In the international market, the main trading partner countries of Nicaragua were analyzed. The highest demand is in the European Union representing 98% of exports, noting that the coconut has the highest export volume but has the lowest price while the dried banana is the better paid product with a growth rate in the price of 11% per annum. When exporting dehydrated fruits, a series of sanitary, phytosanitary and environmental requirements and standards must be complied with, which is issued by state institutions. When entering the market, it must face restrictions and critical factors. In the results obtained it was determined that if it is viable to market to the international market. ; En el mercado internacional se analizó los principales países socios comerciales de Nicaragua la mayor demanda se da en la Unión Europea representando el 98% de exportaciones, observando que el coco presento mayor volumen de exportación pero tiene el precio más bajo mientras el plátano seco es el producto mejor pagado con una tasa de crecimiento en el precio del 11% anual. Al exportar frutas deshidratadas se deben cumplir con una series de requisitos y normas sanitarias, fitosanitarias y de medio ambiente, el cual es emitido por medio de instituciones del estado. Al penetrar al mercado se debe enfrentar con restricciones y factores críticos. En los resultados obtenidos se determinó que si es viable comercializar al mercado internacional
In the international market, the main trading partner countries of Nicaragua were analyzed. The highest demand is in the European Union representing 98% of exports, noting that the coconut has the highest export volume but has the lowest price while the dried banana is the better paid product with a growth rate in the price of 11% per annum. When exporting dehydrated fruits, a series of sanitary, phytosanitary and environmental requirements and standards must be complied with, which is issued by state institutions. When entering the market, it must face restrictions and critical factors. In the results obtained it was determined that if it is viable to market to the international market. ; En el mercado internacional se analizó los principales países socios comerciales de Nicaragua la mayor demanda se da en la Unión Europea representando el 98% de exportaciones, observando que el coco presento mayor volumen de exportación pero tiene el precio más bajo mientras el plátano seco es el producto mejor pagado con una tasa de crecimiento en el precio del 11% anual. Al exportar frutas deshidratadas se deben cumplir con una series de requisitos y normas sanitarias, fitosanitarias y de medio ambiente, el cual es emitido por medio de instituciones del estado. Al penetrar al mercado se debe enfrentar con restricciones y factores críticos. En los resultados obtenidos se determinó que si es viable comercializar al mercado internacional
The community of Montemorelos is known as "The capital of orange fruit in Mexico", since it is the major producer of citrus fruits between the six communities that comprises the citrus region of the state of Nuevo Leon in Mexico. That is why Nuevo Leon State has been positioned in the national and international market as an important provider of citrus. Owing to, the international legislations referent to the use of pesticides and their residues in food commodities are becoming more stringent, the objective of this study was to determine pesticides at multi-residual level in orange fruits from citrus orchards from harvest of Montemorelos community and also to evaluate the actual situation respect to the compliance of safety standards on countries of international trade. ; El municipio de Montemorelos, en Nuevo León, México, es el principal productor de naranja (Citrusxsinensis Osbeck) de los seis municipios que conforman la región citrícola del Estado en México. Debido a esto, Nuevo León se ha posicionado en el mercado nacional e internacional como un importante proveedor de cítricos. Dado que las legislaciones internacionales respecto al uso de plaguicidas y el control de residuos en alimentos y productos derivados son cada vez más estrictas, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar a nivel multi-residual la presencia de plaguicidas en naranja fresca de huertas en etapa de cosecha del municipio de Montemorelos y evaluar la situación actual respecto al cumplimiento de los estándares de inocuidad establecidos por los principales países de exportación. Los resultados mostraron que al menos de los 93 plaguicidas que se rastrearon, el total de muestras analizadas cumple con los Límites Máximos Permitidos, de Estados Unidos y Japón, no así para la Unión Europea.
[es] Cooperatives have embarked on strong technological investment processes in recent years. However, this has not allowed agri-food cooperatives to take ownership of greater added value due to the power of the distribution companies and the limited results achieved at the marketing stage. For these reasons, the aim of this work is to check whether technological innovation has been a strategic factor for business competitiveness in the sector. This is done by analysing the relationship between the degree of innovation and the business result, taking into account the individual characteristics of each cooperative (size, age, export vocation, profitability, etc.), market structure and demand conditions for each sub-sector. The information used in this work relates to 223 cooperatives in the agri-food industry located in the region of Castilla-La Mancha and has been obtained from the SABI database. Duval oak, B.; Calatayud Piñero, E.; García Martínez, G. (2011). Fruit and vegetable cooperatives in the face of the crisis. The necessary commitment to competitiveness. Economic and financial aspects. CIRIEC-Spain. Magazine Public, Social and Cooperative Economy. (72): 125-156. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/30879 ; 125 156 72 ; [es] Cooperatives have embarked on strong technological investment processes in recent years. However, this has not allowed agri-food cooperatives to take ownership of greater added value due to the power of the distribution companies and the limited results achieved at the marketing stage. For these reasons, the aim of this work is to check whether technological innovation has been a strategic factor for business competitiveness in the sector. This is done by analysing the relationship between the degree of innovation and the business result, taking into account the individual characteristics of each cooperative (size, age, export vocation, profitability, etc.), market structure and demand conditions for each sub-sector. The information used in this work relates to 223 cooperatives in the ...
