The article exposes the relations of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea with the Republic of Korea, which is the neighbor of DPRK. The relations are considered in the format of the inter-Korean summits that took place between 2000 and 2018. The authors briefly describe the preconditions of creating of Inter-Korean meetings. Also the authors highlight the main results and events of these summits, indicating the fact that at this stage the main goal of the summits is the unification of North and South Korea. But it has not been achieved. At the same time, the launching, holding of these summits and the signing of the final documents is also a positive result, which indicates the necessity and importance of such meetings and negotiations. The main issues that the parties discuss at the inter-Korean summits are: North and South Korean integration in the future, also voluntary and uncompromising nature of this process and the independence of the process of unification from external factors and players. Today already held five inter-Korean summit and the sixth is planned to hold in 2019. The article also briefly discusses the reasons for holding summits between two countries and the influence of other countries on the DPRK's denuclearization. It should be noted that there was an international pressure on North Korea to make these inter-Korean summits and their decisions were implemented. For this, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Russia imposed sanctions against North Korea. The emphasis is made on the results of the inter-Korean summits and on the consequences of such meetings. As for the results of the inter-Korean summits, such a goal as the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula has been partially achieved, but the goal of joining the two Koreas into one state is still far away. ; У статті досліджуються відносини Корейської народно-демократичної республіки із сусідньою країною Республікою Кореєю у форматі міжкорейських самітів, які мали місце у період з 2000 року по 2018 рік. Автори коротко описують передумови до створення такого формату зустрічей. Висвітлюють основні результати та події цих самітів, указуючи на той факт, що на даному етапі не досягнено основну мету самітів – об'єднання Північної та Південної Корей. Водночас започаткування цих самітів, їх проведення та підписання підсумкових документів – є також позитивним результатом, що указує на необхідності та важливості таких зустрічей і перемовин. Основними питаннями, які сторони обговорюють на міжкорейських самітах є: об'єднання Північної та Південної Корей у майбутньому, також добровільність і непримусовість цього процесу та незалежність процесу об'єднання від зовнішніх факторів та гравців. На сьогодні вже проведено п'ять міжкорейських самітів і шостий заплановано провести у 2019 році. У статті також побіжно висвітлено причини проведення самітів між двома державами та вплив інших держав на денуклеаризацію КНДР. Зроблено наголос на результатах проведення міжкорейських самітів і на наслідках, які тягнуть за собою такі зустрічі.
The article exposes the relations of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea with the Republic of Korea, which is the neighbor of DPRK. The relations are considered in the format of the inter-Korean summits that took place between 2000 and 2018. The authors briefly describe the preconditions of creating of Inter-Korean meetings. Also the authors highlight the main results and events of these summits, indicating the fact that at this stage the main goal of the summits is the unification of North and South Korea. But it has not been achieved. At the same time, the launching, holding of these summits and the signing of the final documents is also a positive result, which indicates the necessity and importance of such meetings and negotiations. The main issues that the parties discuss at the inter-Korean summits are: North and South Korean integration in the future, also voluntary and uncompromising nature of this process and the independence of the process of unification from external factors and players. Today already held five inter-Korean summit and the sixth is planned to hold in 2019. The article also briefly discusses the reasons for holding summits between two countries and the influence of other countries on the DPRK's denuclearization. It should be noted that there was an international pressure on North Korea to make these inter-Korean summits and their decisions were implemented. For this, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Russia imposed sanctions against North Korea. The emphasis is made on the results of the inter-Korean summits and on the consequences of such meetings. As for the results of the inter-Korean summits, such a goal as the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula has been partially achieved, but the goal of joining the two Koreas into one state is still far away. ; У статті досліджуються відносини Корейської народно-демократичної республіки із сусідньою країною Республікою Кореєю у форматі міжкорейських самітів, які мали місце у період з 2000 року по 2018 рік. Автори коротко описують передумови до створення такого формату зустрічей. Висвітлюють основні результати та події цих самітів, указуючи на той факт, що на даному етапі не досягнено основну мету самітів – об'єднання Північної та Південної Корей. Водночас започаткування цих самітів, їх проведення та підписання підсумкових документів – є також позитивним результатом, що указує на необхідності та важливості таких зустрічей і перемовин. Основними питаннями, які сторони обговорюють на міжкорейських самітах є: об'єднання Північної та Південної Корей у майбутньому, також добровільність і непримусовість цього процесу та незалежність процесу об'єднання від зовнішніх факторів та гравців. На сьогодні вже проведено п'ять міжкорейських самітів і шостий заплановано провести у 2019 році. У статті також побіжно висвітлено причини проведення самітів між двома державами та вплив інших держав на денуклеаризацію КНДР. Зроблено наголос на результатах проведення міжкорейських самітів і на наслідках, які тягнуть за собою такі зустрічі.
In this article the author examines the question of the 10th Forum of the Yalta European Strategy, which was held in Yalta on 19-22 September 2013. The main issues that were the focus of this meeting were: the signing of an association agreement with Ukraine by the European Union, the global financial and economic crisis and the situation in Syria. ; В статье автор рассматривает вопрос о 10-м форуме Ялтинской европейской стратегии, который состоялся в Ялте 19-22 сентября 2013 года. Основными вопросами, которые находились в центре внимания этой встречи, были: подписание соглашения об ассоциации Украины с Европейским Союзом, мировой финансово-экономический кризис и ситуация в Сирии. ; У статті автор розглядає питання про десятий форум Ялтинської європейської стратегії, який відбувся в Ялті 19-22 вересня 2013 року. Основними проблемами, які знаходились в центрі уваги цієї зустрічі, були: можливе підписання угоди про асоціацію України з Європейським Союзом, світова фінансово-економічна криза і ситуація в Сирії.
