Suchergebnisse

In this article, I contend that asylum should at times act as a form of reparation for past injustice. This function, I argue, stems from states' special obligation to provide asylum to refugees for whose lack of state protection they are responsible. After suggesting that the development of a theory of asylum as reparation necessitates a diachronic approach, I outline the conditions under which asylum should function reparatively, and draw on the reparations framework within international law to suggest that asylum can provide refugees with meaningful restitution, compensation and satisfaction. In particular, I seek to identify the conditions under which asylum constitutes the most fitting form of reparation for the harm of refugeehood that is available to states. Finally, I explore the question of how direct the causal link between a state's actions and a refugee's flight must be for the former to owe asylum to the latter. Adapted from the source document.

Distillers dried grains and solubles (DDGS) were investigated with attenuated total reflection FT-IR spectroscopy both directly in their solid state and as the isolated oils (fat fractions). The collected spectra were evaluated in a first step with principal component analysis (PCA) according to the botanical origin (corn, rice, wheat) and the geographical origin (Canada, China, European Union, India, United States) of the DDGS. In a second step, statistical models were constructed for the characterization of the botanical and geographical origin using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). For this purpose, the botanical origin was investigated more deeply for corn and wheat as the most important raw materials used for DDGS production. Also, the geographical origin was investigated exemplary for corn DDGS, derived from China and the United States. Models were validated by a randomized batchwise procedure and showed satisfactory classification rates, in most cases better than 80% correct classification

West Africa piracy is the most profitable in the world. Well-organized gangs steal refined oil in contrast to Somali pirates who hold crews and ships for ransom. Like piracy elsewhere, the origins and potential solutions to West African piracy are found ashore—largely in Nigeria. This article argues that oil states in the developing world are shielded from the domestic and international pressures that can bring down their non-oil neighbors. The current international system which makes international recognition, not internal legitimacy or functionality, the key to state authority works to their benefit. It encourages those parts which are valuable to industrialized powers—and to the domestic elites who facilitate and benefit from international legitimization—to function well enough for resource extraction to continue. The security of the state generally matters less than the security of key enclaves— including ships and offshore platforms—which support elite interests.

In this research the diplomatic, consular and political relations between Iran and U.S. will be studied. In order to reach our goal and present a clear picture of these two countries relation, we will analyze this relation from its establishment to the current situation.The relation between Iran and the United States began in the mid-to-late 19th century; at the beginning U.S. was considered as a powerful and reliable supporter for Iran, this relation became better after the war and during the government of Mohammad Mosadegh. But, everything changed in this relation between Iran and the United States after Iran revolution. The only worthy negotiation between these two nations during this time resulted in the ill-fated Iran-Contra Hostage crises.In other words, Iran and the United States have a complicated political relation and it is not easy for these two nations to negotiate with each other on a same topic in order to compromise and agree with each other.

This paper examines the role that information plays in conflict behavior by focusing on the external component of governmental transparency. Building from the crisis bargaining and the diversionary strategic conflict avoidance literature, I argue that governments that are more externally transparent are less likely to initiate conflict and are less likely to have the opportunity to use force for diversionary purposes. Using original data on the access that foreign media has to states, a large- N statistical analysis is implemented. The empirical analysis suggests that states that are more externally transparent are less likely to initiate conflict and that these same states are less likely to respond to domestic challenges with diversionary uses of force. This research demonstrates the important role of governmental transparency and provides support for some of the conclusions of crisis bargaining models and the strategic conflict avoidance argument in the diversionary literature.

Nation-Building is a continuous process that have tasked the ability of leaders to handle problems that are crucial to the survival of states. Failure to handle such problems could ultimately lead to disintegration of such states. Conflicts, as part of such problems, are unavoidable in human societies, but there is need to overcome them, or at least, reduce them to the barest minimum regardless of their historical background and political trajectory. The aim of this paper is to arouse the consciousness of leaders in Nigeria and beyond, of the need to address conflict issue adequately and swiftly too, before it plunges states into disintegration. This paper therefore, examines the concept of conflicts as it relate to the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Among other things, it discusses the Niger Delta situation and the development of armed struggle and stress that some steps should be taken to solve the problem.