El aceite de la fruta seca de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) tiene un origen vegetal extraído del árbol de coco, perteneciente a la familia Arecaceae y la subfamilia Cocoideae. Tiene un gran potencial para uso industrial ya que tiene aplicaciones en varias áreas productivas. La búsqueda constante de productos que puedan agregar valor y traer beneficios a la humanidad ha llevado al crecimiento en el uso de aceite de coco en procesos industriales, ya que es un aceite considerado estable debido a su alto nivel de saturación en comparación con otros aceites comestibles. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las características oleoquímicas del aceite de coco a partir de procesos de extracción en frío y aceites industrializados, verificando el análisis de los parámetros indicativos de la calidad de estos aceites, que fueron los siguientes: índices de acidez, peróxido, yodo y porcentajes de ácidos grasos libres. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de aceite de coco comercial y aceite de coco adaptado por el método Bligh & Dyer. Las muestras en ambos tratamientos se obtuvieron de tiendas locales y se analizaron por triplicado. Los parámetros analizados fueron similares para ambos aceites tratados, se encontraron dentro de los estándares requeridos por la legislación RDC No. 270 y CODEX alimentarius e indicando buena calidad para el consumo. Solo los datos para el índice de yodo en los dos tratamientos fueron altos, y pueden haber sido influenciados por la estacionalidad de la fruta, por el método de extracción o por procesos industriales. ; The oil of the coconut dry fruit (Cocos nucifera L.) has a vegetable origin extracted from the coconut tree, belonging to the Arecaceae family and the subfamily Cocoideae. It has great potential for industrial use as it has applications in several productive areas. The constant search for products that can add value and bring benefits to humanity has led to the growth in the use of coconut oil in industrial processes, as it is an oil considered stable due to its high level of saturation compared to other edible oils. The objective of this research was to evaluate the oleochemical characteristics of coconut oil from cold extraction processes and industrialized oils, verifying the analysis of the parameters indicative of the quality of these oils, which were as follows: acidity, peroxide, iodine indexes and percentages of free fatty acids. A comparative analysis of commercial coconut oil and coconut oil adapted by the Bligh & Dyer method was performed. The samples in both treatments were obtained from local stores and were analyzed in triplicates. The analyzed parameters were similar for both treated oils, it was within the standards required by the RDC legislation No. 270 and CODEX alimentarius, indicating good quality for consumption. Only the data for the iodine index in both treatments were high, and may have been influenced by the seasonality of the fruit, by the extraction method or by industrial processes. ; O óleo do fruto seco do coco (Cocos nucifera L.) tem origem vegetal extraído do coqueiro, pertencente à família Arecaceae e a subfamília Cocoideae. Possui grande potencial de uso industrial por ter aplicações em diversas áreas produtivas. A constante busca por produtos que possam agregar valor e trazer benefícios à humanidade tem levado ao crescimento do uso do óleo de coco em processos industriais, por ser um óleo considerado estável devido ao seu alto nível de saturação em comparação aos outros óleos comestíveis. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as características oleoquímicas do óleo de coco dos processos de extração fria e dos óleos industrializados, verificando-se as análises dos parâmetros indicativos da qualidade desses óleos, que foram os seguintes: índices de acidez, de peróxido, de iodo e porcentagens de ácidos graxos livres. Realizou-se uma análise comparativa do óleo de coco comercial e do óleo de coco adaptado pelo método de Bligh & Dyer. As amostras nos dois tratamentos foram obtidas do comércio local e foram analisadas em triplicatas. Os parâmetros analisados foram semelhantes para ambos os óleos tratados, encontrou-se dentro dos padrões exigidos pela legislação RDC n° 270 e CODEX alimentarius, indicando boa qualidade para consumo. Somente os dados para o índice de iodo nos dois tratamentos apresentaram-se elevados, podendo ter sido influenciados pela sazonalidade do fruto, pelo método de extração ou pelos processos industriais.
At present, carbon footprint labelling is at the heart of debates on the environmental impact of products, but there are other environmental criteria related to the sustainability of products that could also have an impact on developing countries' exports in the future. Furthermore, this issue has proved to be highly dynamic and subject to constant change over time; it is thus clear that its evolution needs to be closely monitored in view of the diverse consequences it might have on the Argentine export sector. The present study shows how relevant the European Union is for Argentina as a destination market for Argentine export products that could be potentially affected by carbon footprint standards or labelling. The actions taken in the United Kingdom and France, where special attention is paid to the carbon footprint of food products sold in large retail chains, and the European Commission's initiative on Environmental Footprint of Products are outstanding examples of initiatives aimed at measuring carbon footprint. It was also found that the basket of exports likely to be affected by carbon footprint measurement schemes accounts for around one-fourth of Argentine exports to each of the destinations included in this study: the United Kingdom, France, the European Union, the United States and Japan. In 2007-2010, average exports of these products to the European Union reached USD 2.82 billion, which totalled 29.1% of Argentine exports of the affected products to the world. In turn, the United States accounted for 11.1% of total exports of affected products, whereas the share of Japan only reached 2.1%. France and the United Kingdom accounted for only a small portion of this trade: 1.8% and 2.4% respectively. A more detailed analysis - at the level of heading - reveals that the main Argentine exports which in 2007-2010 were destined to the main markets implementing carbon footprint labelling schemes corresponded to bovine meat and its preparations, wines, crustaceans and fish, citrus fruit, apples and pears and other fruit, fruit juices and natural honey. According to 2003 data, an analysis of the degree of vulnerability of Argentine products destined to other markets shows that the most vulnerable productive sectors were honey, fruit juices, tea and apples and pears as well as bovine, swine and ovine meat and meat preparations, citrus fruit, fruit, vegetables and canned vegetables, and olive oil.
