädte" bringen dabei neue Formen von Suburbanität hervor. Die Beiträge untersuchen diese neuen Stadtteile und fokussieren dabei auf Milieus, stadt- und freiraumplanerische Leitbilder, Quartierstypen, Governancearrangements und Umsetzungsstrategien.
Die sozialökologische Transformation ist in aller Munde. Dies gilt sowohl für die politischen Debatten wie auch für die Wissenschaft. Dabei wird zunehmend deutlich: Multiple Krisen lassen sich nicht mehr nur mit Hilfe schrittweiser (Umwelt-)Politiken lösen, sondern es sind strukturelle Veränderungen notwendig. Die Beiträger*innen des Bandes arbeiten Gerechtigkeitsfragen und die gesellschaftspolitische Brisanz ökologischer Verteilungskonflikte im Kontext der Transformation heraus. Durch ihre Analysen unter Bezugnahme auf unterschiedliche Dimensionen von Umweltgerechtigkeit machen sie diese greifbar und liefern Kontextwissen für eine längst überfällige Diskussion.
Visionary Oxford professor Ian Goldin and The Economist's Tom Lee-Devlin show why the city is where the battles of inequality, social division, pandemics and climate change must be faced.From centres of antiquity like Athens or Rome to modern metropolises like New York or Shanghai, cities throughout history have been the engines of human progress and the epicentres of our greatest achievements. Now, for the first time, more than half of humanity lives in cities, a share that continues to rise. In the developing world, cities are growing at a rate never seen before.In this book, Professor Goldin and Tom Lee-Devlin show why making our societies fairer, more cohesive and sustainable must start with our cities. Globalization and technological change have concentrated wealth into a small number of booming metropolises, leaving many smaller cities and towns behind and feeding populist resentment. Yet even within seemingly thriving cities like London or San Francisco, the gap between the haves and have-nots continues to widen and our retreat into online worlds tears away at our social fabric. Meanwhile, pandemics and climate change pose existential threats to our increasingly urban world.Professor Goldin and Tom Lee-Devlin combine the lessons of history with a deep understanding of the challenges confronting our world today to show why cities are at a crossroads - and hold our destinies in the balance
Kolonialismus ist ein historisches Thema, ein Gegenwartsthema und ein geographisches Thema. Die Beiträger*innen des Bandes verbinden diese drei Perspektiven und zeigen die Relevanz räumlicher und sozialer Machtverhältnisse des Kolonialismus in der Gegenwart auf. Diese "Kolonialität" genannte Kontinuität zeigt sich in der Wissensproduktion, in öffentlichen Debatten, in der Gestalt europäischer Städte, in lokalen Kämpfen sowie internationalen Politikfeldern. Der Sammelband vereint Beiträge aus der Geographie und Stadtforschung, die sich auf Forschungsansätze der Black Studies, Postcolonial Studies und Decolonial Studies beziehen.
"Die Region" begegnet uns ganz selbstverständlich in Alltag, Politik, Wirtschaft und Medien sowie als (raum-)wissenschaftlicher Fachbegriff. Auch wenn Regionen auf den ersten Blick als etwas Faktisches erscheinen, zeigt sich beim zweiten Hinsehen, wie sich das Regionale einer konkreten Begriffsbestimmung entzieht - was auch als Stärke verstanden werden kann. Die Beiträge des Bandes erkunden "die Region", indem sie von Begriffskombinationen ausgehend - etwa "die arme Region", "die flexible Region", "die Genussregion" oder "die Untersuchungsregion" - eine Reise durch verschiedene Dimensionen des Regionalen unternehmen und neue Verständnisse von Regionen, Regionalisierungen und Regionalität anregen.
Angesichts unkalkulierbarer Bedrohungsszenarien werden Prognosen und Früherkennung immer wichtiger. Die verfügbaren Werkzeuge hierfür sind selbst politisch operativ und etablieren eine "Zukunft als Katastrophe" mit entsprechenden Konsequenzen. Henning Füller setzt den Fokus auf verbundene Machtwirkungen und zeigt, dass mit Monitoring-Techniken postpolitische Vorentscheidungen performativ getroffen werden. Seine Fallstudie zur Anwendung des indikatorbasierten Verfahrens Syndromic Surveillance in den USA befasst sich exemplarisch unter anderem mit der Bearbeitung öffentlicher Gesundheit als Sicherheitsproblem sowie mit der Etablierung des Ist-Zustands als Horizont des Politischen.