The analysis of the political protest forms, the ability of citizens to self-organization in the struggle to defend constitutional rights and freedoms in Volyn during the active phase of the Euromaidan viability (November, 2013 – March, 2014) has been carried out. The start of the protest rally in Kyiv is related to the order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of Azarov to stop the process of preparing for the signing of an association with the European Union by Ukraine, which was to be held at the summit of the leaders of the Eastern Partnership countries on November 29 in Vilnius.The response to this was the creation of Euromaidan. In Lutsk, EuroMaidan started its activity on November 22, 2013, along with the celebration of the ninth anniversary of the Orange Revolution. Members of the youth public organization «National Alliance» announced a permanent action in support of Ukraine's accession to the European Union. On Sunday, November 24, the demonstration of support of the European vector «Ukrainians for European Integration» was held.The first mass meeting, attended by about two thousand participants, mostly student youth, was held on November 26. On November 28, the activists of the Lutsk EuroMaydan, mainly the students, organized a picket of the Volyn Regional Council with the requirement to accept the appeal concerning the European integration aspirations of the Ukraine citizens and the resignation of the government. The massive protest movement in the region began actually after the students were beaten up by members of the «Berkut» units on the night of November 30, 2013 in Kyiv. On December 1, more than 10,000 volunteers gathered at the Lutsk Theater square, where they expressed indignation at the actions of the security forces and offered to launch a nationwide strike action aimed at eliminating of the power.An effective factor in the organization of people during the Revolution of Dignity was the effective use of modern digital technologies and communications, in particular the Internet. They had become a powerful tool for the development of horizontal social interactions, community mobilization and the self-organization of the territorial communities. The campaign aimed at boycotting of the trade marks belonging to the deputies of the Party of Regions had begun in social networks.On January 14, 2014, the Volyn Regional Branch of the All-Ukrainian Association «Maidan» was formed. Along with EuroMaidan Avtomaydan, which became a kind of mobile unit of EuroMaidan, was founded along with Euromaidan. On January 22, 2014, members of Automaidan did not allow the battalion of internal troops to leave Lutsk for Kyiv to help the security forces, with the following prolonged blockade of their barracks. A step delegitimize Yanukovych's regime was the formation of the People's Councils in the country's highest legislative body and representative power bodies on the ground. A self-defense unit was founded In Lutsk on February 19, 2014 on the basis of the decision of the Volyn Regional People's Council. The final mass meeting of EuroMaidan in Lutsk on February 23, 2011 was devoted to the public repentance of the Volyn Special Forces «Berkut» staff. ; The analysis of the political protest forms, the ability of citizens to self-organization in the struggle to defend constitutional rights and freedoms in Volyn during the active phase of the Euromaidan viability (November, 2013 – March, 2014) has been carried out. The start of the protest rally in Kyiv is related to the order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of Azarov to stop the process of preparing for the signing of an association with the European Union by Ukraine, which was to be held at the summit of the leaders of the Eastern Partnership countries on November 29 in Vilnius.The response to this was the creation of Euromaidan. In Lutsk, EuroMaidan started its activity on November 22, 2013, along with the celebration of the ninth anniversary of the Orange Revolution. Members of the youth public organization «National Alliance» announced a permanent action in support of Ukraine's accession to the European Union. On Sunday, November 24, the demonstration of support of the European vector «Ukrainians for European Integration» was held.The first mass meeting, attended by about two thousand participants, mostly student youth, was held on November 26. On November 28, the activists of the Lutsk EuroMaydan, mainly the students, organized a picket of the Volyn Regional Council with the requirement to accept the appeal concerning the European integration aspirations of the Ukraine citizens and the resignation of the government. The massive protest movement in the region began actually after the students were beaten up by members of the «Berkut» units on the night of November 30, 2013 in Kyiv. On December 1, more than 10,000 volunteers gathered at the Lutsk Theater square, where they expressed indignation at the actions of the security forces and offered to launch a nationwide strike action aimed at eliminating of the power.An effective factor in the organization of people during the Revolution of Dignity was the effective use of modern digital technologies and communications, in particular the Internet. They had become a powerful tool for the development of horizontal social interactions, community mobilization and the self-organization of the territorial communities. The campaign aimed at boycotting of the trade marks belonging to the deputies of the Party of Regions had begun in social networks.On January 14, 2014, the Volyn Regional Branch of the All-Ukrainian Association «Maidan» was formed. Along with EuroMaidan Avtomaydan, which became a kind of mobile unit of EuroMaidan, was founded along with Euromaidan. On January 22, 2014, members of Automaidan did not allow the battalion of internal troops to leave Lutsk for Kyiv to help the security forces, with the following prolonged blockade of their barracks. A step delegitimize Yanukovych's regime was the formation of the People's Councils in the country's highest legislative body and representative power bodies on the ground. A self-defense unit was founded In Lutsk on February 19, 2014 on the basis of the decision of the Volyn Regional People's Council. The final mass meeting of EuroMaidan in Lutsk on February 23, 2011 was devoted to the public repentance of the Volyn Special Forces «Berkut» staff.
The analysis of the political protest forms, the ability of citizens to self-organization in the struggle to defend constitutional rights and freedoms in Volyn during the active phase of the Euromaidan viability (November, 2013 – March, 2014) has been carried out. The start of the protest rally in Kyiv is related to the order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of Azarov to stop the process of preparing for the signing of an association with the European Union by Ukraine, which was to be held at the summit of the leaders of the Eastern Partnership countries on November 29 in Vilnius.The response to this was the creation of Euromaidan. In Lutsk, EuroMaidan started its activity on November 22, 2013, along with the celebration of the ninth anniversary of the Orange Revolution. Members of the youth public organization «National Alliance» announced a permanent action in support of Ukraine's accession to the European Union. On Sunday, November 24, the demonstration of support of the European vector «Ukrainians for European Integration» was held.The first mass meeting, attended by about two thousand participants, mostly student youth, was held on November 26. On November 28, the activists of the Lutsk EuroMaydan, mainly the students, organized a picket of the Volyn Regional Council with the requirement to accept the appeal concerning the European integration aspirations of the Ukraine citizens and the resignation of the government. The massive protest movement in the region began actually after the students were beaten up by members of the «Berkut» units on the night of November 30, 2013 in Kyiv. On December 1, more than 10,000 volunteers gathered at the Lutsk Theater square, where they expressed indignation at the actions of the security forces and offered to launch a nationwide strike action aimed at eliminating of the power.An effective factor in the organization of people during the Revolution of Dignity was the effective use of modern digital technologies and communications, in particular the Internet. They had become a powerful tool for the development of horizontal social interactions, community mobilization and the self-organization of the territorial communities. The campaign aimed at boycotting of the trade marks belonging to the deputies of the Party of Regions had begun in social networks.On January 14, 2014, the Volyn Regional Branch of the All-Ukrainian Association «Maidan» was formed. Along with EuroMaidan Avtomaydan, which became a kind of mobile unit of EuroMaidan, was founded along with Euromaidan. On January 22, 2014, members of Automaidan did not allow the battalion of internal troops to leave Lutsk for Kyiv to help the security forces, with the following prolonged blockade of their barracks. A step delegitimize Yanukovych's regime was the formation of the People's Councils in the country's highest legislative body and representative power bodies on the ground. A self-defense unit was founded In Lutsk on February 19, 2014 on the basis of the decision of the Volyn Regional People's Council. The final mass meeting of EuroMaidan in Lutsk on February 23, 2011 was devoted to the public repentance of the Volyn Special Forces «Berkut» staff. ; The analysis of the political protest forms, the ability of citizens to self-organization in the struggle to defend constitutional rights and freedoms in Volyn during the active phase of the Euromaidan viability (November, 2013 – March, 2014) has been carried out. The start of the protest rally in Kyiv is related to the order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of Azarov to stop the process of preparing for the signing of an association with the European Union by Ukraine, which was to be held at the summit of the leaders of the Eastern Partnership countries on November 29 in Vilnius.The response to this was the creation of Euromaidan. In Lutsk, EuroMaidan started its activity on November 22, 2013, along with the celebration of the ninth anniversary of the Orange Revolution. Members of the youth public organization «National Alliance» announced a permanent action in support of Ukraine's accession to the European Union. On Sunday, November 24, the demonstration of support of the European vector «Ukrainians for European Integration» was held.The first mass meeting, attended by about two thousand participants, mostly student youth, was held on November 26. On November 28, the activists of the Lutsk EuroMaydan, mainly the students, organized a picket of the Volyn Regional Council with the requirement to accept the appeal concerning the European integration aspirations of the Ukraine citizens and the resignation of the government. The massive protest movement in the region began actually after the students were beaten up by members of the «Berkut» units on the night of November 30, 2013 in Kyiv. On December 1, more than 10,000 volunteers gathered at the Lutsk Theater square, where they expressed indignation at the actions of the security forces and offered to launch a nationwide strike action aimed at eliminating of the power.An effective factor in the organization of people during the Revolution of Dignity was the effective use of modern digital technologies and communications, in particular the Internet. They had become a powerful tool for the development of horizontal social interactions, community mobilization and the self-organization of the territorial communities. The campaign aimed at boycotting of the trade marks belonging to the deputies of the Party of Regions had begun in social networks.On January 14, 2014, the Volyn Regional Branch of the All-Ukrainian Association «Maidan» was formed. Along with EuroMaidan Avtomaydan, which became a kind of mobile unit of EuroMaidan, was founded along with Euromaidan. On January 22, 2014, members of Automaidan did not allow the battalion of internal troops to leave Lutsk for Kyiv to help the security forces, with the following prolonged blockade of their barracks. A step delegitimize Yanukovych's regime was the formation of the People's Councils in the country's highest legislative body and representative power bodies on the ground. A self-defense unit was founded In Lutsk on February 19, 2014 on the basis of the decision of the Volyn Regional People's Council. The final mass meeting of EuroMaidan in Lutsk on February 23, 2011 was devoted to the public repentance of the Volyn Special Forces «Berkut» staff.