Telegrams exchanged between Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles and the following people: relatives, the Great Lodge from Nuevo León, the Regional Center from Monterrey, the National Chamber of Commerce from Monterrey, the National Bank of Mexico Ltd., The Mortgage Bank, Congressmen, District Committees of the National Revolutionary Party, Governors, the National Chamber of Commerce, Workers, Peasants and the Bus Drivers Union, Senators, the Regional Federation of Banana Growers of Villa Azueta, the Tlaxcalteca Anti-relection and Reconstruction Party, the Cooperative and Industrial Association of Farm Workers from Toluca, the Union of Chauffeurs, the Agrarian Community of Ojo Serrato, the Union of weavers, the Agrarian Community from the Banquetes Ranch, Agrarian Community from Los Guajes, Agrarian Community from Ticuitaco and the Union of bakers. The aforementioned telegrams concern requests for funding; an invitation to visit Monterrey; a notice about the financial situation of The National Bank of Mexico, a report on the granting of funding to advance with the tap water project in Orizaba; sending regards; confirmation of Jesús Váldez Sánchez as Governor of Cohauila; installation of the Legislature session in Tepic, Nayarit; a report on the social peace in Chiapas; senatorial election campaign in Veracruz; private citizens' birthday greetings; information about a rally to support Lázaro Cárdenas; Workers' conflict in Tamaulipas; session installation of the First Congress of Agrarian Community Leagues from Aguascalientes and murders of agrarian supporters and workers in Michoacán; a request for job reinstatement; information about the prices of jute sacks; news about a publication of a new book; publication of favorable news about Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles, requests for appointments; information about requirements for getting membership to the Union of Agrarian Coops, a request to remove the delegate of the C.N.C. (National Confederation of Peasants); information about Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles' health status; information about the punishment to those who attempted to smear Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles; a notice stating the need to establish schools and hospitals in Tampico; a request to support the petition demanding for not stopping the export cars by the Standard Fruit Co.; a request for stationery; paperwork process for the Chapultepec Mill; appreciation for confirming the senate in Tlaxcala; a request to remove the Delegate of the Central Department from the Federal District, confirmation of the shipping of a list of requests by the San Rodrigo Farmers Colony; dispute between homeopath and allopath doctors, a conflict raised after the sale of land in Toluca, protests against the concession of indiscriminate cut of trees in Aguascalientes, endorsement of Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles, protests raised after accusations against Benigno Serrato, Governor of Michoacán, a request for the Secretariat of Finance to settle a payment to the Secretariat of Communications, a report about the construction of schools and clinics in Tlaxcala, a request to godfather a boy. / Telegramas entre el Gral. PEC, familiares, Gran Logia de Nuevo Léon, Centro Regional de Monterrey, Cámara Nacional de Comercio de Monterrey, Banco Nacional de México, S.A.; Banco Hipotecario, Diputados, Comités Distritales del Partido Nacional Revolucionario, Gobernadores, Cámara Nacional de Comercio, Unión de Obreros y Campesinos y Sindicato de Camioneros, Senadores, Federación Regional Platanera de Villa Azueta, Partido Reconstructor Antirreeleccionista Tlaxcalteca, Sociedad Cooperativa Industrial de Obreros Colonos de Toluca, Sindicato de Choferes, Comunidad Agraria de Ojo de Serrato, Sindicato de Reboceros, Comunidad Agraria del Rancho de Banquetes, Comunidad Agraria de los Guajes, Comunidad Agraria de Ticuitaco y Sindicato de Panaderos, acerca de: solicitud de fondos, invitación a visitar la ciudad de Monterrey, notificación de estado financiero del Banco Nacional de México, informe de condonación financiera para el avance del proyecto de agua potable a Orizaba, envío de saludos, notificación de toma de protesta como Gobernador de Coahuila a Jesús Valdés Sánchez, instalación de Legislatura en Tepic, Nay.; informe de paz social en Chiapas, campaña electoral para senador en Veracruz, felicitación por onomástico entre particulares, notificación de mitin celebrado en Coahuila a favor de Lázaro Cárdenas, conflicto obrero en Tamaulipas, instalación de primer Congreso de Ligas de Comunidades Agrarias de Aguascalientes y asesinatos de agraristas y obreros de Michoacán, solicitud de restitución de empleo, precios de costales de yute, informe sobre publicación de un nuevo libro, publicación de noticias a favor del Gral. PEC, solicitudes de audiencia, notificación sobre requisitos para formar parte de la Unión de Cooperativas Agrícolas, solicitud de remoción de delegado de la C.N.C. (Confederación Nacional Campesina); reportes del estado de salud del Gral. PEC, notificación de sanción a quienes pretendieron hablar mal del Gral. PEC, notificación sobre la necesidad de construir escuelas y hospitales en Tampico, solicitud de ayuda para que no se detengan carros de exportación por Standard Fruit Co., solicitud de papelería, gestiones Fábrica Chapultepec, agradecimiento por ratificación de Senado en Tlaxcala, solicitud de remoción de delegado del Departamento Central del Distrito Federal, notificación de envío de pliego dirigido por Colonia Agrícola San Rodrigo, pugna entre médicos homeópatas y alópatas, conflicto por venta de terrenos en Toluca, protesta por concesión de tala inmoderada en Aguascalientes, adhesiones al Gral. PEC, protestas por imputaciones hechas al Gobernador de Michoacán Benigno Serrato, solicitud de pago de Secretaría de Hacienda a Secretaría de Comunicaciones, informe de construcción de escuelas y clínicas en Tlaxcala, solicitud para apadrinar a un joven.