Frontmatter --Inhalt --Danksagung --Abbildungsverzeichnis --Abkürzungsverzeichnis --1 Einleitung --2 Neoliberale Naturen und die Rückkehr eines anderen Materialismus --2.1 Die doppelte Krise der neoliberalen Natur --2.2 Neoliberalismen: Ökonomien und Naturen --2.3 Naturen. Materialismen und Märkte --2.4 Eine materialistische Gouvernementalität der Natur --3 Methodisches Vorgehen --3.1 Gedanken zur Methodik --3.2 Praktische Umsetzung --3.3 Die eigene Rolle --4 Feldstudie --4.1 Setting: Das Fallbeispiel verorten --4.2 Die Regierung des Waldes -- eine genealogische Perspektive --4.3 Mikroebene(n): Integration des Waldes in Kohlenstoffmärkte --5 Diskussion: Neue Naturen? --5.1 Naturen in Bewegung --5.2 Politische Ökonomien der neuen Naturen --6 Resümee und Schlussfolgerungen --6.1 Zentrale Erkenntnisse der Arbeit --6.2 Ausblick: Politische Ökologie jenseits der Natur --Literaturverzeichnis
This article investigates social and spatial changes in the Athens metropolitan area between 1991 and 2011. The main question is whether social polarisation - and the contraction of intermediate occupational categories - unevenly developed across the city is related to the changing of segregation patterns during the examined period. We established that the working-class moved towards the middle and the middle-class moved towards the top, but the relative position of both parts did not change in the overall socio-spatial hierarchy. The broad types of socio-spatial change in Athens (driven by professionalisation, proletarianisation or polarisation) were eventually related to different spatial imprints in the city's social geography. Broad trends identified in other cities, like the centralisation of higher occupations and the peripheralisation of poverty, were not at all present here. In Athens, changes between 1991 and 2011 can be summarised by (1) the relative stability and upward social movement of the traditional working-class and their surrounding areas, accounting for almost half of the city, (2) the expansion of traditional bourgeois strongholds to neighbouring formerly socially mixed areas - 25% of the city - and their conversion to more homogeneous middle-class neighbourhoods through professionalisation, (3) the proletarianisation of 10% of the city following a course of perpetual decline in parts of the central municipality and (4) the polarisation and increased social mix of the traditional bourgeois strongholds related to the considerable inflow of poor migrants working for upper-middle-class households.
Since its emergence in 2019, the worldwide spread of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has created a vast economic crisis as government lockdowns place considerable strain on businesses of all kinds – particularly those that rely on face-to-face contact, such as retail restaurants, and personal services. Given the recent emergence of the virus and lags in data collection and publication, the highest-quality fine-grained spatial datasets on economic behavior will not reflect virus-related impacts for at least a year. At the same time, in order to make evidence-based decisions on policies regarding continuing lockdown and/or re-opening policies, local governments and researchers need to understand neighborhood-level economic effects much sooner than that. This paper makes use of the point-level Chicago Business License dataset, which is updated on a weekly basis, to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on new business activity in the City of Chicago. The results indicate that on average, from March to September 2020, total monthly new business starts have declined by 33.4% compared to the monthly average of new starts in the City from January 2016 to December 2019. Food service and retail businesses have been hardest hit during this period, while chains of all types have seen larger average declines in new startup activity than independent businesses. These patterns demonstrate interesting intra-urban spatial heterogeneity; ZIP codes with the largest pandemic-related declines in new business activity tend to be have larger rates average rates of new business creation to begin with and also have less dense, diverse, and walkable built environments (defined in more detail below), while, interestingly, observed COVID-19 case rates do not appear to have an individually-significant impact on new business deficits.