The article deals with verbalizers of the concept REFUGEE and peculiarities of its content in politicaldiscourse. Analysis of dictionary definitions, synonymous rows and definitions of the term "refugee" in the UN officialdocuments shows that lexemes refugee, asylum seeker and displaced person are the most frequent languagerepresentatives of the concept REFUGEE. The main conceptual feature of the concept is 'to be forced to flee his or hercountry and seek sanctuary in another country'. However, the concept REFUGEE acquires new conceptual featuresbecause of the development of world events. This fact is directly related to the crisis of refugees that forced governmentsto redefine already existent definitions of the term "refugee". In order to determine language means that verbalize theconcept REFUGEE in political discourse speeches of politicians were analyzed. The speeches were given by nativespeakers (Barack Obama, Theresa Mary May, Catherine Branson) as well as by non-native speakers of English (GrzegorzSchetyna, Morgan Johansson, António Guterres, Volker Türk). These politicians used both key lexemes-verbalizers of theconcept (refugee, asylum seeker, displaced person) and free word combinations (vulnerable people who have come toseek protection, people in need of protection, people in need of shelter, people in need) to represent the concept in theirspeeches. Native speakers mainly express neutral or positive attitude toward refugees. Non-native speakers sometimesuse verbalizers that have negative connotations. References Popova, Zinaida, and Sternin, Iosif. 2007. Kognitivnaia Lingvistika. Moskva: ACT"Vostok–Zapad". Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 2008. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/refugee. UNHCR. The UN Refugee Agency. "Cartagena declaration on refugees". Accessed August 1, 2017. http://www.unhcr.org/about-us/background/45dc19084/cartagena-declaration-refugees-adopted-colloquium-international-protection.html. UNHCR. The UN Refugee Agency. "Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees." Accessed August 1, 2017. http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10. Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2017. Random House, Inc. Accessed August 5, 2017. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/refugee. Encyclopedia Britannica. "Refugee." Accessed August 5, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/topic/refugee. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. 2005. Edinburgh: Longman. UNHCR. The UN Refugee Agency. "OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Pproblems in Africa." Accessed August 7, 2017. http://www.unhcr.org/about-us/background/45dc1a682/oau-convention-governing-specific-aspects-refugee-problems-africa-adopted.html. "Open Briefing to United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee". Accessed August 7, 2017. http://www.unhcr.org/admin/dipstatements/58e35b317/open-briefing-united-nations-security-council-counter-terrorism-committee.html. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 2010. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oxford Learner's Thesaurus. A Dictionary of Synonyms. 2008. Oxford: Oxford University Press. GOV.UK. "PM speech at Leaders Summit on Refugees: 20 September 2016". Accessed August 7, 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-at-leaders-summit-on-refugees-20-september-2016. Australian Human Rights Commission. "President speech: Human Rights, Refugees and Asylum Seekers". Accessed August 6, 2017. https://www.humanrights.gov.au /news/speeches/president-speech-human-rights-refugees-and-asylum-seekers. "Remarks by President Obama at Leaders Summit on Refugees". Accessed August 8, 2017. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/09/20/remarks-president-obama-leaders-summit-refugees. Government offices of Sweden. "Speech by Morgan Johansson at UNHCR High-level meeting on global responsibility sharing through pathways for admission of Syrian refugees." Accessed August 4, 2017. http://www.government.se/speeches/2016/03/speech-by-morgan-johansson-atunhcr-high-level-meeting-on-global-responsibility-sharing-through-pathways-for-admission-of-syrian-refugees/. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland. "Speech by Polish Foreign Minister on refugee crisis". Accessed August 2, 2017. http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/ministry/polish_diplomacy_archive/former_ministers/ remarks_mgs/speech_by_polish_foreign_minister_on_the_refugee_crisis;jsessionid=24E9E089164F28DF595E725FA63D09BC.cmsap5p. Guterres, António. 2015. "Briefing on the Humanitarian Situation in Syria". Paper presented at United Nations Security Council (7592nd Meeting), New York, 21 December 2015. http://www.unhcr.org/admin/hcspeeches/567861459/ united-nations-security-council-7592nd-meeting-briefing-humanitarian-situation.html. USA for UNHCR. "What is a refugee? Definition and Meaning". Accessed August 7, 2017. http://www.unrefugees.org/what-is-a-refugee/. ; Розглянуто вербалізатори концепту REFUGEE – одного з найактуальніших концептів ХХІ ст. – таособливості його наповнення в англомовному політичному дискурсі. Аналіз словникових дефініцій,синонімічних рядів і визначень терміна «біженець» в офіційних документах ООН показує, що найчастішемовними репрезентантами концепту REFUGEE виступають лексеми refugee, asylum seeker та displaced person, аголовною концептуальною ознакою досліджуваного концепту є 'вимушене переселення та пошук нового місцяпроживання'. Проте концепт REFUGEE з розвитком світових подій набуває нових концептуальних ознак. Цебезпосередньо пов'язано з кризою біженців, що змушувало держави переглянути вже існуючі визначення самоготерміна «refugee». Для того, щоб виокремити мовні засоби, які вербалізують концепт REFUGEE у політичномудискурсі, було проаналізовано промови політиків, серед яких є і носії англійської мови (Барак Обама, ТерезаМей, Катрін Бренсон), і не носії мови (Ґжеґож Схетина, Морган Юганссон, Антоніу Гутерреш, Фолькер Тюрк).Для репрезентації концепту вони використовують і ключові лексеми-вербалізатори концепту, і вільнісловосполучення (vulnerable people who have come to seek protection, people in need of protection, people in need ofshelter, people in need). Носії мови переважно виражають нейтральне або позитивне ставлення до біженців. Неносії мови інколи доповнюють номінативне поле концепту REFUGEE репрезентантами з негативнимиконотаціями.
