At present, besides confessional states, assuming the existence of one official religion, there are some secular states been characterized by the Church separation from the state and the state – from the Church. The secular states assume a Church – State relations system based on the division to be commonly identified with the principles of the Church from the state separation. The subject of the article is an analysis of the secular states system. The main methods of the research are the comparison and analysis. Within the secular state system there are two elements to be identified: positive and negative. For the states of the Central and Eastern Europe, the moderate secular state model is an inherent one. It has appeared as a result of totalitarianism been transformed into democracy. The secular state guarantees equality of all churches and relations within its borders. There is no single universal model of the secular state. The secular state system has two variants: a radical separation of the Church from the state or autonomy and cooperation between them. Among secular states with a moderate version, one can point Germany, Italy, Spain, Slovakia, Lithuania, Poland.
The article reflects the main processes of building during the development of the Ukrainian state of Hetman P. Skoropadsky. P. Skoropadsky's views on the Ukrainian nation, the Ukrainian state and its form, the relationship of the then political and national forces, the place of Ukraine in the geopolitical space of that time, the main directions and content of the state process, its achievements and miscalculations are analyzed. The views of P. Skoropadsky on the content of the state process in Ukraine in 1918 are analyzed. First of all, on the form of the Ukrainian state - independent or federal. We are talking about the form of government of the Ukrainian state and its political regime. Internal and external factors that influenced this are analyzed. The content of the main directions of activity of the hetman government is investigated both inside the state (central and local government, judicial system, armed forces, agrarian policy, social and cultural construction) and outside (international recognition, establishment of diplomatic relations). It is concluded that the emergence of the Ukrainian state of Hetman P. Skoropadsky was a continuation of the process of creation during the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921. This process took place in difficult conditions of the First World War and this circumstance determined the peculiar form of the Ukrainian state and its activities, sometimes they were contradictory and had disagreements with the ideals of the state, which ultimately led to the decline of the Ukrainian state.
The article is devoted to studying of modern state and directions of grain market of Ukraine state regulation. Particular attention is paid to the issues of government policy concerning the conditions' establishing for effective grain market functioning.Grain market of Ukraine state regulation, improvement directions of grain market state regulation mechanism, grain market, grain market development.
Introduction. Basically, the issues of economic security are considered at the macroeconomic level. Attention focuses on the segment, sectoral approach in the study of the problem, which in turn makes it impossible for economies of European countries to fully prepare for the existing threats. In this connection, there is a need for further study of the issue especially in the context of macroeconomics as a segment of mega European economic system. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze different points of view regarding the concepts of economic security of the state. Methods. Causal method, methods of analysis and synthesis of historical and logical methods. Results. The economic security providing is the main topic of the article. Comprehensive analysis of modern and former views on the given question was conducted in its historical transformation. Various approaches of determining economic security were considered. The best model of ensuring the economic security was offered for Ukraine. The need of close cooperation of Ukraine with the European Union was proved. Originality. It was determined that the choice of models providing economic security should be determined according to the stages of development. Detailed classification of the stages of development of countries in violation of the objective economic laws and mechanisms of influence on the management of economic and financial systems criminogenic factors is offered. Conclusion. The issues of economic security are considered at the macroeconomic level. Attention focuses on the segment, sectoral approach in the study of the problem, which in turn makes it impossible for economies of European countries to fully prepare for the existing threats. In this connection, there is a need for further study of the issue especially in the context of macroeconomics as a segment of mega European economic system. The question was researched considering stable social and political situation in the country as well as in the whole world. The research to provide economic security as the basis for national security was not carried out under conditions of social and political crisis, war.