С изменением сущности государства меняются его функции и политические формы. Переход от распределительной экономики к рыночным отношениям изменил характер функционирования Российского государства. Отказ от монопольного регулирования обусловил не только необходимость установления правовых основ рынка, но и развитие отношений государства с субъектами предпринимательской деятельности, осуществление контроля. Сформированная в середине прошлого века система запретов на совершение должностных преступлений не отвечает современным угрозам и требует модернизации. ; With the changing nature of the state changed its function and political forms. The transition from a distribution economy to a market economy has changed the functioning of the Russian state. Rejection of monopoly regulation has led not only to the need to establish the legal basis of the market, but also the development of relations between the state and business entities, and control. Formed in the mid-nineteenth century system of prohibitions on malfeasance does not meet current threats and requires modernization.

Why are some governments able to push through radical welfare state reforms while others, operating in similar circumstances, are not? Why are some ideas more acceptable than others? We present an open functional approach to reform to answer these questions and illustrate it empirically by discussing the drastic reform of the Dutch disability scheme in the early 1990s. Ideas translate a functional pressure that existentially threatens a social insurance system into a drastic welfare state reform, such as a severe tightening of eligibility criteria. Functional requirements constrain the range of ideas that political actors can consider for welfare state reform, although they do not determine which ideas are adopted. But once adopted, ideas influence the reforms pursued. A government's choice of ideas and the political strategies to implement them determine the success or failure of the reform. Blame avoidance strategies mediate vitally between the functional pressure, the idea and the reform.

In spring 2006, the United States witnessed immigrant marches throughout the nation. Although Latina/os are often depicted as the "face" of the immigrant marches, we know little about how racial and citizenship statuses shaped Latina/os' perceptions of how the marches influenced public perceptions of undocumented immigrants. Using logistic regression on data from the 2006 National Survey of Latinos, we find that Latina/os identifying as white are less likely to be supportive of the immigrant marches than those who defied standard racial classifications, and instead identified as "Latina/o." Moreover, Latina/os who are born in the United States are not as supportive of the immigrant marches in comparison with naturalized citizens and non‐citizen Latina/os, accounting for demographic and human capital factors. This study suggests there is a "racial‐ and citizenship divide" among Latina/os that fragments perceptions on the immigrant mobilizations in the United States.

This article reviews the use of the term 'best interests' as it is commonly used in Australian child protection systems and its application in Indigenous contexts. In 2010–11 there were some 12,358 Indigenous children in out-of-home care in Australia, representing 32.85% of the total number of Australian children in care. In this review, I carefully consider, in the context of a rights discourse, the many influences, historical and present day, Indigenous and non-Indigenous, that have contributed to this situation. While the 'family' has traditionally been considered a private sphere in which the state rarely intervenes, I seek to investigate why the nation state has increased surveillance of and intervention into Indigenous families. The article concludes with a reflection on how the nation state, and its agents via child protection authorities, can take stock of the present situation to consider more meaningful ways of supporting Indigenous mothers, families and communities to raise their children in safety

Статья посвящена актуальным вопросам сельскохозяйственного страхования с государственной поддержкой. На основе сравнительного историко-экономического анализа дается описание и объяснение особенностей реформирования сельскохозяйственного страхования с государственной поддержкой. Анализируются состояние и проблемы сельскохозяйственного страхования, а также действия Правительства Российской Федерации, направленные на их преодоление. В статье выражено мнение автора по принятому закону от 5 июля 2011 года № 260-ФЗ «О государственной поддержке в сфере сельскохозяйственного страхования». ; The article is devoted to topical issues of agricultural insurance with state support. Based on comparative historical and economic analysis to describe and explain features of the reform of agricultural insurance with state support. Analyzes the status and problems of agricultural insurance, as well as the actions of the Government of the Russian Federation aimed at their pre-overcoming. The article expressed the opinion of the author of the adopted law № 260 «On state support in the field of agricultural insurance».