Розкрито роль Угоди про асоціацію в поглибленні політичного діалогу між Україною та ЄС. Висвітлено роль політичного діалогу у формуванні політичної асоціації між Україною та ЄС. Проаналізовано політичний діалог між Україною та ЄС в рамках самітів Україна – ЄС, Ради асоціації, Комітету асоціації, Парламентського комітету асоціації та Платформи громадянського суспільства. Виявлено основні проблеми політичного діалогу між Україною та ЄС. ; Problem setting. The successful implementation of the Association Agreement and the formation of the political association depend directly on the political dialogue between Ukraine and the EU.Recent research and publications analysis. The problems and prospects for the implementation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement have been studied by O. Holovko-Havrysheva, I. Horodyskyi, M. Mykiievych, O. Krasivskyi, M. Kuzio, V. Motyl, M. Murovnikov, O. Oleksiv, R. Petrov, K. Smirnov, R. Khorolskyi, D. Chernikov, D. Sherenhovskyi, H. Yavorska, I. Yavorska, etc.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The problem of the political dialogue in the process of implementing the political association between Ukraine and the EU remains unexplored in domestic science.The article aims to examine the political dialogue between Ukraine and the EU within the framework of the implementation of the Association Agreement and to identify problems that can hinder the European integration of Ukraine.Paper main body. The political dialogue between Ukraine and the EU takes place within the framework of the Ukraine-EU summits, Association Council, Association Committee, Parliamentary Committee of the Association and the EU-Ukraine Civil Society Platform.At the summits, the political dialogue is conducted at the highest level between the parties. During the summits, the general supervision over the implementation of the Agreement, discussion of any bilateral or international issues of mutual interest is carried out.The Association Council monitors and controls the implementation of the Agreement, and periodically reviews the functioning of the Agreement in the context of its goals. It addresses issues that arise under this Association. The Association Council holds ministerial-level meetings.The Association Committee assists the Association Council in carrying out its duties. On the Ukrainian side, members of the Association Committee are deputy ministries for European integration issues, Deputy Minister of Economic Development and Trade – Trade Representative of Ukraine, deputy heads of other central executive bodies, whose powers include the implementation of the Agreement. The competence of the Committee is to prepare meetings of the Association Council. In addition, the Council may delegate any of its powers to the Association Committee, including the power to take binding decisions for the Parties. The Association Committee prepares its decisions with the consent of the Parties. The Association Committee holds special meetings to solve all the questions to ensure the functioning of a comprehensive and deep free trade area between Ukraine and the EU.The Parliamentary Committee of the Association is a forum for conducting meetings and exchanging views between members of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the European Parliament. It includes deputies of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the European Parliament. This body has the right to ask the Association Council to provide information on the implementation of the Association Agreement and to give it own recommendations, as well as to create appropriate subcommittees.The Civil Society Platform is a joint civil society body composed of representatives of trade unions, employers' organizations, civil society organizations of Ukraine and representatives of the European Economic and Social Committee. The Civil Society Platform may make recommendations to the Association Council, and should be informed about the decisions and recommendations of the Association Council.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The political dialogue within the framework of the Association Agreement allows the leaders of Ukraine and the EU to agree and coordinate approaches to strengthen the political association and economic integration of Kiev and Brussels, to jointly respond to strategic challenges in conditions of dynamic changes at the global and regional levels. The results of the political dialogue were the ratification and entry into force of the Association Agreement, the EU diplomatic support against the aggression of Russia, the free trade zone between Ukraine and the EU, the free-trade area between Ukraine and the EU, a visa-free regime, and important steps to overcome Ukraine's energy dependence on the Russian Federation. As a result of the implementation of the Association Agreement, over the last 4 years Ukraine implemented more reforms than for the previous 20 ones.Corruption, the dominance of the oligarchy in Ukraine, ineffective reforms and cosmetic changes in the Ukrainian state, Russian aggression, the lack of a firm EU position on the European perspective of Ukraine and sanctions against Russia, refusal to provide Ukraine with military and financial assistance, ignorance of the situation of Ukraine, which leads the "hybrid war" with Russia, disappointment of the people caused by the significant drop in their standard of living after the Revolution of Dignity, as well as the war fatigue are the problems which may become an obstacle to the realization of the political association between Ukraine and the EU.
Розкрито роль Угоди про асоціацію в поглибленні політичного діалогу між Україною та ЄС. Висвітлено роль політичного діалогу у формуванні політичної асоціації між Україною та ЄС. Проаналізовано політичний діалог між Україною та ЄС в рамках самітів Україна – ЄС, Ради асоціації, Комітету асоціації, Парламентського комітету асоціації та Платформи громадянського суспільства. Виявлено основні проблеми політичного діалогу між Україною та ЄС. ; Problem setting. The successful implementation of the Association Agreement and the formation of the political association depend directly on the political dialogue between Ukraine and the EU.Recent research and publications analysis. The problems and prospects for the implementation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement have been studied by O. Holovko-Havrysheva, I. Horodyskyi, M. Mykiievych, O. Krasivskyi, M. Kuzio, V. Motyl, M. Murovnikov, O. Oleksiv, R. Petrov, K. Smirnov, R. Khorolskyi, D. Chernikov, D. Sherenhovskyi, H. Yavorska, I. Yavorska, etc.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The problem of the political dialogue in the process of implementing the political association between Ukraine and the EU remains unexplored in domestic science.The article aims to examine the political dialogue between Ukraine and the EU within the framework of the implementation of the Association Agreement and to identify problems that can hinder the European integration of Ukraine.Paper main body. The political dialogue between Ukraine and the EU takes place within the framework of the Ukraine-EU summits, Association Council, Association Committee, Parliamentary Committee of the Association and the EU-Ukraine Civil Society Platform.At the summits, the political dialogue is conducted at the highest level between the parties. During the summits, the general supervision over the implementation of the Agreement, discussion of any bilateral or international issues of mutual interest is carried out.The Association Council monitors and controls the implementation of the Agreement, and periodically reviews the functioning of the Agreement in the context of its goals. It addresses issues that arise under this Association. The Association Council holds ministerial-level meetings.The Association Committee assists the Association Council in carrying out its duties. On the Ukrainian side, members of the Association Committee are deputy ministries for European integration issues, Deputy Minister of Economic Development and Trade – Trade Representative of Ukraine, deputy heads of other central executive bodies, whose powers include the implementation of the Agreement. The competence of the Committee is to prepare meetings of the Association Council. In addition, the Council may delegate any of its powers to the Association Committee, including the power to take binding decisions for the Parties. The Association Committee prepares its decisions with the consent of the Parties. The Association Committee holds special meetings to solve all the questions to ensure the functioning of a comprehensive and deep free trade area between Ukraine and the EU.The Parliamentary Committee of the Association is a forum for conducting meetings and exchanging views between members of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the European Parliament. It includes deputies of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the European Parliament. This body has the right to ask the Association Council to provide information on the implementation of the Association Agreement and to give it own recommendations, as well as to create appropriate subcommittees.The Civil Society Platform is a joint civil society body composed of representatives of trade unions, employers' organizations, civil society organizations of Ukraine and representatives of the European Economic and Social Committee. The Civil Society Platform may make recommendations to the Association Council, and should be informed about the decisions and recommendations of the Association Council.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The political dialogue within the framework of the Association Agreement allows the leaders of Ukraine and the EU to agree and coordinate approaches to strengthen the political association and economic integration of Kiev and Brussels, to jointly respond to strategic challenges in conditions of dynamic changes at the global and regional levels. The results of the political dialogue were the ratification and entry into force of the Association Agreement, the EU diplomatic support against the aggression of Russia, the free trade zone between Ukraine and the EU, the free-trade area between Ukraine and the EU, a visa-free regime, and important steps to overcome Ukraine's energy dependence on the Russian Federation. As a result of the implementation of the Association Agreement, over the last 4 years Ukraine implemented more reforms than for the previous 20 ones.Corruption, the dominance of the oligarchy in Ukraine, ineffective reforms and cosmetic changes in the Ukrainian state, Russian aggression, the lack of a firm EU position on the European perspective of Ukraine and sanctions against Russia, refusal to provide Ukraine with military and financial assistance, ignorance of the situation of Ukraine, which leads the "hybrid war" with Russia, disappointment of the people caused by the significant drop in their standard of living after the Revolution of Dignity, as well as the war fatigue are the problems which may become an obstacle to the realization of the political association between Ukraine and the EU.