[SPA] La integración de múltiples fuentes de datos espaciales es esencial para el desarrollo de los servicios públicos en todos los dominios temáticos. Estos servicios son suministrados y a la vez consumidos por todos los niveles de la administración. Actualmente, la demanda de estos servicios está creciendo enormemente entre los gestores del agua para buscar soluciones más eficaces a la gestión de este recurso tan escaso. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se necesita integrar una gran cantidad de datos de carácter geográfico de diferentes procedencias y resoluciones espacio-temporales. En la actualidad la información espacial juega un papel clave en la toma de decisiones en todos los niveles de la administración, como queda plasmado en la Ley 14/2010, de 5 de julio sobre las infraestructuras y los servicios de información geográfica en España, la directiva INSPIRE de la Unión Europea (UE) o en la Orden ejecutiva del presidente de EEUU de 2002, pionera en este ámbito. Sin embargo, a menudo es muy difícil para las administraciones, poder integrar conjuntamente la información geográfica disponible para un mismo territorio y temática. Esto es debido a la gran diversidad de modelos de datos, las diferentes especificaciones y los diversos tipos de conectores que utilizan las organizaciones que tienen competencias en un mismo territorio. Para superar estas limitaciones, los organismos deben adoptar unas normas comunes para la interoperabilidad de los datos espaciales, unas especificaciones estándares y un acuerdo de intercambio de datos basado en sus necesidades, pero que permita compartir estos datos con otras organizaciones. Por esta necesidad están surgiendo las Infraestructuras de Datos Espaciales (IDE o su acrónimo en inglés SDI, Spatial Data Infraestructure) en los diferentes dominios temáticos. Para su armonización la UE ha desarrollado la directiva INSPIRE, que proporciona un marco con una serie de recomendaciones tecnológicas que permiten superar los problemas de la integración de datos desde múltiples fuentes. Las IDE/SDI incluyen datos espaciales, los requisitos de los usuarios, el sistema de acceso mediante internet, las políticas y las normas que tienen como objetivo facilitar la integración de múltiples fuentes de datos espaciales. Para lograr la integración efectiva de datos espaciales, estos deben ser inventariados y caracterizados para poder desarrollar servicios de consultas interoperables y eficientes. La presente estrategia de investigación se ha diseñado para alcanzar los siguientes objetivos específicos: (i) identificar las barreras, tanto técnicas como de otra índole, que obstaculizan una efectiva integración de múltiples fuentes de datos dentro de una IDE temática regional sobre agricultura y agua en la Región de Murcia (IDEarM); (ii) inventariar y caracterizar los datos disponibles en ambas temáticas (agricultura y agua); (iii) diseñar un modelo de datos sobre estas temáticas; (iv) analizar los componentes clave de las herramientas de interoperabilidad que ayuden al cumplimiento de la directiva Europea INSPIRE; y finalmente (v) desarrollar su implementación como herramienta ayuda a la toma de decisión para el inventario de los cultivos cítricos en el Campo de Cartagena y el seguimiento de la calidad del agua y la batimetría en el Mar Menor, la gestión de los recursos de información geográfica y la puesta en marcha de servicios asociados con la integración de datos en sus diferentes aspectos técnicos, institucionales, políticos, jurídicos y sociales. [ENG] The integration of several sources of spatial datasets is relevant to develop of public services in all thematic domains. These services are provided and also used by all levels of the administration. Actually, the demand of these services is increasing among the managers of water to find more efficient solutions in the planning of water resources uses. To reach this aim, the integration of several huge geographical datasets from different sources and spatio-temporal resolutions is needed. At the present, the spatial information presents a relevant role in the decision-taking process in all levels of the administration, considering the 14/2010 Law, of 5th of July, about the infrastructures and geographical information services of Spain, the European INSPIRE Directive, or the executive law of USA President of 2002 that was one of the pioneer in this topic. However, the administrations usually have difficulties to integrate all the available geographical information for a same thematic and territory. The huge diversity of data models, the several specifications, and the different types of connectors used in the organizations with competences in the same territory, constitute barriers in the integration. To avoid these limitations, the organisms should be defined common norms, standard specifications and agreements for sharing and facilitating the interoperability of the spatial datasets among the several involved institutions. In base of these requirements, the Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) in different thematic domains, are increasing. The INSPIRE European Directive is providing a framework with several technological recommendations to avoid the problems of datasets integration from several sources. The SDIs include spatial datasets, user requirements, and access system by internet, norms and politics with the aim to facilitate the integration of several sources of spatial datasets. To reach the effective integration of spatial datasets, these should be characterized to allow the development of interoperable and efficient query services. The research strategy was designed to reach the following specific objectives: (i) to identify the barriers, both technological and others, that are avoiding an effective integration of several dataset within a regional thematic SDI about agriculture and water in the Murcia Region (IDEarM); (ii) to characterize the available datasets for both thematic (agriculture and water); to design a model dataset about these topics; (iv) to analyze the relevant components of interoperability tools for facilitating the implementation of INSPIRE European Directive; and finally (v) to develop the implementation of IDEarM as a tool to support the decision-taking process to characterize the citrus crops in the Campo of Cartagena area and the monitoring of water quality and bathymetry in the Mar Menor, the management of geographical information resources and the implementation of associated services with the integration of datasets considering the technological, institutional, political, legal and societal aspects. ; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa de Doctorado en Técnicas Avanzadas en Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario por la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena
Dentro de las políticas de desarrollo que se gestan actualmente en todo el mundo existe una esfera creciente que apoya y promueve el establecimiento de garantías de trazabilidad en los alimentos, su calidad e inocuidad y el respeto por el medio ambiente. La presencia de compuestos tóxicos en los alimentos es una preocupación que crece en todo el mundo. La inocuidad alimentaria ha venido cobrando mayor importancia en años recientes, debido principalmente a la apertura de mercados que obligan al cumplimiento de normas de protección al consumidor local en la importación y de los socios comerciales para la exportación. Sin embargo, la perspectiva de crecimiento del mercado nacional se ve seriamente limitada si no se cuenta con una inspección efectiva de estos productos, pues el control empleando análisis de laboratorio hace parte de los crecientes enfoques estratégicos de las políticas gubernamentales que actúan como una barrera con consecuencias trascendentales como la detención y el rechazo de los cargamentos. Por esta razón, las metodologías desarrolladas en este estudio se consolidan como una herramienta valiosa para apoyar las políticas de comercio y el control bajo la exigente normativa actual. Para desarrollar las metodologías se escogieron las frutas tropicales de exportación y los cereales de consumo interno pues suponen grandes oportunidades comerciales para el país como productos claves en la política nacional. Las técnicas desarrolladas fueron orientadas hacia la determinación de plaguicidas al límite regulatorio ya que evaluar estos niveles es un requisito para la comercialización de dichos productos. Se aprovechó al máximo la capacidad y versatilidad de las técnicas instrumentales de inyección, separación y detección para alcanzar una sensibilidad acorde con el propósito del marco normativo. Adicionalmente se evaluó una limpieza mejorada con adsorbentes y se implementó una herramienta novedosa para lograr mantener el desempeño instrumental empleando una configuración de inversión de flujo. Como valor agregado se empleó la adición de compuestos que aumentan la señal de los analitos más sensibles al llamado efecto matriz, con lo cual se logró mejorar apreciablemente la calidad de las señales obtenidas en los extractos. A través de la validación de las metodologías se logró reunir suficiente evidencia para demostrar que con una preparación, procesamiento y almacenamiento adecuado de los ítems de ensayo los procedimientos de análisis tienen un buen desempeño en términos de eficiencia, especificidad/selectividad, respuesta lineal, robustez y determinación de la concentración con exactitud y precisión. Asimismo se verificó la metodología empleando muestras reales con lo cual se puede decir que si un analista entrenado ejecuta el procedimiento operacional estándar que se deriva de este trabajo, es posible demostrar la competencia en el análisis de residuos de los plaguicidas dentro del alcance de la metodología en cualquiera de las matrices involucradas en el estudio. ; Abstract. Among the political agenda on international development, some initiatives taking place at the heart of the states include a growing consumer protection policy that is engaged with the current issues agriculture and food security faces. Nowadays, this perspective is on the rise and affects the stock market by demanding rules and cooperation between trading countries. This frame is of critical importance, since supports and promotes the establishment of guarantees on traceability in food quality and safety and for the respect of the environment. The presence of toxic compounds in food is a growing concern worldwide. Food safety has been gaining significance in recent years, mainly due to the opening of new markets that require checking compliance for local consumer protection in the import of foodstuff as well as for trading partners in its exportation. However, the prospect of domestic market growth is severely limited if there is no effective inspection of these products. The control of pesticide levels by using laboratory tests is part of a growing strategy to comply the government regulations where the detection of infringements leads to ban the producer from marketing the products with consequences such as detention and refusal of shipments. Therefore, the methodologies developed in this study were found as a valuable tool to support studies related to the assessment of pesticides levels and so could help control bodies applying the current trade regulations. Before agricultures can start trading, they must first ensure its produce is free of contaminants to the extent regulations call for. To develop methodologies useful to demonstrate no harm to consumers according the law, some tropical fruits for exportation and grains for domestic consumption were chosen as target matrices since they represent great opportunities for the country as key products in national politics. The techniques developed were oriented towards determining the regulatory limit of pesticides since evaluating these levels is a requirement here and there. Regarding the power and versatility of instrumental techniques such as large volume injection, chromatographic separation and detection, full advantage was taken to achieve the level of sensitivity consistent with the purpose of the regulatory framework. An improved cleaning was evaluated making use of different adsorbents and a novel tool was implemented in order to procure good instrumental performance using a reverse flow configuration. The addition of compounds that increase the signal of the most sensitive analytes on the principles of the so-called matrix effect brought a remarkable benefit on performance, since the quality of the signals obtained in extracts was substantially improved. Through the validation of the methods, enough evidence was gathered to show that with proper preparation, processing and storage of the test items, procedures of analysis perform well in terms of efficiency, specificity/selectivity, linear response, robustness and the concentration can be accurately and precisely determined. The methodologies also were verified using real samples, which let thus certainly show that if a trained analyst runs the standard operating procedure derived from this work, it is possible to demonstrate competence in the analysis of pesticide residues within the scope of the methodology in any of the matrices involved in the study. ; Maestría
La Aloreña de Málaga es una variedad de aceituna de mesa autóctona del Valle del Guadalhorce y la Sierra de las Nieves, con una demarcación muy concreta (19 municipios) siendo muy apreciada dentro y fuera de la provincia de Málaga. Fue la primera aceituna de mesa en España en obtener el sello de calidad de DOP (BOJA nº215, 2009). El volumen de producción de este tipo de especialidad de aceitunas de mesa es de aproximadamente 3.500- 4.000 ton/año según datos estimados por el Ministerio de Agricultura (http://www.aica.gob.es/) y contrastados con las declaraciones de los industriales, realizadas por el Consejo Regulador. Por lo tanto, la producción no es muy elevada comparada con otros tipos de elaboraciones como son las aceitunas verdes estilo español o sevillano. Sin embargo, su elaboración aún hoy en día se sigue realizando de manera muy artesanal (un aspecto este altamente valorado por los consumidores), y es llevado a cabo en industrias de pequeño tamaño (650). De este modo, se han estudiado los niveles poblacionales de aerobios mesófilos, levaduras, bacterias lácticas, enterobacterias, esporulados, presencia de Listeria, Salmonella, Clostridium y Staphylococcus coagulasa positivos. En base a los resultados obtenidos, se generó un modelo matemático que estimó el grado de cumplimiento higiénico-sanitario del proceso de elaboración de este tipo de aceituna de mesa mediante un sistema de ponderación (basado en la legislación presente y opiniones de expertos) y modelo probabilístico de gestión del riesgo. La contribución relativa de cada fase a la calidad y seguridad del producto final fue evaluada y ponderada por un panel de expertos (n=25) del ámbito científico y del sector de la Aloreña de Málaga. No se ha detectado