The subject of the study is peculiarities of statistical provision of processes of management of objects of state property and institutional support of the national producer at the expense of the state order. The purpose of the article is the author's vision of the peculiarities of statistical provision of management of state–owned objects and the implementation of state orders in the economy of Ukraine, as well as directions for its improvement. Methodology of the work – is the position of the institutional theory, the theory of governance, the Keynesian concept. On the basis of a systematic approach using methods of analysis and synthesis, the deficiencies of statistical provision in the field of management of state–owned objects and the execution of state orders in the Ukrainian economy were identified, and proposals were made for its improvement. The results of the work is the strengthening of the role of the state in the conditions of the rapid development of globalization processes and the necessity of proper statistical provision of management activity is argued. The estimation of the state and the shortcomings of the statistical provision of management of state–owned objects and state orders in the economy of Ukraine was made, measures were identified to improve it. Conclusions – for proper statistical, informational and analytical support for the management of state–owned objects and the execution of a state order, it is necessary to carry out a complex of measures for streamlining the current legislation in the field of public procurement and public procurement, clarifying the methodological provisions in the field of management of objects located in the state and communal property, increasing attention to the statistical monitoring of the functioning of objects involved in the field of public–private partnership.
context of the globalization of financial relations. The purpose of the study is to reveal methodological and practical approaches to the functioning of the state regulation mechanism of stock market in Ukraine and to determine the directions of increasing its efficiency taking into account trends and prospects of the country's economic development. Research methods. In the work a set of scientific methods and approaches was used, which allowed to achieve the set goal. System and structural methods are used in determining the main instruments of state regulation of the stock market. Comparative and statistical methods allowed to analyze the main indicators of the functioning of the stock market in Ukraine, and methods of generalization and scientific abstraction were used in the process of determining the main directions and prospects for its development. Results of work. The basic theoretical and methodological principles of state regulation of the stock market in Ukraine are determined. The analysis of the current state of the stock market and the main features of it in the conditions of globalization of financial relations are described. The directions of increase of efficiency of the state regulation of the stock market based on the improvement of the institutional structure of the stock market, strengthening of interaction between its participants through the transformation of the goals and priorities of their functioning in accordance with the strategic documents of the country's socio–economic development are proposed. The field of application of results. Organization and conducting of research on the definition and specification of the mechanism of state regulation of the stock market. Conclusions. State regulation of the stock market is an effective tool for attracting additional financial resources into the economic system and ensuring stable economic growth in the country. In the context of the modernization of the stock market instruments, it is important to continue implementing European legislation ...
The article presents the analysis of philosophical ideas Jacques Maritain, which gives special meaning to the concept of «nation», «state» and «civil society». The main purpose of the article is the consideration of the problem of man, the nation, the state and civil society taking into account the work of the famous French philosopher. Political society requires the highest ruling organ of the state. The main goal of any government should be fairness within the territorial limits of this state, but not devoid of political control of society, through the internal structure of this society – the people. The state acts as the authority that is given the right to use power and coercion, but the state exists for the people. The people is a large number of human individuals who have teamed up with fair laws, in mutual friendship and in the name of the greater good of their human existence, constitute a political society. The state is a part of political society, both interested in keeping the law, maintaining the General welfare and public order, as well as manage public Affairs. The state is represented as a set of different institutions that are connected like clockwork. But the state, as well as the people and civil society do not have sovereignty rights and duties, and the only one who has this sovereignty is God.
Introduction. In modern conditions of a difficult economic situation, tax institutions are the most important lever of the public administration system, responsible for the implementation of the revenue side of the state budget, which is behind the welfare of millions of Kazakhstanis. In this regard, the role of the audit of the efficiency of tax administration is increasing, as regulated by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On STATE audit and financial control». However, this direction is quite new and requires further improvement.Purpose of the research. The purpose of the article is to generalize and systematize theoretical approaches to the essence of tax administration, analyze domestic and foreign practice of its organization in the system of state audit and develop recommendations for improving efficiency.Research methods. The study was based on systems analysis, solving specific problems was achieved using comparative, statistical and graphical analysis, using ranking, grouping methods and modeling fundamentals.Results. The efficiency of the work of tax authorities, the completeness of collection of tax payments and, ultimately, the financial stability of the state depend on the efficiency of the organization of tax administration. In this regard, the mechanism of tax administration should be built rationally and consistently. Conducting a state audit of tax administration is a mandatory element of ensuring the completeness and transparency of budget revenues and the efficiency of using funds for administration.Perspectives. Based on the study of foreign experience in administration within the framework of governmental audit and the current state of digitalization of the economy, there is a need to refine indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the tax authorities, as well as to develop and implement the necessary electronic services.
