Suchergebnisse

We thank the anonymous referee for a constructive and detailed report. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement No 893673. We acknowledge financial support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 721463 to the SUNDIAL ITN network, from the State Research Agency (AEI-MCINN) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the grant "The structure and evolution of galaxies and their central regions" with reference PID2019-105602GBI00/10.13039/501100011033, and from IAC project P/300724, financed by the Ministry of Science and Innovation, through the State Budget and by the Canary Islands Department of Economy, Knowledge and Employment, through the Regional Budget of the Autonomous Community. SDG acknowledges support from the Spanish Public Employment Service (SEPE). Furthermore, we acknowledge support by the research project AYA2017-84897-P from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, from the European Regional Development Funds (FEDER) and the Junta de Andalucia (Spain) grants FQM108. DE acknowledges support from a Beatriz Galindo senior fellowship (BG20/00224) from the Ministry of Science and Innovation. LVM acknowledges financial support from the grants AYA2015-65973-C3-1-R and RTI2018096228-B-C31 (MINECO/FEDER, UE), as well as from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). This research makes use of python (http://www.python.org), Matplotlib (Hunter 2007), and Astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018). We acknowledge the usage of the HyperLeda database (http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr).We thank Alexandre Bouquin for providing us with the GALEX FUV and NUV images used in this work. We thank Stephane Courteau, Estrella Florido, Raul Infante-Sainz, Tom Jarrett, Johan H. Knapen, Heikki Salo, and Miguel Querejeta for useful discussions. We thank Sebastien Comeron and Facundo D. Moyano for valuable comments on the manuscript. Facilities: GALEX, WISE, Spitzer (IRAC). ; Context. While some galactic bars show recent massive star formation (SF) along them, some others do not. Whether bars with low level of SF are a consequence of low star formation efficiency, low gas inflow rate, or dynamical effects remains a matter of debate. Aims. In order to study the physical conditions that enable or prevent SF, we perform a multi-wavelength analysis of 12 strongly barred galaxies with total stellar masses log(10)(M-*/M-circle dot)is an element of[10.2,11], chosen to host different degrees of SF along the bar major axis without any prior condition on gas content. We observe the CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) emission within bars with the IRAM-30 m telescope (beam sizes of 1.7-3.9 kpc and 0.9-2.0 kpc, respectively; 7-8 pointings per galaxy on average). Methods. We estimated molecular gas masses (M-mol) from the CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) emissions. SF rates (SFRs) were calculated from GALEX near-ultraviolet (UV) and WISE 12 mu m images within the beam-pointings, covering the full bar extent (SFRs were also derived from far-UV and 22 mu m). Results. We detect molecular gas along the bars of all probed galaxies. Molecular gas and SFR surface densities span the ranges log(10)(sigma(mol)/[M-circle dot pc(-2)]) is an element of [0.4,2.4] and log(10)(sigma(SFR)/[M-circle dot pc(-1) kpc(-2)]]) is an element of [-3.25, -0.75], respectively. The star formation efficiency (SFE; i.e., SFR/M-mol) in bars varies between galaxies by up to an order of magnitude (SFE is an element of[0.1,1.8] Gyr(-1)). On average, SFEs are roughly constant along bars. SFEs are not significantly different from the mean value in spiral galaxies reported in the literature (similar to 0.43 Gyr(-1)), regardless of whether we estimate M-mol from CO(1-0) or CO(2-1). Interestingly, the higher the total stellar mass of the host galaxy, the lower the SFE within their bars. In particular, the two galaxies in our sample with the lowest SFE and sigma(SFR) (NGC 4548 and NGC 5850, SFE less than or similar to 0.25 Gyr(-1), sigma(SFR)less than or similar to 10(-2.25)M(circle dot) yr(-1) kpc(-2), M greater than or similar to 10(10.7)M(circle dot)) are also those hosting massive bulges and signs of past interactions with nearby companions. Conclusions. We present a statistical analysis of the SFE in bars for a sample of 12 galaxies. The SFE in strong bars is not systematically inhibited (either in the central, middle, or end parts of the bar). Both environmental and internal quenching are likely responsible for the lowest SFEs reported in this work. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie 893673 ; European Commission 721463 ; State Research Agency (AEI-MCINN) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the grant "The structure and evolution of galaxies and their central regions" - Ministry of Science and Innovation P/300724 PID2019-105602GBI00 ; Spanish Public Employment Service (SEPE) ; Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, from the European Regional Development Funds (FEDER) AYA2017-84897-P ; Junta de Andalucia ; European Commission FQM108 ; Spanish Government BG20/00224 ; State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award SEV-2017-0709 ; Canary Islands Department of Economy, Knowledge and Employment, through the Regional Budget of the Autonomous Community ; MINECO/FEDER, UE AYA2015-65973-C3-1-R RTI2018096228-B-C31