en ninguna empresa la presencia de especies patógenas que puedan suponer un riesgo para los consumidores. La etapa de aliño ha resultado ser la más crítica dentro del proceso, ya que las hierbas aromáticas y diversos ingredientes que se utilizan en el mismo presentan una elevada carga microbiana que se añade directamente a los envasados sin ningún tipo de tratamiento previo. También es recomendable reducir el número de microorganismos en el ambiente y un mayor control de las aguas destinadas al consumo humano. Se observó asimismo que el grado de cumplimiento higiénico-sanitario determinado por el sistema de evaluación desarrollado aumenta conforme se acercan las etapas finales del proceso, las cuales resultan ser las más seguras. Con toda la información obtenida, se ha desarrollado un protocolo y procedimiento científico que puede ser utilizado por las empresas del sector para estandarizar sus procesos, valorar cuantitativamente el grado de cumplimiento higiénicosanitario de las diferentes etapas de producción y predecir los efectos de la introducción de medidas correctoras sobre la calidad y seguridad de los productos finales. ; The Aloreña de Málaga table olive is an autochthonous variety from Guadalhorce Valley and Sierra de las Nieves region, with a confined demarcation (19 municipalities) being well appreciated inside and outside Malaga province. It has been the first table olive with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) in Spain (BOJA No. 215, 2009). The production volume of this table olive speciality is below 3,500-4,000 ton according to estimated records of the Ministry of Agriculture ((http://www.aica.gob.es/) and further verified with the interviews performed by the Regulatory Council to industrials. Thus, production is limited in comparison to other elaborations such as the Spanish table olive style. However, its elaboration is still very artisanal (which is highly appreciated by consumers), being carried out by SMEs with less than 20 operators. These industries have a great interest in optimizing and improving the transformation processes in order to obtain a valorised product with high quality and safety standards, which is currently requested by the large distribution chain. This Doctoral Thesis is focused on providing additional knowledge about the transformation processes of Aloreña de Málaga table olives as well as to evaluate the effect of new changes on quality and safety of final products. In this sense, the Doctoral Thesis is divided into two sections. In the first section, novel methodologies such as metagenomics and statistical modelling are applied with the aim to gain knowledge about how different modifications (reduction of sodium chloride, inclusion of resting periods to table olives, and application of heat treatments) can affect to the elaboration process. In the second section, the hazard analysis and critical control points from various industries were evaluated in different campaigns in order to determine the fulfilment of hygienic-sanitary conditions through the performance of physicochemical and microbiological analyses along the production chain. Information generated will allow the further development of a scientific procedure based on advanced mathematical models and different weighing values to improve food quality and safety management in industries. To study the effect of sodium chloride reduction and the addition of a resting period of fruits during fermentation and posterior table olive preservation, 1,500 kg of olive fruits were collected and placed in containers with different preservation brines and varying concentrations of acetic acid, citric acid and salt, either directly or with a resting period of table olives at room temperature (72 h, 25ºC). Afterwards, the main physicochemical and microbiological parameters were monitored during 1 year. The presence of a high amount of acetic acid together with the absence of sodium chloride did not negatively affect the evolution of the main physicochemical parameters, though differences existed according to the assayed treatments. The elaboration process was marked by a rapid inhibition of Enterobacteriaceae population, as well as by a growth of lactic acid bacteria (just at the end of the process) and specially, by the yeasts growth, which were continuously present reaching concentration levels up to 6 log10 CFU/mL. One of the first applications in food microbiology of a functional data analysis model programmed in R was presented. The model allowed a smart comparison of the different assayed treatments, providing additional information on the rate and acceleration of changes in the elaboration process through the calculation of means, maximal and minimal values. Model fitting showed that yeasts population was very similar among the evaluated treatments, though significant differences existed for some fermentation treatment times. Nevertheless, larger differences were found for pH evolution, specially during the first 3- month process, being then stabilized after all treatments until a pH of 4.0 units approximately. Next Generation Sequencing techniques were subsequently applied to study fermentation and preservation processes of Aloreña de Málaga table olives. To do this, four fermentation containers were monitored (approximately 500 kg of table olives) at the food industry during a 4-month period by performing physicochemical and microbiological (Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts) analyses. From a microbiological point of view, fermentation took place normally, being yeasts the only population group showing growth while lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were not present during fermentation. During the 4-month fermentation period metagenomic analysis of brines and fruit samples were carried out with the aim of studying the ecology of bacterial (16S) and fungal populations (ITS). This methodology allowed detecting with relative frequency bacteria genera not being previously described in this product such as Celerinatantimonas, Pseudomonas and Propionibacterium among the bacterial groups, and Penicillium, Pichia and Zygotorulaspora among yeasts and moulds. There was not any pathogenic microorganism in the fermented table olives studied by what microbial food safety was ensured. Therefore, the application of this culture independent technique has extended the microbial spectrum of bacterial species not being previously detected by conventional culture dependent techniques. The potential role of these microbial groups on the final product quality is still to be determined. One-hundred kg. of cracked olives (destined to the elaboration of traditional table olives) and whole olives (destined to the elaboration of cured table olives) were collected to study the effect of a previous heat treatments on the fermentation process of olive fruits together with their organoleptical characteristics. These fruits were submitted to a heat treatment which consisted on a water immersion at 60ºC for 5 min before placing them in brine. Afterwards, fermentations were monitored during a study period longer than 5 months. Performance of this heat treatment in table olives previously to their transferring to brines enhanced lactic acid fermentation, with a higher sugars consumption, free acidity production and pH drop, which guaranteed the stability of olive fruits. In the heat-treated fermented table olives, population levels of lactic acid bacteria reached 5 log10 CFU/mL, while in