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The course and magnitude of a rainfall flood depends primarily on the intensity and duration of the rainfall event, on the morphological parameters of the watershed (e.g. its slope and shape), and on how to watershed has been exploited. A flood wave develops in the stream channel that drains the watershed, and it transforms while passing along the channel. This is particularly the case if the water spreads into floodplains and/or storage reservoirs while passing through the channel. This paper addresses an additional effect that has a significant influence on the magnitude and course of the flood wave but has not previously been addressed adequately, namely the effect of the hydraulic parameters of the stream channel itself on the transformation of a flood wave. The paper explains theoretically and shows on a practical example that a smooth channel with a high capacity significantly increases the magnitude and speed of a flood wave.Many flood events are unnecessarily severe just because the watershed is drained by a hydraulically inappropriate channel. The channel is large and smooth and therefore it gathers most of the flowing water during the flood event, producing high water velocity in the channel. As a result, the large and smooth channel accelerates the runoff from the watershed and constrains the spread of water into the floodplain. A high and steep flood wave is developed in the channel, and this floods areas with a limited water-throughput capacity (e.g. urban areas in the vicinity of hydraulic structures) downstream the channel. This paper offers a methodology for evaluating the ability of a channel to convey a flood wave safely and for recognizing whether a regulated channel should be subjected to restoration due to its inability to convey flood waves safely.

Land degradation is a critical problem around the world. Intensive rain-fed and irrigated crop and livestock systems have contributed to the degradation of land and natural resources. Numerous institutional and socioeconomic challenges complicate attempts to reverse land degradation, including the lack of short-term incentives for investment; low investment by communities in natural resources management that offers little immediate financial reward; failure of public sector institutions to invest sufficiently in natural resources management because of low, immediate political rewards; and sectoral fragmentation, among others. In poor communities, the incentive to extract short-term economic returns from land and natural resources often outweighs perceived benefits from investing in long-term environmental restoration, and related economic and ecosystem returns. Restoring degraded ecosystems through the establishment of exclosures – areas that are excluded from woodcutting, grazing and agricultural activities – is an increasingly common practice in the Ethiopian Highlands, and regional states are also following this practice. This report proposes and applies an adapted business model to explore the feasibility of exclosures for land restoration. It aims to identify short-term revenue streams from activities that can be carried out within exclosures, such as beekeeping, harvesting fodder for livestock fattening, and cultivating high-value plant species, including fruits and herbs. These are feasible, sustainable economic activities that could allow for the restoration of ecosystem services over the long term. Mobilization of financial resources, engagement of local communities, provision of training and continuous follow-up, as well as facilitation of market opportunities in the value chain for local communities and enterprises (e.g., creating market linkages and establishing innovation platform to engage with market actors) could support the sustainable implementation of the revenue streams.

When considering a watershed system in the context of restoration, it is important to understand the fundamental processes controlling the form and function of the stream environment. Among these fundamental processes are the lithologic and structural geologic controls on hydrology, especially when restoration includes complex systems like wetlands. Rodeo Creek in the Marin Headlands portion of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area has undergone numerous anthropogenic changes in the past century, including agricultural forcing as well as military development. In order to investigate the way the underlying bedrock is affecting the creeks' wetlands, the area was mapped for structural orientation and lithology. The bedrock was found to be generally oriented in a northwest to westerly fashion and dipping toward the southwest at angles ranging from 15 to 75 degrees from the horizontal. A bedrock geologic map was constructed using these data as well as existing survey work. Areas of known wetlands were then superimposed upon the underlying bedrock structure. Wetlands were found to exist in larger distributions over contacts between different rock types. Differential erosion is suspected of creating hollows within the bedrock where alluvium can collect and become saturated with groundwater creating wetlands. This holds relevance to stream restoration work, in that, this is a way to assess the spatial distribution of where wetlands naturally occur. This technique may provide guidance to restoration efforts by more effectively locating wetlands where the watershed "wants" them to be. Additionally, this may also be a way to assess the groundwater regime of similar watersheds.