The article states the foreign policy activities of Ukraine during 1994–1999 to be aimed at the practical implementation of the strategic foreign policy priority – integration into the EU in the context of geopolitical realities. The foundations of the European integration policy of Ukraine began to be laid during this period. It was the time when the process of forming the juridical basis of Ukraine – EU cooperation began. The legal basis for relations was the Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union. It was noted that the partnership dialogue between the parties was further developed in the framework of the annual meetings of the Ukraine–EU summit. The Polish press paid considerable attention to the establishment of partnership relations between Ukraine and the EU, giving them a detailed comment. Based on the analysis of the Polish leading publications, it was found that Ukraine– U have gone from initial political declarations and the provision of technical and financial assistance from the EU to a wide range of cooperation. For a case study of the process of formation and development of relations between Ukraine and the EU, based on materials from leading Polish publications, the historical descriptive method was used. To determine the role of Polish periodicals in covering the content of the European vector of Ukraine's foreign policy, such general scientific methods as systemic, informational, semiotic were used. The system method in combination with the problem-chronological one allowed to consider the formation and development of Ukraine's integration into European structures as an integral dialectical process.
Poland came up to the EU membership gradually, reorientation on the West in trade and economic sphere was accompanied by desire of establishing with them close political relations. After the Warsaw Pact expiration polish leaders had to decide also the question of safety concerning the incorporation in NATO, at that membership in EU and NATO was considered as the related key objectives of the foreign policy.In 1988-1993 years the democratic reform of the armed forces of Poland was characterized by the political forces unsuccessful attempts to achieve a certain visibility of macro-stablity and come to an agreement concerning control of the armed forces. Poland received an offer of cooperation with NATO within the program «Partnership for the sake of peace» in January 1994 at the summit in Brussels with other CEE countries. In 1999 year the Polish Parliament ratified the North Atlantic Treaty, demonstrating consolidated position of the political forces concerning that question.To the Council of Europe took a decision for the start of negotiations concerning the accession to the EU, Poland had to satisfy the political criteria, for execution of which, the consolidated position of the political forces concerning eurointegrational question had to exist. The application for membership in EU was made then, when the majority of places in parliament belonged to the political party, which had been created before the parliamentary elections in 1991 year from the political forces connected with the previous system.Already on July 16 of the 1997 year the "Agenda 2000", which was presented at the meeting of European parliament, denoted that, the political institutes of Poland function stably and consistently, and the parliamentary elections in 1991 and 1993 years had been free. Poland was recommended to negotiations concerning its membership, and its accession to the European Union took place while the fourth parliament cadence was functioning, when the majority belong to leftist forces. ; Poland came up to the EU membership gradually, reorientation on the West in trade and economic sphere was accompanied by desire of establishing with them close political relations. After the Warsaw Pact expiration polish leaders had to decide also the question of safety concerning the incorporation in NATO, at that membership in EU and NATO was considered as the related key objectives of the foreign policy.In 1988-1993 years the democratic reform of the armed forces of Poland was characterized by the political forces unsuccessful attempts to achieve a certain visibility of macro-stablity and come to an agreement concerning control of the armed forces. Poland received an offer of cooperation with NATO within the program «Partnership for the sake of peace» in January 1994 at the summit in Brussels with other CEE countries. In 1999 year the Polish Parliament ratified the North Atlantic Treaty, demonstrating consolidated position of the political forces concerning that question.To the Council of Europe took a decision for the start of negotiations concerning the accession to the EU, Poland had to satisfy the political criteria, for execution of which, the consolidated position of the political forces concerning eurointegrational question had to exist. The application for membership in EU was made then, when the majority of places in parliament belonged to the political party, which had been created before the parliamentary elections in 1991 year from the political forces connected with the previous system.Already on July 16 of the 1997 year the "Agenda 2000", which was presented at the meeting of European parliament, denoted that, the political institutes of Poland function stably and consistently, and the parliamentary elections in 1991 and 1993 years had been free. Poland was recommended to negotiations concerning its membership, and its accession to the European Union took place while the fourth parliament cadence was functioning, when the majority belong to leftist forces.
The article analyzes the dynamics, interests of the parties, priority areas of cooperation and contradictions of Ukrainian-American relations in the post-Maid period, reveals the reasons for supporting Ukraine in resisting Russian aggression from the United States. The influence of the Revolution of Dignity on the geopolitical interests of the United States in Eastern Europe and the post-Soviet space is determined. It was determined that in 2014-2016. bilateral relations between Ukraine and the United States in terms of summit meetings and diplomatic support have reached their highest development in the 30th anniversary of Ukraine's independence. At the same time, they lacked practical content - specific projects and common interests. The American strategy for Ukraine provided for limited military assistance and diplomatic containment of the Russian Federation in order to maintain the balance of power in the region. Six areas were identified that formed the bilateral agenda - military-technical cooperation, political dialogue, support for reforms, the fight against corruption, energy, support for democratic institutions. The main directions of cooperation, projects and problems within each of these areas are disclosed in detail. In the context of the formation of "strategic friendship" after 2014, the parties demonstrated different diplomatic rhetoric. Ukrainian politicians emphasized the importance of strategic partnership between countries, military assistance, and American representatives put the need for economic reforms and the fight against corruption in the first place, pushing Ukrainian leaders to take appropriate action. It was concluded that US-Ukrainian relations at this stage were more reminiscent not of a strategic partnership, but of patronage, where Kiev, as a clientele, sought protection from Russian aggression, and the United States saw the support of the pro-Western regime in Kiev as an opportunity to strengthen its positions in Eastern Europe and the post-Soviet space. ; В статье проанализирована динамика, интересы сторон, приоритетные направления сотрудничества и противоречия украинского-американских отношений в постмайданный период, раскрыты причины поддержки Украины в противостоянии российской агрессии со стороны Соединенных Штатов. Определено влияние Революции Достоинства на геополитические интересы США в Восточной Европе и на постсоветском пространстве. Определено, что в 2014-2016 гг. двусторонние отношения Украины и США с точки зрения встреч на высшем уровне и дипломатической поддержки достигли наивысшего развития за 30-летие независимости Украины. В то же время им не хватало практического наполнения – конкретных проектов и общих интересов. Американская стратегия относительно Украины предусматривала ограниченную военную помощь и дипломатическое сдерживания РФ с целью сохранения баланса сил в регионе. Определены шесть сфер, которые формировали двустороннюю повестку дня – ВТС, политический диалог, поддержка реформ, борьба с коррупцией, энергетика, поддержка демократических институтов. Подробно раскрываются основные направления сотрудничества, проекты и проблемы в рамках каждой из этих сфер. В условиях формирования после 2014 «стратегической дружбы» стороны демонстрировали разную дипломатическую риторику. Украинские политики акцентировали важность стратегического партнерства между странами, военной помощи, а американские представители ставили на первое место необходимость проведения экономических реформ, борьбы с коррупцией, подталкивая украинских лидеров к соответствующим действиям. Сделан вывод, что американо-украинские отношения на этом этапе скорее напоминали не стратегическое партнерство, а патронаж, где Киев как клиентела искал защиту от российской агрессии, а США видели в поддержке прозападного режима в Киеве возможность укрепить свои позиции в Восточной Европе и на постсоветском пространстве. ; У статті проаналізована динаміка, інтереси сторін, пріоритетні напрямки співпраці та протиріччя українсько-американських відносин у постмайданний період, розкриті причини підтримки України у протистоянні російській агресії з боку Сполучених Штатів. З'ясований вплив Революції Гідності на геополітичні інтереси США у Східній Європі та на пострадянському просторі. Визначено, що у 2014-2016 рр. двосторонні відносини України та США з точки зору зустрічей на вищому рівні та дипломатичної підтримки досягли найвищого розвитку за 30-річчя незалежності України. Водночас їм бракувало практичного наповнення – конкретних проєктів і спільних інтересів. Американська стратегія щодо України у цей період передбачала обмежену військову допомогу та дипломатичне стримування РФ з метою збереження балансу сил у регіоні. Визначені шість сфер, які формували двосторонній порядок денний – ВТС, політичний діалог, підтримка реформ, боротьба з корупцією, енергетика, підтримка демократичних інститутів. Детально розкриваються основні напрямки співробітництва, проекти та проблеми в рамках кожної з цих сфер. В умовах формування після 2014 р. «стратегічної дружби» сторони демонстрували різну дипломатичну риторику. Українські політики акцентували важливість стратегічного партнерства між країнами, військової допомоги США, а американські представники ставили на першу місце необхідність проведення економічних реформ, боротьби з корупцією, підштовхуючи українських лідерів до відповідних дій. Зроблений висновок, що американо-українські відносини на цьому етапі швидше нагадували не стратегічне партнерство, а патронаж, де Київ як клієнтела шукав захист від російської агресії, а США бачили у підтримці прозахідного режиму у Києві можливість зміцнити свої позиції у Східній Європі та на пострадянському просторі.