The first publications on the spatial diffusion of foreign direct investment (FDI) appeared in the 1970s-1990s. Since then, many of their provisions have been repeatedly criticised as outdated and inconsistent with empirical evidence of the current stage of globalisation. Previously, only examples of 'newcomers' to internationalisation were used to illustrate distinct phases in the expansion of transnational companies and their effort to first establish themselves in major economic centres, as the factor of gradually growing awareness of potential investors began to play an important role. This article aims to show the persistent character of FDI spatial diffusion patterns and their correlation with the existing hierarchy of cities. In our research, we used the example of Asian companies working in the Baltic states, Finland, Sweden and Denmark, newcomers to internationalisation, not affected by the 'neighbourhood effect', and contrasted them with Western European investors. We confirmed the validity of the hierarchical wavelike model of the FDI spatial diffusion with the dominance of metropolitan urban agglomerations. It was also found that mergers and acquisitions are dominant forms of FDI in developed countries. Their ascendancy leads both to a distortion of the geographical pattern of subsidiaries networks of investor companies and to the intention of investors to sell their assets in provinces and move their head offices closer to capital cities. Consequently, there is a simplification of the structure of businesses, which is typical of the earlier stages of the FDI spatial diffusion.
Regional development policy aims to cope with the challenge of spatial disparities. It is based on a smart combination of various critical capital assets in a region which functionally and spatially interact and which yield synergetic economic opportunities and promising challenges for innovation and progress. The present study regards sustainable territorial performance – as a manifestation of regional development – as the overarching principle for competitive advantages and economic growth in a system of regions, which is particularly induced by territorial capital, comprising human capital, infrastructural capital and social capital. In the long-standing tradition of regional development policy a wide variety of effective facilitators or drivers of accelerated spatial growth has been distinguished, for instance, industrial districts, growth poles, growth centers, industrial complexes, special economic zones, communication axes, and so forth. In the past decades, a new concept has been introduced, viz. economic-technological clusters. An avalanche of literature has been published on the conceptual, operational and policy foundation and relevance of this concept, especially in relation to previously developed regional growth concepts. In this paper, clusters will be regarded as the spatial foci of sustainable territorial performance strategies and synergetic actions by both public and private actors. The present paper aims to address the relevance of cluster concepts for an effective regional development policy, based on the above notion of territorial capital. It does so by introducing a new concept, viz. effective cluster, in which spatial-economic synergy, local/regional concentration of industry, and the supporting role of territorial capital are regarded as the main determinants of a highly performing cluster in a given territory. The effective cluster concept will be tested on the basis of a field study on the aviation and aerospace cluster 'Dolina Lotnicza' in the Podkarpackie region in South-East Poland. This is one of the most vibrant high-tech clusters in thecountry. A new approach based on a triple-layer architecture will be adopted here, viz.: a quantitative comparative analysis of the 16 Polish 'voivodships' (main administrative regions in the country, at a NUTS-2 level), a benchmark analysis of the 25 counties ('powiats') within the Podkarpackie voivodship (at a NUTS-4 level), and an effective industrial cluster analysis on the basis of the individual aviation firms located in the Podkarpackie region. In each step an extended Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), characterised by a merger of a Slack-Based Measure (SMB) and a super-efficiency (SE) DEA, will be used in order to achieve an unambiguous ranking of the various regions or Decision Making Units (DMUs). The study will employ an extensive database on individual actors in the cluster, in combination with a broadly composed territorial-capital database for the areas under study. The paper will be concluded with some strategic policy lessons.
This article develops a methodology for studying the geography of companies - an area of human geography that remains understudied in Russia. The authors refer to foreign direct investment (FDI) studies to stress the importance of analysing individual transnational corporations. Special attention is paid to FDI statistics, including international statistics provided by IMF, OECD, and UNCTAD, the official data of central banks on FDI destinations, and information on companies' assets by geographical segments. The article emphasises limitations of classical localisation concepts (e. g. A. Lösch's theory) and key concepts of transnationalisation (e. g. J. H. Dunning's "eclectic paradigm", R. Vernon's 'product life cycle', and the 'flying geese paradigm' developed by Japanese authors). Dynamic localisation concepts (e. g. the Uppsala model and hierarchical/wave diffusion models) are considered an important contribution to the existing theoretical framework for studying FDI geography. Various patterns of spatial d istribution of FDI are examined taking Russian transboundary investments, including those distorted by the "neighbourhood effect" as an example.