AbstractRegionally scaled assessments of hydrologic alteration for small streams and its effects on freshwater taxa are often inhibited by a low number of stream gages. To overcome this limitation, we paired modeled estimates of hydrologic alteration to a benthic macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity data for 4522 stream reaches across the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Using separate random-forest models, we predicted flow status (inflated, diminished, or indeterminant) for 12 published hydrologic metrics (HMs) that characterize the main components of flow regimes. We used these models to predict each HM status for each stream reach in the watershed, and linked predictions to macroinvertebrate condition samples collected from streams with drainage areas less than 200 km2. Flow alteration was calculated as the number of HMs with inflated or diminished status and ranged from 0 (no HM inflated or diminished) to 12 (all 12 HMs inflated or diminished). When focused solely on the stream condition and flow-alteration relationship, degraded macroinvertebrate condition was, depending on the number of HMs used, 3.8–4.7 times more likely in a flow-altered site; this likelihood was over twofold higher in the urban-focused dataset (8.7–10.8), and was never significant in the agriculture-focused dataset. Logistic regression analysis using the entire dataset showed for every unit increase in flow-alteration intensity, the odds of a degraded condition increased 3.7%. Our results provide an indication of whether altered streamflow is a possible driver of degraded biological conditions, information that could help managers prioritize management actions and lead to more effective restoration efforts.

Stormwater conveyance practices are grounded in industrial design that neglects integration with system processes, economics, and aesthetics. As a result, the greater volume of runoff from impervious surfaces, coupled with smooth and hardened conveyance systems (e.g., pipes and trapezoidal concrete channels), magnifies and transfers energies to the discharge or outfall. Conventional stormwater outfalls cause erosion, conveyance structures fail, stream channels are degraded, in-stream sedimentation increases the influence of localized erosion upstream and downstream of the outfall, and an increasing spiral of degradation results. Local governments are forced to spend scare public funds on remediation measures. Alternatively, the technique of using stream restoration techniques to create a dependable open channel conveyance with pools and riffle-weir grade controls is a regenerative design since the use of these elements result in a system of physical features, chemical processes, and biological mechanisms that can have dramatic positive feedback effects on the ecology of a drainage area. This approach results in the delivery of low energy storm water discharge, potential volume loss through infiltration and seepage, increased temporary water storage, restoration of lowered groundwater, increases in vernal pool wetland area, improved water quality treatment, improvements in local micro-habitat diversity, and provides a significant aesthetic value. These projects are generally a win-win-win arrangement, as conventional construction practices and materials are more expensive, conventional conveyance provides no environmental benefits and are more difficult to permit, and people generally enjoy the aesthetics associated with a well vegetated channel form when compared to the conventional conveyance alternative.

Intro -- maps of the Willamete River over time -- Contents -- Introduction -- The First Sighting -- Blinking Island (The Meaning of Change) -- Shards of Beauty in a Fragmented Landscape -- The Many Truths a River Tells -- Dread -- Memory -- Story Mapping -- The Grief and the Gladness -- Trees, Weeds, and Rivers: The Work of Restoration -- The Daily Braid -- Meander Scars -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgements.

The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) provides a strategy for the protection, improvement and restoration of water bodies across Europe. However, in urbanized areas where the drainage network has been engineered for flood conveyance and floodplains have been densely developed, the cost of restoration is usually disproportionate to the ecological benefits such restoration would provide. This project applies the EU WFD to the densely urbanized Lower Sausal Creek Watershed in Oakland, California. While the WFD provides economic insight, recent popularity of stormwater intervention strategies in US urban areas offer alternatives to in-stream creek restoration with additional community benefits. Our Lower Sausal Creek Watershed Stormwater Management Plan addresses stormwater pollution and detention through small, cost-effective landscape features at the lot level. The strategies include retention/ conveyance swales with trees, neighborhood trees, large lot interventions and the use of native plants, which altogether would deal with 100% of 2-year storm events in the lower watershed as well as allow partial detention of larger storms.