those brines without a heat treatment, this microbial group was not detected. Improvement of fruit coloration (luminosity, green colour etc.) was observed in those fruits undergoing a heat treatment during fermentation and packaging steps. The great advantage of the applied heat treatment was subsequently confirmed by the improvement in the stability and acceptability of table olives once packaged. Indeed, 41 days after packaging, the products having the highest proportion of olive tasters who would consume them and would purchase the packaging, corresponded to the traditional heat-treated table olives. The acceptability percentages sparsely varied between 4 and 41 after packaging, which did not occur with the rest of assayed treatments. Finally, the metagenomic analysis performed at the end of the fermentation period to all elaboration types, and between treated and non-treated olive fruits revealed that the bacteria genera Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Celerinatantimonas were present in all elaborations in both fruits and brines, and that prevalence of Lactobacillus was significantly higher in heat-treated olive fruits, which confirmed the improvement of lactic acid fermentation by the heat treatment applied. Finally, in the present Doctoral Thesis three representative companies of the Aloreña de Málaga table olive sector were visited during three consecutive campaigns (13/14, 14/15, y 15/16). Physicochemical and microbiological analyses (>650) were performed corresponding to environmental control samples, equipment surfaces, food handlers, olive fruits, olive dressings, brines, and potable water. In this way, population levels of mesophilic bacteria, yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, sporulated bacteria, together with presence of Listeria, Salmonella, Clostridium and coagulase positive Staphylococci, were analysed. Based on the obtained results, a mathematical model was developed to estimate a Performance Hygiene and Safety Score (PHSS) of the elaboration process of this table olive type by means of a weighing system (based on current legislation applied and experts opinions) together with a probabilistic decision-making model. The relative contributions of each processing step to final product quality and safety were evaluated and weighted by a scientific expert panel (n=25) together with industrials from the Aloreña de Málaga table olive sector. There was not any food company having presence foodborne pathogens during the whole study period. Addition of olive dressings has resulted to be most critical processing step, since aromatic herbs and diverse ingredients used presented a high microbial load which is directly added to the packaged products without a posterior heat treatment. It is also recommended to reduce the environmental contamination as well as a more intensive control of the potable water destined to human consumption. Likewise, it was observed that the PHSS values determined by the developed mathematical model increased according to the final processing steps, being the safest ones. With the information obtained, a protocol and scientific procedure was performed, which can be used by industrials in order to standardize their elaboration processes, to quantitatively assess the degree of fulfilment of hygienic-sanitary conditions of the different production steps and to predict the effect of corrective measures on final products quality and safety.
Recordando las obligaciones y deberes internacionales/nacionales que le asisten a los Estados (fruto de haber ratificado diversos instrumentos internacionales, como de sus propias disposiciones normativas internas), entre otras, aquellas que emanan de los artículos 1 y 2 de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, y que en su orden se refieren a la obligación de respetar los derechos y al deber de adoptar disposiciones de derecho interno, resulta interesante revisar los estándares que la Corte Suprema de Justicia colombiana, Sala de Casación Civil, adoptó en la sentencia de agosto 8 de 2011, expediente No. 2001 00778 01, para nutrir los regímenes de responsabilidad civil contractual y extracontractual en los casos de mala práctica médica, con el propósito de evidenciar en las conclusiones de este análisis jurisprudencial, si los mismos contribuyen a la materialización de los compromisos del Estado colombiano (particularmente con la protección de los derechos a la vida y a la salud), como signatario de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos.Recalling the international and national duties that assist to the States (fruit of ratifying various international instruments and their own internal legislation), among others, those deriving from articles 1 and 2 of the "American Convention on Human Rights" referred to the "obligation to respect rights" and the "duty to adopt such legislative or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to those righ or freedoms"; it is interesting to review the standards that the Colombian Supreme Court of Justice, Civil Cassation Chamber, adopted in the judgment of August 8, 2011, file No. 2001 00778 01, to feed tort liability regimes in cases of medical malpractice, for the purpose of evidence in the conclusions of this jurisprudential analysis, if they contribute to the realization of the commitments of the Colombian State (particularly protection of the rights to life and health), as a Member of the "American Convention on Human Rights".
Recalling the international and national duties that assist to the States (fruit of ratifying various international instruments and their own internal legislation), among others, those deriving from articles 1 and 2 of the "American Convention on Human Rights" referred to the "obligation to respect rights" and the "duty to adopt such legislative or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to those righ or freedoms"; it is interesting to review the standards that the Colombian Supreme Court of Justice, Civil Cassation Chamber, adopted in the judgment of August 8, 2011, file No. 2001 00778 01, to feed tort liability regimes in cases of medical malpractice, for the purpose of evidence in the conclusions of this jurisprudential analysis, if they contribute to the realization of the commitments of the Colombian State (particularly protection of the rights to life and health), as a Member of the "American Convention on Human Rights". ; Recordando las obligaciones y deberes internacionales/nacionales que le asisten a los Estados (fruto de haber ratificado diversos instrumentos internacionales, como de sus propias disposiciones normativas internas), entre otras, aquellas que emanan de los artículos 1 y 2 de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, y que en su orden se refieren a la obligación de respetar los derechos y al deber de adoptar disposiciones de derecho interno, resulta interesante revisar los estándares que la Corte Suprema de Justicia colombiana, Sala de Casación Civil, adoptó en la sentencia de agosto 8 de 2011, expediente No. 2001 00778 01, para nutrir los regímenes de responsabilidad civil contractual y extracontractual en los casos de mala práctica médica, con el propósito de evidenciar en las conclusiones de este análisis jurisprudencial, si los mismos contribuyen a la materialización de los compromisos del Estado colombiano (particularmente con la protección de los derechos a la vida y a la salud), como signatario de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos.