Встановлено, що сталий розвиток є основою екологічної політики України, яка сприяє збалансованому використанню природних ресурсів, охороні довкілля та задоволенню потреб людини. Досліджено визначення поняття «сталий розвиток», головні принципи та елементи концепції сталого розвитку. Запропоновано визначення сталого розвитку як взаємодії людини й природи на засадах збалансованості та взаємозалежності, яка передбачає раціональне та ефективне споживання природних ресурсів, мінімізацію негативних впливів на них в процесі задоволення потреб особи. Визначено, що глобальні екологічні проблеми потребують спільних зусиль людства та здійснення відповідної політики на державному рівні. Доведено, що екологічна політика України базується на принципах сталого розвитку та закріплена в нормативних документах, схвалених на міжнародному, регіональному та національному рівнях. Зосереджено увагу на нормативно-правових актах, які регулюють реалізацію основних положень концепції сталого розвитку. Важливим для людства є документ, схвалений у 2015 році на Саміті ООН, «Перетворення нашого світу: порядок денний у сфері сталого розвитку до 2030 року», який затвердив 17 Цілей Сталого Розвитку. Підписання Угоди про асоціацію між Україною, з однієї сторони, та Європейським Союзом, Європейським співтовариством з атомної енергії і їхніми державами-членами, з іншої сторони підтвердило наміри України надалі співпрацювати на регіональному рівні у сфері охорони навколишнього природного середовища. Встановлено, що Україна вибудовує свою політику з огляду на взяті на себе відповідні зобов'язання. На національному рівні концепція сталого розвитку закріплена в законодавстві України, в якому закладені основи екологічної політики, визначені основні напрямки діяльності та встановлені показники оцінки її реалізації у перспективі. ; It is established that sustainable development is the basis of Ukraine's environmental policy, which contributes to the balanced use of natural resources, environmental protection and human needs. The definition of the concept of "sustainable development", the main principles of the concept of sustainable development, the elements of the concept of sustainable development are studied. The definition of sustainable development as the interaction of man and nature on the basis of balance and interdependence, provides for rational and efficient consumption of natural resources, minimization of negative impacts on them in the process of meeting the needs of the individual. It is determined that global environmental issues require joint efforts and the implementation of appropriate policies at the state level. It is proved that the environmental policy of Ukraine is based on the principles of sustainable development and regulatory documents approved at the international, regional and national levels. The focus is on regulations governing the implementation of the main provisions of the concept of sustainable development. Important for humanity is the document approved in 2015 at the UN Summit, "Transforming our world: the agenda for sustainable development until 2030", which approved 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other hand, confirmed Ukraine's intentions to further cooperate at the regional level in the field of environmental protection. It has been established that Ukraine is building its policy in view of the relevant commitments. At the national level, the concept of sustainable development is enshrined in the legislation of Ukraine, which lays the foundations of environmental policy and sets indicators for assessing the implementation of state environmental policy in the future.
Проведено аналіз, на основі якого обґрунтовано, що, з одного боку, ТНК безперечно визначають динаміку та основні тенденції розвитку світової економіки загалом, контролюють її основні тренди та технологічний рівень і значною мірою визначають правила гри. З іншого боку, у реаліях сучасного міжнародного бізнесу ТНК теж не можуть не враховувати реалії та тенденції, що складаються у суспільстві, і змушені підлаштовуватися під них у своїй діяльності. Однією з основних таких реалій є концепція сталого розвитку, аналізу впливу якої на діяльність ТНК і присвячено дану статтю.Показано, що, що ні концепція екзогенного, ні концепція ендогенного економічного зростання не враховують повною мірою екологічних чинників та викликів, що стоять перед сучасним суспільством. Крім того, жодна зі згаданих моделей економічного зростання не приділяла достатньої уваги соціальним чинникам та проблемам стабільності. Тому назріла потреба формування нової, еколого-економічної моделі зростання сучасних ТНК, що поєднала б у собі здобутки природничих та суспільних наук,і дозволила б задовольняти потреби сучасного суспільства, не ставлячи під загрозу здатність майбутніх поколінь задовольняти свої потреби.Визначено, що ключовим критерієм при виборі оптимальної моделі поведінки стосовно тієї чи іншої ТНК повинен бути тип ресурсів, який вона найбільше використовує у своїй діяльності. При цьому оптимізацію державної політики стосовно ТНК найдоцільніше визначати відповідно до стратегії експансії, яку вона використовує на українському ринку. ; Introduction. Nowadays TNCs undoubtedly determine the dynamics and main trends of the world economy as a whole, control its main trends and technological level and to a large extent determine the rules of the game. On the other hand, TNCs can not fail to take into account the realities and trends that are formed in society, and are forced to adapt to them in their activities. One of the main such realities is the concept of sustainable development, analysis of the impact of which on the activities of TNCs will be devoted to this article.Obviously, neither the concept of exogenous nor the concept of endogenous economic growth does not fully take into account the environmental factors and challenges faced by modern society. In addition, none of the above-mentioned models of economic growth did not pay sufficient attention to social factors and stability issues. Therefore, the emergence of a new, ecological and economic model of growth, which would combine the achievements of natural and social sciences.Analysis of used sources. In the world economic science, TNC's were researched by such scholars as S. Agarval, P. Backley, D. Bennett, G. Vaenrich, R. Vernon, S. Gaimer, J. F. Gennart, C. Gill, C. Hofer, J. Danning, D. Datta, M. Casson, R. Kewz, C.D.D., J.L., T. Moran, T. Ozava, K. Omae, H. Pitilis, M. Porter, P. Rana, R. Reich, S. Rolf, J. Rotheb, F. Rout, M. and S. Tolchin, F. Trompenaars, A. Shapiro, K. Sharp; in Ukrainian science, certain aspects of TNC's activity were studied by O. Bilorus, O. Budkin, V. Butkevich, I. Gladiy, B. Gubsky, V. Dikan, V. Kisil, V. Melnyk, A. Moky, Y. Pakhomov, K. Panchenko, A. Pekhnyk, J. Poplavskaya, O. Rogach, A. Semenov, K. Semenov, S. Sokolenko, A. Filipenko, O. Shnirkov and others. At the same time, despite the large number of researches on TNCs, some aspects of TNCs' activity in the modern international business remain insufficiently elucidated and require further analysis.The purpose of the article. To conduct the theoretical aspects and practical recommendations of regulation of TNC activities according to the concept of sustainable development.Presentation of the main material. Obviously, neither the concept of exogenous nor the concept of endogenous economic growth does not fully take into account the environmental factors and challenges faced by modern society. In addition, none of the above-mentioned models of economic growth did not pay sufficient attention to social factors and stability issues. Therefore, the emergence of the emergence of a new, ecological and economic model of growth, which would combine the achievements of natural and social sciences.Such a concept was the model of sustainable development, formulated in the late 80's and approved