Removal of beaver across the North America landscape from the 1600s through the 1800s has played a major influence on the alteration of stream and riparian resources. Degradation of riparian habitats has negatively impacted many wildlife and fish species, including species listed under the Endangered Species Act. The ability of beavers to modify stream ecosystems offers a unique opportunity to restore these habitats. Many private and government agencies are working towards using beaver as a restoration tool, not only for better functioning ecosystems but also to benefit humans. Taking the big picture look, beaver and their ability to modify the environment are viewed by describing the ecological benefits and impacts to stream ecosystems and influences on fish habitat and populations; analyzing landscape and habitat attributes influencing beaver distribution using data from a large scale stream and riparian monitoring program (Pacfish/Infish Biological Opinion Effectiveness Monitoring (PIBO EM); the human dimension aspects and how beaver can be used to benefit humans in a sustainability framework; the economic incentives of using beaver for stream restoration; and, policies, laws, and administrative considerations associated with beaver. PIBO EM Preliminary data from PIBO EM suggests that as beaver populations make a comeback they will occupy a diverse range of habitats. The data demonstrates that beaver occupy a wide range of landscape characteristics and site habitats, but particular attributes are more important than others in determining where beaver are present. The overlap of so many landscape, site, and vegetation attributes between sites with and without beaver activity and given the vast majority of PIBO EM sites are currently without beaver, indicates that many areas may already be suitable for beaver occupation, providing optimism for beaver restoration opportunities. Many groups and organizations are spending money, effort, and time into developing habitat criteria and habitat suitability indexes for beaver reintroductions. Collaborative efforts with PIBO EM would offer data and information from a large geographical area, saving valuable resources to be used for more effective beaver management. Although beaver populations have been affected by removal from trapping and loss of habitat through urbanization, as beaver populations increase they will occupy much of their former range, restoring degraded habitats for the betterment of both mankind and fish and wildlife.

Chapter1. Introduction -- Chapter2. Water - its properties , distribution and significance -- Chapter3. Ecology and its relevance to Environmental Problems -- Chapter4.Trophic interactions and Biogeochemic differentiation Cycles in River Ecosystem -- Chapter5.Physiography of rivers : Relevant hyopthesis and theories -- Chaptet6.Geohydrological Perspectives of Riverine Flows -- Chapter7.Physico-Chemical parameters and their seasonal dynamics -- Special reference to riverine networks of South West Bengal, India -- Chapter8. Conclution. This book is part of a two-volume set that offers an innovative approach towards developing methods and tools for assigning conservation categories of threatened taxa and their conservation strategies by way of different phases of eco-restoration in the context of freshwater river systems of tropical bio-geographic zones. The set provides a considerable volume of research on the biodiversity component of river ecosystems, seasonal dynamics of physical chemical parameters, geo-hydrological properties, types, sources and modes of action of different types of pollution, river restoration strategies and methodologies for the ongoing ecological changes of river ecosystems. Volume 1 provides an in-depth analysis of different theories with international relevance pertaining to the functioning of river ecosystems, shaping their structure and contributing ecological services, and includes the principles of riverine ecology such as biogeochemical cycles, physiography, hydrogeology, and physico-chemical parameters. It covers the basic concepts and principles of water within riverine ecosystems, and the underlying ecological principles operating to ensure ecological stability and sustainability of the fluvial ecosystem. The book explains the ecofunctionality of different geo-morphological, geo-hydrological and physico-chemical factors and processes in changing time scales and spaces, with special emphasis on the tropical fresh water rivers in India

This work presents recent research in fluvial geomorphology related to the assessment and characterization of riverine and riparian habitat and the response of biota to changes in their environment. Some papers describe methods for investigating geomorphic habitats, while others compare and contrast active geomorphic processes and human disturbances, and describe restoration methods and mitigation strategies. A conclusion discusses issues involved in integrating an understanding of geomorphology and riverine habitat into landscape- scale environmental management. Material originated at the 1998 fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union, held in San Francisco. This work lacks a subject index. c. Book News Inc