The article considers state coercion as a general theoretical legal category in the light of another concept – the concept of legal policy of the state. It is noted that forms and features of state coercion are the result of the legal policy chosen by the state. In particular, it indicates the dependence of forms of state coercion on the state regime (authoritarian or democratic), and the legal ideology that underlies the state legal policy. The article describes the correlation between the democratization of state legal policy and the mitigation of the tools of state legal coercion, in particular the increasing use of indirect coercion and the gradual replacement of coercion in many areas by persuasion and persuasion of subjects to lawful behavior. At the same time, it is stated that the democratization of state legal policy does not mean the abandonment of state legal coercion as such, which retains its current place in the arsenal of state power. It is noted that the assessment of the degree of democratization of state legal policy is possible, including through the assessment of forms and methods of state coercion used by public authorities. The characteristics that are important for assessing the nature of the use of state coercion as an instrument of state legal policy, in particular resources, procedures and values, are given. The characteristic tasks of state coercion as an instrument of legal policy are considered. The peculiarities of the use of state coercion for regulatory and security purposes are determined. It is concluded that regardless of the nature of state legal policy and the degree of its democratization, state coercion remains a valid tool for the implementation of state will and the achievement of state goals through legal policy. The measure of state coercion as a democratic legal policy is its legitimacy and following the procedure and not the rejection of state coercion as such. ; У статті розглянуто державний примус як загальнотеоретичну правову категорію у зв'язку з іншим поняттям – поняттям правової політики держави. Відзначено, що форми та особливості державного примусу є результатом вибраної державою правової політики. Зокрема, вказується на залежність форм державного примусу від державного режиму (авторитарного або демократичного) та правової ідеології, що покладена в основу державної правової політики. У статті описується кореляція між демократизацією державної правової політики та пом'якшенням інструментарію державно-правового примусу, зокрема все більш широким використанням непрямого примусу та поступового заміщення примусу в багатьох сферах методами переконання та спонукання суб'єктів до правомірної поведінки без жорсткого впливу на них. Водночас констатується, що демократизація державної правової політики не означає відмови від державно-правового примусу як такого, який зберігає своє чинне місце в арсеналі державної влади. Відзначається, що оцінювання ступеня демократизації державної правової політики можливе, зокрема, через оцінювання форм та способів державного примусу, що застосовуються державною владою. Наводиться характеристика елементів, що мають значення для оцінювання характеру застосування державного примусу як інструменту державної правової політики, зокрема ресурсів, процедур та цінностей. Розглядаються характерні завдання державного примусу як інструменту правової політики. Визначаються особливості використання державного примусу з регулятивною та з охоронною метою. Робиться висновок, що незалежно від характеру державної правової політики та ступеня її демократизації державний примус залишається чинним інструментом реалізації державної волі та досягнення цілей держави через правову політику. Мірилом державного примусу як демократичної правової політики виступає його правомірність та слідування процедурі, а не відмова від державного примусу як такого.
The mechanism of forward public procurement. The order of their conduct, conditions limiting access to trading, legislative support, the objects of state price regulation.