in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, as well as approved in the Declaration on Environment and Development "Agenda for the 21st Century"The next stage in the development of this concept was the International Conference on Financing for Development (International Conference on Financing for Development), held March 18-22, 2002 in Monterey (Mexico), where the heads of the participating countries adopted a coordinated decision on the use of tax levers, investments in economic and social infrastructure, the development of capital markets through banking systems, balanced fiscal and monetary policies, the reduction of the impact of inflation, the promotion of high standards of economic growth, full employment, the eradication of poverty and price stability. These ideas were further developed in the framework of the World Summit on Sustainable Development from 26 August to 4 September 2002, which allowed setting goals and timelines for a wide range of issues, in particular, setting target targets with the provision of sanitation, the use and production of chemical products. As a result of the summit, more than 200 partnerships were announced in various areas of sustainable development in all regions, for which significant funding was allocated. The Johannesburg Implementation Plan and the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development were adopted within the framework of the Summit.In addition, the extremely important element of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg was that international commitments were complemented by a series of voluntary partnership initiatives on sustainable development.The decision of the above-mentioned international meetings allowed us to proceed to the practical implementation of the decisions taken, which, in our time, with the corresponding periodic adjustment, is conducted under the guidance of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development.According to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, its goal is to meet the needs of modern society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.Accordingly, 5 basic principles are based on the concept of sustainable development:1) Economic development can be sustained and sustainable in order to meet the needs of the present generation, while not undermining the ability of future generations to meet their needs.2) The restrictions that exist in the field of exploitation of natural resources are relative, they relate only to the constraints imposed by the current level of technology and social organization, as well as the ability of the biosphere to self-healing.3) It is necessary to satisfy the basic needs of all people and to provide everyone with an opportunity of high-quality life.4) It is necessary to reconcile the state of life of those who enjoy excessive benefits (monetary and material), with the ecological potential of the planet, in particular regarding the use of energy.5) The size and pace of population growth should be consistent with the productive potential of the changing global ecosystem. It should be noted that this does not mean a return to Malthusianism, but it certainly requires the bringing of technologies and economic development to the level of pressing problems of mankind.Subsequently, this concept was adopted as the basis for the coordination of environmental and economic policies by governments of many states and even regional integration associations. In particular, the leaders of the European Union at the EU summit held in Göteborg in June 2001 adopted a joint strategy for sustainable development. This was the definition of the very concept of sustainable development. According to the declaration of the heads of 15 European countries, "sustainable development is in such a way as to meet the needs of the present generation of people, which would not endanger future generations". Although the strategy itself was largely declarative (in particular, the EU Commissioner for the Environment, Margot Wallström, expressed regret that the leaders of the countries "did not concentrate enough on concrete actions"), yet the EU leaders outlined a series of measures who should help build a sustainable society.In Ukraine, the Concept of Sustainable Development was approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 1997. In addition, within the framework of the joint Ukrainian-American project "The Program for the Promotion of Sustainable Development in Ukraine", with the participation of many leading scientists of Ukraine, a "Concept of Sustainable Development of Ukraine" was developed. It defines sustainable development as "the process of building the state on the basis of harmonization and harmonization of social, economic and environmental components in order to meet the needs of present and future generations," in which "a balanced solution to socio-economic problems, the maintenance of a favorable state of the environment and natural resource potential in order to meet the vital needs of present and future generations ".At the same time, the authors of the concept especially emphasize that "the basis of sustainable development is the parity of relations in the triad" man - economy - nature. "Sustainable development combines the process of survival and reproduction of the nation's gene pool, the activation of the role of each individual in society, ensuring its rights and freedoms, preservation of the natural environment, formation of conditions for the restoration of the biosphere and its local ecosystems, orientation towards reducing the level of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment and harmonizing human development in nature. "It is also important to realize that "Ukraine can ensure the transition to sustainable development exclusively through the effective use of all kinds of resources, structural and technological modernization of production, using the creative potential of society for the building and prosperity of the state," and also that "the definition of ways to ensure sustainable the development of the state should be based on the formulation of strategic goals of state building taking into account the realities of the present, the trends of the world community, the place and role of Ukraine in Europe and in the world ".Obviously, the concept of sustainable development causes a significant, but in many respects, determinants of the impact on the whole system of modern international business. Accordingly, the development of a strategy for integration into a globalized economy is extremely important in taking into account the specifics and constraints imposed by the concept of sustainable development and the documents and criteria adopted on its basis. At the same time, the key weight takes into account the above mentioned peculiarities when regulating the activities of transnational corporations, which at the moment is definitely one of the most powerful factors in the integration of Ukraine into the system of world economic relations.There exists a fundamental possibility of harmonizing the impact of transnational corporations on the territory of Ukraine with the concept of sustainable development. The optimum for this is the use as an optimization criterion of the type of the most intensively used TNC resources and their expansion strategies applied to the relevant market.Conclusions. The analysis of the concept of sustainable development proposed by the UN and the "Concept of Sustainable Development of Ukraine" developed on its basis allows us to draw conclusions about the existence of a fundamental possibility of harmonizing the impact of transnational corporations on the territory of Ukraine with the concept of sustainable development.The optimum for this is the use as an optimization criterion of the type of the most intensively used TNC resources and their expansion strategies applied to the relevant market.