The purpose of the article. The article highlights the peculiarities of the development of the traditional Ukrainian songbook in the works of well-known vocal and instrumental ensembles (VIA) such as "Smerichka / The Spruce" (Vyzhnytsia, Chernivtsi region) and "Dzvony / The Bells" (Kyiv). The influence of electro musical instruments on artistic processes and the experience of audio recordings of the VIA era as a traditional form of preservation and restoration of song heritage is emphasized. The characteristic features of the emergence of the "big-bit" style in the works of popular bands of the last third of the XX century are outlined.
The methodology. In the course of the research, the methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and explanation were used, which were used in the historiographical study of the development of discographic products in the period of the 1970–1990s. The method of statistics was also used to compare the musical content of European countries and Ukraine; the method of description provided a generalized picture of the development of music record companies that actively promoted the creation and restoration of music products.
The results. The emergence of the first Ukrainian vocal and instrumental ensembles VIA "Dzvony / The Bells" and "Smerichka / The Spruce" was a natural phenomenon in the national popular art, marked by the consequences of the intensive development of the industrialization of musical culture in the world. Electronic music, which emerged as a scientific and technical trend of the avant-garde, has become one of the conventional streams of contemporary (popular) culture. There is no doubt that the activities of Ukrainian big beat bands of the 1960s and 1970s laid the foundation for the emergence of popular art in Ukraine. Big beat ensembles were primarily aimed at young people, whose demands were guided by global mass music trends, despite the ideological obstacles of the time. Thus, the works of the VIA "Dzvony / The Bells" "Smerichka / "The Spruce" were based primarily on the aesthetic principles of the new trend rather than on the traditional confessions of the musical culture of the time (academic and folk art). Active work with the use of various electro musical instruments and studio equipment, as well as the use of jazz and rock music arrangement methods, contributed to the spread of mass music culture. VIA's appeal to the genres of Ukrainian folklore was due to the natural need for national self-determination within the totalitarian system of the time, as a kind of resistance of the creative personality to the dominant ideology. This led to the emergence of original compositions on the Ukrainian territory and beyond, using folk sources and their own compositions, saturated with national melodies. Notably, this all happened when Ukrainian vocal groups were part of state concert institutions, which was not the case in Western Europe. Such determinism implied an opposite structure, including a rigidly conditioned repertoire policy, collective dependence on state orders, which limited the creative perspectives and efforts of musicians to produce new models of musical performance. The localization of censorship, the lack of a competitive market, and the prohibition of popularizing European bands characterized the consequences of the degradation of a significant number of domestic vocal and instrumental ensembles, in particular, this was reflected in their decline in terms of artistic level. However, their best examples marked the horizon of national pop culture in the last third of the XX century.
The scientific novelty. For the first time, the current analysis of the development of Ukrainian electro musical instrumentation, based on the "big beat" style, which was dominant in the beginning of Ukrainian popular (pop) art by the VIA "Dzvony" / "The Bells" and "Smerichka" / "The Spruce", is carried out.
The practical significance. In the course of the research, the results of the scientific work can be applied to teaching professional disciplines in higher education institutions, as a component of creative and practical disciplines in sound recording, history of popular art, solo singing, etc.

In the Osaka area in the 1880s, rice was grown mostly in dry fields in upland areas, and a few paddy fields were situated on the natural wet landforms along the major rivers and streams on the Osaka Plain. As the area developed, dry fields became irrigated, and the lowland fields were filled and converted to urban land uses. For the Osaka city region, developed in this historical context, an ecological network has been proposed by the national government in 2006. The proposal was partially influenced by ecological network planning in the Netherlands, and it focuses on spatial patterns and wetland restoration measures at a limited number of sites. However, its historical geography is not taken into consideration. Therefore we examined historical land-use changes in the Osaka area and then compared restoration projects in both countries. On the one hand, we found some similarities in wetland restoration processes and measures at unused industrial sites in reclaimed coastal areas in Japan (the Osaka Nankou Bird Sanctuary) and the Netherlands (the Oostvaardersplassen). There are, on the other hand, notable differences in appropriate wetland restoration measures in farmland areas. Some potential wetland restoration candidates in Japan require either winter flooding or the resumption of labor-intensive agricultural practices in abandoned paddy fields, because many of these sites were naturally dry before the introduction of irrigation. In the Netherlands (e.g., at Tiengemeten), however, this was not a problem because areas are being converted from drained fields to natural wetlands. To conclude, regional considerations are therefore important when ecological networks are planned, and the perspective of historical geography is essential when networks are planned with wetland restoration as a core element. ; Urbanism ; Architecture and The Built Environment