The aim of this project is to show that with the renewal of cleaner technology in the production of bananas, conditions for maintaining the health and quality of life in the soil increases. The methodology used is a qualitative approach using exploratory method with secundary information of governmental and non-governmental institutions, and it demonstrated how important is the constant training for producers betting as always innovation in this particularly area, specially in organic thus being more competitive with other markets. Beyond all food benefits that has this fruit, there are drawbacks in production as the misuse of agrochemicals (pesticides) in production and low soil renewal, leading to resistant pests affecting the crop, putting in competitive disadvantage. Using traditional farming methods with better management of fertilizers or manure, ensuring that the plants are resistant, and thus the marketing of banana production certified as organic, will protect plantations against pests and diseases such as Black Sigatoka, following the certification standards and consumer protection foodstuffs and reducing environmental pollution. ; El objetivo del presente trabajo es demostrar que con la renovación de la tecnología más limpias en la producción de banano, se incrementan condiciones para el mantenimiento de la salud y calidad de vida del suelo. La metodología utilizada es un enfoque cualitativo usando un método exploratorio con información secundaria de instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, así se demuestra que es importante la capacitación constante de los productores apostando como siempre a la innovación en esta área en especial en lo orgánico siendo así más competitivo con los otros mercados. Más allá de todos los beneficios alimenticios que posee esta fruta, están los inconvenientes que existen en su producción como la mala utilización de agro-químicos (plaguicidas) en la producción y la poca renovación del suelo, derivando en plagas resistentes que afectan el cultivo, poniéndolo en ...
O presente artigo tem como foco central a reconfiguração da matriz de desenvolvimento vigente na Argentina, como resultado do aprofundamento da crise e dos conflitos sociais a partir de 2001-02. Identifica a presença de inflexões e continuidades neste momento de recomposição hegemônica, ao qual alguns autores denominam de ?fase pós-neoliberal neodesenvolvimentista?, fruto das correlações de forças resultantes no movimento geral da sociedade. Para tanto, aborda, em primeiro lugar, a reação neoliberal no marco da crise capitalista e a configuração da lógica de acumulação sob um padrão flexível. Em segundo lugar, analisa o contexto de crise do início do século XXI, destacando as inflexões e continuidades com o neoliberalismo e caracterizando o comportamento dos principais indicadores socioeconômicos. Em terceiro lugar, discute as reações ao neoliberalismo e a recomposição neodesenvolvimentista observadas na Argentina assim como em algumas experiências nacionais na região latino-americana, identificando continuidades e rupturas. Por último, tomando como referência este contexto, analisa a orientação das políticas sociais após a crise de 2001, pondo em discussão a ação estatal e suas políticas com os projetos de sociedade que se encontram em disputa na Argentina na atualidade. ; This present article has as its main focus the reconfiguration of the development matrix acting in Argentina, as a result of the deepening crisis and the social conflicts from 2001-02. Identifies the presence of inflexions and continuities in this moment of hegemonic recomposition, which some authors call of "post neo-liberal neo-developmentalist phase", fruit of the correlations of forces resulting in the general movement of the society. Therefore, addresses, in first place, the neo-liberal reaction in the mark of the capitalist crisis and the logic configuration of the accumulation in a flexible standard. In second place it analyzes the context of crisis from the beginning of the 21st century, highlighting the inflexions and continuities with the neo-liberalism and characterizing the behavior of the main socioeconomic indicators. In third place , discusses the reactions to neo-liberalism and the neo-developmentalist recomposition observed in Argentina as well in some national experiences in the latin american region, identifying continuities and ruptures. For last , taking as reference this context, it analyzes the orientation of the social policies after the 2001 crisis, putting in discussion the state action and its politics with the projects of society that are in dispute in Argentina nowadays. ; Fil: Fernandez Soto, Silvia. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina;
El concepto de ingenium o ingenio en la obra de Baruj de Spinoza es un cruce de caminos fundamental para su epistemología, ética y política pues, al referirse a la determinación de las leyes de la imaginación en un ser humano existente (conformada por la manera en que ha vivido física y mentalmente), permite comprender y evaluar tanto a individuos como a sociedades (idiosincrasias e imaginarios colectivos). Es el fruto biográfico que se fundamenta en la constitución física como esencia actual de un individuo (fundamento metafísico), por lo que podemos conocerlo por medio de un proceso inductivo que articula las reglas de la imaginación deducidas geométricamente con la experiencia, los pensamientos y las obras de la persona. El concepto comprende tanto la facultad de juicio y criterio personal, como su temperamento y talante, de modo que explica los problemas éticos y políticos como conflictos sociales derivados de las oposiciones entre ingenios distintos: en cuanto el ingenio no es dirigido por la razón, cada cual quiere imponer su particular ingenio sobre el vecino; en cambio, el ingenio dirigido por la razón es piadoso porque es guiado por las solas leyes de la naturaleza humana. Así, la solución ética y política a los conflictos sociales radica en el paso del ingenio ignorante al ingenio del sabio: para la ética, en la adaptación del ingenio al modelo del hombre libre; para la política, en la tolerancia de las opiniones de los ingenios y, a la vez, en la educación y conducción de los actos según el derecho común. Para el filósofo holandés, las religiones imaginativas adaptan estas soluciones al ingenio de la multitud, pero la teología coacciona a la razón porque confunde normas morales con misterios. ; The concept of ingenium in the work of Baruch de Spinoza is a key crossroads for epistemology, ethics and politics because, as it refers to the determination of the imagination laws in an existing human being (modelled as the way he has lived physically and mentally), to understand and evaluate both individuals and societies (and imaginary collective and idiosyncrasies). It is the biographical fruit based on the current physical constitution as the actual essence of an individual (metaphysical principle), so we can know it through an inductive process that articulates the imagination rules deducted geometrically with the experience, thoughts and works of the person. The concept includes both the judgement and personal criteria, as his temperament and character, so that explains the ethical and political problems as social conflicts arising from the oppositions between different ingenia: If the ingenium is not guided by reason, each one wants to impose his particular ingenium on the neighbor, but it is moral if guided by reason because it only follows the human nature laws. Thus, the ethical and political solution to social conflicts lies in the passage of the ignorant ingenium to the wise ingenium: for the ethics, in adapting the model of free man to the ingenium, for politics, in tolerance of the ingenium opinions and at the same time, in education and conducting acts under common law. For the Dutch philosopher, imaginative religions adapt these solutions to the ingenium of the multitude, but theology limits reason because confuses moral standards with mysteries.