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This article explores a significant scientific problem and an actual issue of real politics, understanding the process and the specifics of the state identity politics. State identity politics is connected with symbolic politics and, in particular, the politics of historical memory. While much has been written on this topic, the lack of a reasonable unambiguous interpretation of such concepts as "state identity", "national and state identity", "civic identity" suggests that more can be said. This article provides information on the development of the theory of identity politics, describes the developmental directions of the concept of state identity politics, identifies the problems of constructing the basic matrix of state identity, identifies the problem areas for the formation of the political elite model of state identity, and discusses the hidden conflicting characteristics of state identity politics. The author focuses on developments on these issues of Russian political scientists. A separate point of discussion is the formation of state identity politics in the so-called "new" states, which have to use technologies including "post-truths" to prove the uniqueness and authenticity of the history of their states. The author believes that at present the financial, organizational and technical resources that a state uses to implement the identity politics are becoming the object of competition between various political forces and public opinion leaders from among civil activists. Attempts to create a unified model of state identity, which different layers of citizens would accept, is actually doomed to failure. This study was funded by RFBR and EISR; the research project № 19-011-31616 "State policy in the field of identity formation: conceptual foundations, technologies and prospects".

It is nothing new that 'the welfare state' faces serious challenges. Ever since the 1970s, Western welfare states have by many researchers been regarded as being in crisis, but despite many policy adjustments and important variations among Western welfare states, the overall scope of the welfare state, as measured by social expenditure per capita, has by and large increased. At the same time, we can observe a globalization of social policy and the emergence of a more active social role of the state in many parts of the world during recent decades.
But new challenges due to a variety of new security issues and new dimensions of uncertainty have appeared, not least following the unanticipated Russian large-scale invasion of and war on Ukraine and concomitant international political developments. Political unease about the future of the welfare state and scope of social policies in different parts of the world has escalated. Welfare political priorities must compete with increased priorities for defense, cyber security, and issues related to energy, climate, food, and the environment.
Motivations for state responsibility for citizen welfare and well-being – as well as for the type and scope of responsibility - vary. The fate of the welfare state and social policies is clearly a question of political and normative commitment to what kind of socially active state is desired. The paper addresses the following topics: Why should a state be socially active? What were historical reasons for developing welfare states? What are current motivations for developing and maintaining welfare states? What are the economic, political, and moral dimensions of welfare state sustainability? In addition to possible national political responses to social challenges, it is argued that in a globalized world reinforced international cooperation, coordination and regulation may be necessary to achieve sustainability of (national) welfare states.

Though there are hundreds of commissions, agencies & other federal divisions, the framers of the Constitution vested the executive (Exec) power in the president (Pres), & separated gov powers into judicial, Exec & legislative divisions to avoid tyranny in any one organ of gov. The responsibility placed on the Pres today is very great; his roles include those of chief of state, commander-in-chief, foreign policy negotiator, custodian of the public interest, shaper of opinion, chief administrator, party leader, & former of policy. The execution of these burdens of office has necessitated the formation of a complex Office of the Exec. In his policy-formulation & decision-making roles the Pres depends upon his annual `state of the union' message, messages & recommendations to Congress & the character of his budget. His assistants include the White House staff, a cabinet secretary, the Bur of the Budget, the Council of Econ Advisors, the Nat Security Council, the Cabinet & the Civil Service. Though the presidency is highly institutionalized, it remains the task of the Pres to make decisions & assume full responsibility for them, & to evoke the participation & loyalty of the citizens in their implementation. Though Congress has not lost its legislative role, the general policy-orientation & the initial impulse come from the Pres. The power of the Pres is circumscribed by constitutional provisions & legislative enactments. Other limitations derive either from the sheer size of the federal Exec or from the existence of independent units with important regulatory powers. B. J. Keeley.

1. Sustaining the states : an introduction / Scott Pattison and Katherine G. Willoughby -- 2. Political institutions for sustainable state budgets / Irene S. Rubin and Roy T. Meyers -- 3. Changing state revenue strategies / John L. Mikesell -- 4. State tax structures : past trends, future possibilities / David L. Sjoquist -- 5. State competition for debt resources / Dwight V. Denison and Robert A. Greer -- 6. State debt management challenges / Merl Hackbart and Dwight V. Denison -- 7. State pension plans in crisis / Cynthia S. Searcy and William R. Darnell -- 8. The future of state spending / Carolyn Bourdeaux -- 9. State education expenditures / Sean P. Corcoran, Sarah A. Cordes, and Amy Ellen Schwartz -- 10. State health care expenditures / Shanna Rose -- 11. Future issues in state transportation finance / John R. Bartle and Can Chen -- 12. Financing criminal justice in the states / Michael C. Walker -- 13. State government workforces of the future / Sally Coleman Selden -- 14. A vision of the future sustainability of the states / Robert D. Ebel and Marilyn Marks Rubin.

IN THIS INTRODUCTORY ARTICLE, THE AUTHOR EXPLORES THE BACKGROUND TO THE EVER INCREASING PHENOMENON OF STATE GOVERNMENTS TAKING ON RESPONSIBILITY FOR PROVIDING EQUITY AND SERVICES FOR "DISTRESSED" PEOPLE. THE DIMENSIONS OF THE PROBLEM OF THE GROWING "UNDERCLASS" ARE EXPLORED AS ARE THE DIFFERENT METHODS STATES UTILIZE TO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEMO.

Slavery is one of the darkest, most complicated parts of American History. This volume presents the facts of the "abominable trade" from its beginnings in the West Indies to its expansion across the British North American colonies, and eventually, the United States. Readers will learn about the horrors of the Middle Passage and life on a plantation, as well as slavery's effect on the economy and politics of the United States. This book also covers the abolitionist and civil rights movements along the road to racial equality. Primary sources are used to give readers a sense of life in colonial America and the United States, and connect them to the issues that existed