Evaluating the State of the Clark Fork River and its Basin requires that we periodically: Assess its condition & compare that to our goals for the basin; Determine whether the basin's condition is getting better or worse; Evaluate our plans & on-the-ground actions for effectiveness; and Consider challenges that face us in meeting our goals. Condition and Trends The basin's condition in 2014 is compared to its condition since 2000 based on biennial assessments made by MT Department of Environmental Quality and summarized in the Clean Water Act Information Center database. From 2000 to 2004, the percent of assessed streams found to be impaired decreased, due to insufficient data. Between 2004 and 2008, many of those streams were re-assessed and put back on the impaired list (77% of stream miles impaired). By 2014, 73% of assessed stream miles were judged to be impaired. Macroinvertebrate biological integrity assessments throughout the basin are showing improvement. MT Fish, Wildlife & Parks traded their MFISH database for a new Crucial Areas Planning System interactive mapping system. Trend information was not available, but the system's Watershed Integrity assessment put 40% of the basin's watersheds in the highest quality quartile for the state. Challenges Challenges that interfere with achieving basin water quality goals continue to be: rapid growth in the human population and in unregulated groundwater wells, less snowpack, longer fire seasons (taking much of the Forest Service's budget and leaving less for watershed work). Stream dewatering and flow related water quality impairments are growing concerns as are aquatic invasive species and flood damage. Plans & Actions MT Department of Environmental Quality has completed total maximum daily load plans for 98% of the impaired waters in the basin, and many watershed restoration plans have also been completed. New digital floodplain maps are available for all but 3 basin counties, and online channel migration zone maps are available for some areas. Montana FWP has an aquatic invasive species management program with boat inspection stations and public education. FWP fisheries restoration efforts on the Blackfoot River have been followed by impressive increases in native trout numbers and biomass. In addition to its stream restoration projects, the MT Natural Resource Damage Program purchased 40,000 acres to add to MT Wildlife Management Areas. The Missoula Wastewater Treatment Plant continues to move towards 'Zero Waste' by using its effluent to irrigate a tree plantation, sending all its sludge to a compost facility and capturing its methane for energy. 2015 was a 'watershed year' for the Clark Fork watershed. New state and basin water plans were adopted, the Montana Legislature ratified the CSKT Compact and sent it to Congress, and the Montana Watershed Coordination Council registered as a 501(c)(3) organization. While almost 30 watershed groups remain active in the basin, two important groups lost funding – The Tristate Water Quality Council ceased to exist and the Clark Fork Basin Task Force became dormant (but hopes to revive as a basin council as recommended in the basin water plan). Postscript – in fact the Clark Fork Kootenai Basin Council did form in 2017.

Studies of ephemeral streams have focused mainly in arid and semi‐arid regions. Such streams also occur widely in temperate regions, but much less is known about their influence on fluvial processes in main‐stem rivers here. In this paper, we present evidence of the importance of a small ephemeral temperate stream for main‐stem fine sediment dynamics. The paper focuses on a restoration project (River Ehen, North West England) which involved the reconnection of a headwater tributary to the main‐stem river. We present data on suspended sediment transport 2 years prior to and 2 years following the reconnection. Despite the small size and non‐perennial flow of the tributary, its reconnection resulted in an increase of 65% in the main‐stem sediment yield. During both the pre‐reconnection and post‐reconnection periods, a higher proportion of the annual yield was conveyed during short events with relatively high suspended sediment concentrations. Following the reconnection, the magnitude and frequency of such events increased, primarily due to sediment being delivered from the tributary at times when main‐stem flows were not elevated. Overall, the main‐stem remains supply limited and so is highly dependent on sediment delivered from the tributary. The study helps stress that even non‐perennial tributaries yielding only a small increase in catchment size (+1.2% in this case) can have a major influence on main‐stem fluvial dynamics. Their role as sediment sources may be especially important where, as in the case of the Ehen, the main‐stem is regulated and the system is otherwise starved of sediment. ; Damià Vericat is funded by a Ramon y Cajal Fellowship (RYC‐2010‐06264). Authors acknowledge the support from the Economy and Knowledge Department of the Catalan Government through the Consolidated Research Group "Fluvial Dynamics Research Group"—RIUS (2014 SGR 645), and the additional support provided by the CERCA Programme, also from the Catalan Government.