Introduction. Every society needs a basic rules of economic life organization. Economic and financial systems would be in complete chaos if business was not subject to the actions of certain laws. But, in general, the more economic freedom the participants of economic relations have, the greater is the probability of their economic prosperity and economic development of the state. Thus, it can be assumed that the level of economic freedom has a significant impact on the development of the economy and the financial sector, which is its inalienable component of it, and its indicator can be used as a tool of information provision for making managerial decisions at the macro level in the direction of liberalization or strengthening control over the organization of economic relations, depending on the perspective vectors of economic development. In addition, we see the prospect of using the level of economic freedom as one of the indicators of the state of economic security of the countryPurpose. The purpose of the article is to establish the relationship between the level of economic freedom in the country and the state of economic security at the micro and macro levels at the theoretical and applied levels.Methods. Formal-logical method is used to determine the basic concepts; monographic and comparative methods; method of theoretical generalization; ordering method, analysis.Results. The definitions of economic security of the subject of economic activity and economic security of the state are offered. Their content demonstrates the necessity of economic freedom as a prerequisite for achievement of economic security at macro and micro levels. The role of economic freedom in the state in the process of «securing economic security» of various types of entrepreneurial structures, institutions and organizations is specified. A retrospective analysis of the values of the index of economic freedom in Ukraine and in the world in dynamics has been carried out, the lowest positions of the rating of our state have been revealed for the separate components of the index of economic freedom in order to form an information base for establishing the relationship between the level of economic freedom in the country and the state of economic security of the country and individual business objects. The directions of use of economic freedom indices as tools for assessing the state of the economic security system of economic entities, including financial institutions, are offered.Originality. Author's definitions of economic security of the state and economic security of the business entities are offered. The dynamics of each component of the index of economic freedom is analyzed, tendencies of their changes for the past 16 years have been established. The following components of the index of economic freedom are revealed, the low values of which should attract the attention of the authorities to the problem of the need to improve their state. The connection between the indicators of economic freedom and the state of economic security of the country and the state of economic security of the business entities is explained. Proposals of the use of indicators of economic freedom as tools for evaluating the level of functional components of economic security of business entities are presented (on example of financial institutions).Conclusion.According to the results of the analysis of the values of the indices of freedom, it was found that for the business entities that are integrated into investment processes, there is a high level of threats to normal activity, taking into account the indicator of investment freedom. The value of the index of financial freedom indicates that the level of financial threats and risks is high. The indicator of monetary freedom shows a high level of macroeconomic security, which has a positive impact on the state of economic security of the participants of the economic system of the country. The value of the index of freedom of labor relations signals about the threats that are associated with personnel, staffing of business entities. Domestic business entities, considering the importance of the index of public expenditures, in the issue of securing their own economic security, have to rely only on themselves and their own resources. Indices of freedom from corruption and property rights protection should be used to assess the power of legislative influence on the state of economic security. Indices of fiscal (tax) freedom and level of public expenditure - to establish the degree of state intervention in economic processes, including, the process of providing economic security for business entities. Indices of freedom of business, freedom of labor relations, monetary freedom make it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of economic processes regulation, including the state of economic security. And the indices of freedom of trade, investment freedom and financial freedom make it possible to diagnose the level of openness of markets for goods and services that domestic enterprises, institutions and organizations conduct.
The article is devoted to the concept of a bulling, its characteristic features, the subject structure and the main determinants. Bullying is when a person or group repeatedly tries to harm someone who is weaker or who they think is weaker. Sometimes it involves direct attacks such as hitting, name calling, teasing or taunting. Sometimes it is indirect, such as spreading rumors or trying to make others reject someone. Economic, social and cultural factors, innate temperament aspects and influence from family, friends, school, and community are risks for the manifestation of bullying and have an impact on children's and adolescent's health and development. Bullying is most prevalent among students ranging from 11 to 13 years-old, and less frequent in nursery and secondary school children. Often people dismiss bullying among kids as a normal part of growing up. But bullying is harmful. It can lead children and teenagers to feel tense and afraid. It may lead them to avoid school. In severe cases, teens who are bullied may feel they need to take drastic measures or react violently. Others even consider suicide. For some, the effects of bullying last a lifetime. Then the article analyzes the current state of the fight against bulling in Ukraine: innovations of legislation and practical steps of their implementation. To conclude the ways to stop bullying at all levels are as following: general, sectoral and local, the creation of a specialized service and the application of foreign experience.
The article examines the economic security of the state. Analyzed both modern and ancient views on the matter. Various ap to the structure and nature of economic security. Proposed model of economic security for Ukraine. The necessity in the development of a unified concept of the economic security of Ukraine and the European Union.
In the article activity of military emigration of the Ukrainian State is considered in a period between two world wars. A place and role of military emigration of the Ukrainian State is found out in the state cathedral process of creation of Ukraine. ; У статті розглянуто діяльність військової еміграції Української держави в період між двома світовими війнами. З'ясовано місце й роль військової еміграції Української держави в державно-соборному процесі творення України. Автор показує, що гетьманська течія еміграції своєю науковою та історичною думкою збагатила історіографію українських визвольних змагань, напрацювавши власну концепцію Української революції.
Local government is an important foundation of any democratic regime. In carrying out the functions and tasks assigned to local governments is crucial to ensure their autonomy and independence. One of the components of the local financial institutions are local borrowing.