The EU plant health legislation enforces the implementation of intensive surveillance programs for Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) as a quarantine pathogen (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1201). After a Xf outbreak, delimiting surveys must be implemented to delineate the extent of the pathogen and to execute disease control. The surveillance efficacy can be enhanced by increasing inspection and sampling intensities. Budget constraints often limit survey efforts, thus making it necessary the optimization of surveillance strategies. A sequential adaptive delimiting survey involving a three-phase and a two-phase design with increasing spatial resolution was simulated for the Xf demarcated area in Alicante, Spain. Based on the official survey data of 2018, inspection and sampling intensities were estimated using an optimization algorithm specified under the sequential adaptive delimiting strategy. The sampling intensity thresholds estimated were evaluated by quantifying their effect on the estimation of Xf incidence. This strategy made it possible to sequence inspection and sampling considering increasing spatial resolutions, and to adapt the inspection and sampling intensities according to the information obtained in the previous, coarser, spatial resolution. Our results show that sequencing and adapting inspection and sampling to increasing spatial resolutions allows accurate delimitation of the infested zone while reducing the overall survey efforts, thus improving the efficiency of the surveillance program. From a methodological perspective, our approach provides new insights into alternative delimiting designs and new reference sampling intensity values. Pre-print published at: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.978668v2 ; ES; PPT; lazaro_ele@gva.es

Purpose: The main aim of this paper is to present a concept of marginal vertical income convergence. This method allows to determine the individual contribution of the objects (countries, regions) to the observed general process of real convergence. Design/Methodology/Approach: Proposed methodology allows to avoid the limitations of the classical analysis of income convergence. To check the cross-country stability of the parameters and to assess an individual contribution to convergence process, separate regressions for all EU member states was provided. The differences between coefficients of the model based on full sample and coefficients specific for a particular country indicate this individual effect. Findings: The empirical results show that in 1993-2018 we can observe an absolute β income convergence within the European Union, accelerated after 2008-2009's crisis period. However, the main conclusion is that the contribution to the overall process of levelling out GDP per capita within the EU was different from one member state to another. Received results confirmed that outliers removing allows to increase the quality of used models and the reliability of formulated interpretations. Practical Implications: Different values of marginal vertical income convergence are caused by differences in the dynamics of economic growth of individual countries, their different resistance to economic shocks, as well as different levels of inequality and distribution of income and wealth. Recognition of such differences is the first step in developing policies aimed at reducing discrepancies among national behaviours that could be observed as a background of a general convergence process. Originality/value: This research presents new concept of cross-sectional real convergence analysis built on the long period sample covering pre- and post-crisis time for all EU member countries. Additional contribution of the undergone study is robustness analysis that make allowances of outlier's impact. ; peer-reviewed

A fundamental prerequisite for designing public policy for farmers is that we know who they are. In the case of India, despite agriculture's continuing importance as a source of livelihood, there is little understanding of how many farmers there are in the country and who they are. This paper suggests that there are three constructs of farmers – a statistical construct – that national agencies deploy for different surveys, a programmatic construct – that governments use to define beneficiaries and a construct that derives from the complex reality of what farming entails, that researchers often rely on. In the context of India these constructs don't often align with one another. This has important implications for policies that end up, often by construction, being exclusionary. This paper suggests the need for a coherent set of definitions. Too often, researchers call for collection of more or better data in response to the limitations of existing surveys. We argue that existing surveys can be leveraged to generate better estimates that match not just the requirements of programmatic goals but also to reflect the realities of farmer identities better. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI5; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance ; SAR