Introduction. Nowadays TNCs undoubtedly determine the dynamics and main trends of the world economy as a whole, control its main trends and technological level and to a large extent determine the rules of the game. On the other hand, TNCs can not fail to take into account the realities and trends that are formed in society, and are forced to adapt to them in their activities. One of the main such realities is the concept of sustainable development, analysis of the impact of which on the activities of TNCs will be devoted to this article.Obviously, neither the concept of exogenous nor the concept of endogenous economic growth does not fully take into account the environmental factors and challenges faced by modern society. In addition, none of the above-mentioned models of economic growth did not pay sufficient attention to social factors and stability issues. Therefore, the emergence of a new, ecological and economic model of growth, which would combine the achievements of natural and social sciences.Analysis of used sources. In the world economic science, TNC's were researched by such scholars as S. Agarval, P. Backley, D. Bennett, G. Vaenrich, R. Vernon, S. Gaimer, J. F. Gennart, C. Gill, C. Hofer, J. Danning, D. Datta, M. Casson, R. Kewz, C.D.D., J.L., T. Moran, T. Ozava, K. Omae, H. Pitilis, M. Porter, P. Rana, R. Reich, S. Rolf, J. Rotheb, F. Rout, M. and S. Tolchin, F. Trompenaars, A. Shapiro, K. Sharp; in Ukrainian science, certain aspects of TNC's activity were studied by O. Bilorus, O. Budkin, V. Butkevich, I. Gladiy, B. Gubsky, V. Dikan, V. Kisil, V. Melnyk, A. Moky, Y. Pakhomov, K. Panchenko, A. Pekhnyk, J. Poplavskaya, O. Rogach, A. Semenov, K. Semenov, S. Sokolenko, A. Filipenko, O. Shnirkov and others. At the same time, despite the large number of researches on TNCs, some aspects of TNCs' activity in the modern international business remain insufficiently elucidated and require further analysis.The purpose of the article. To conduct the theoretical aspects and practical recommendations of regulation of TNC activities according to the concept of sustainable development.Presentation of the main material. Obviously, neither the concept of exogenous nor the concept of endogenous economic growth does not fully take into account the environmental factors and challenges faced by modern society. In addition, none of the above-mentioned models of economic growth did not pay sufficient attention to social factors and stability issues. Therefore, the emergence of the emergence of a new, ecological and economic model of growth, which would combine the achievements of natural and social sciences.Such a concept was the model of sustainable development, formulated in the late 80's and approved in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, as well as approved in the Declaration on Environment and Development "Agenda for the 21st Century"The next stage in the development of this concept was the International Conference on Financing for Development (International Conference on Financing for Development), held March 18-22, 2002 in Monterey (Mexico), where the heads of the participating countries adopted a coordinated decision on the use of tax levers, investments in economic and social infrastructure, the development of capital markets through banking systems, balanced fiscal and monetary policies, the reduction of the impact of inflation, the promotion of high standards of economic growth, full employment, the eradication of poverty and price stability. These ideas were further developed in the framework of the World Summit on Sustainable Development from 26 August to 4 September 2002, which allowed setting goals and timelines for a wide range of issues, in particular, setting target targets with the provision of sanitation, the use and production of chemical products. As a result of the summit, more than 200 partnerships were announced in various areas of sustainable development in all regions, for which significant funding was allocated. The Johannesburg Implementation Plan and the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development were adopted within the framework of the Summit.In addition, the extremely important element of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg was that international commitments were complemented by a series of voluntary partnership initiatives on sustainable development.The decision of the above-mentioned international meetings allowed us to proceed to the practical implementation of the decisions taken, which, in our time, with the corresponding periodic adjustment, is conducted under the guidance of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development.According to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, its goal is to meet the needs of modern society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.Accordingly, 5 basic principles are based on the concept of sustainable development:1) Economic development can be sustained and sustainable in order to meet the needs of the present generation, while not undermining the ability of future generations to meet their needs.2) The restrictions that exist in the field of exploitation of natural resources are relative, they relate only to the constraints imposed by the current level of technology and social organization, as well as the ability of the biosphere to self-healing.3) It is necessary to satisfy the basic needs of all people and to provide everyone with an opportunity of high-quality life.4) It is necessary to reconcile the state of life of those who enjoy excessive benefits (monetary and material), with the ecological potential of the planet, in particular regarding the use of energy.5) The size and pace of population growth should be consistent with the productive potential of the changing global ecosystem. It should be noted that this does not mean a return to Malthusianism, but it certainly requires the bringing of technologies and economic development to the level of pressing problems of mankind.Subsequently, this concept was adopted as the basis for the coordination of environmental and economic policies by governments of many states and even regional integration associations. In particular, the leaders of the European Union at the EU summit held in Göteborg in June 2001 adopted a joint strategy for sustainable development. This was the definition of the very concept of sustainable development. According to the declaration of the heads of 15 European countries, "sustainable development is in such a way as to meet the needs of the present generation of people, which would not endanger future generations". Although the strategy itself was largely declarative (in particular, the EU Commissioner for the Environment, Margot Wallström, expressed regret that the leaders of the countries "did not concentrate enough on concrete actions"), yet the EU leaders outlined a series of measures who should help build a sustainable society.In Ukraine, the Concept of Sustainable Development was approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 1997. In addition, within the framework of the joint Ukrainian-American project "The Program for the Promotion of Sustainable Development in Ukraine", with the participation of many leading scientists of Ukraine, a "Concept of Sustainable Development of Ukraine" was developed. It defines sustainable development as "the process of building the state on the basis of harmonization and harmonization of social, economic and environmental components in order to meet the needs of present and future generations," in which "a balanced solution to socio-economic problems, the maintenance of a favorable state of the environment and natural resource potential in order to meet the vital needs of present and future generations ".At the same time, the authors of the concept especially emphasize that "the basis of sustainable development is the parity of relations in the triad" man - economy - nature. "Sustainable development combines the process of survival and reproduction of the nation's gene pool, the activation of the role of each individual in society, ensuring its rights and freedoms, preservation of the natural environment, formation of conditions for the restoration of the biosphere and its local ecosystems, orientation towards reducing the level of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment and harmonizing human development in nature. "It is also important to realize that "Ukraine can ensure the transition to sustainable development exclusively through the effective use of all kinds of resources, structural and technological modernization of production, using the creative potential of society for the building and prosperity of the state," and also that "the definition of ways to ensure sustainable the development of the state should be based on the formulation of strategic goals of state building taking into account the realities of the present, the trends of the world community, the place and role of Ukraine in Europe and in the world ".Obviously, the concept of sustainable development causes a significant, but in many respects, determinants of the impact on the whole system of modern international business. Accordingly, the development of a strategy for integration into a globalized economy is extremely important in taking into account the specifics and constraints imposed by the concept of sustainable development and the documents and criteria adopted on its basis. At the same time, the key weight takes into account the above mentioned peculiarities when regulating the activities of transnational corporations, which at the moment is definitely one of the most powerful factors in the integration of Ukraine into the system of world economic relations.There exists a fundamental possibility of harmonizing the impact of transnational corporations on the territory of Ukraine with the concept of sustainable development. The optimum for this is the use as an optimization criterion of the type of the most intensively used TNC resources and their expansion strategies applied to the relevant market.Conclusions. The analysis of the concept of sustainable development proposed by the UN and the "Concept of Sustainable Development of Ukraine" developed on its basis allows us to draw conclusions about the existence of a fundamental possibility of harmonizing the impact of transnational corporations on the territory of Ukraine with the concept of sustainable development.The optimum for this is the use as an optimization criterion of the type of the most intensively used TNC resources and their expansion strategies applied to the relevant market. ; Проведено аналіз, на основі якого обґрунтовано, що, з одного боку, ТНК безперечно визначають динаміку та основні тенденції розвитку світової економіки загалом, контролюють її основні тренди та технологічний рівень і значною мірою визначають правила гри. З іншого боку, у реаліях сучасного міжнародного бізнесу ТНК теж не можуть не враховувати реалії та тенденції, що складаються у суспільстві, і змушені підлаштовуватися під них у своїй діяльності. Однією з основних таких реалій є концепція сталого розвитку, аналізу впливу якої на діяльність ТНК і присвячено дану статтю.Показано, що, що ні концепція екзогенного, ні концепція ендогенного економічного зростання не враховують повною мірою екологічних чинників та викликів, що стоять перед сучасним суспільством. Крім того, жодна зі згаданих моделей економічного зростання не приділяла достатньої уваги соціальним чинникам та проблемам стабільності. Тому назріла потреба формування нової, еколого-економічної моделі зростання сучасних ТНК, що поєднала б у собі здобутки природничих та суспільних наук,і дозволила б задовольняти потреби сучасного суспільства, не ставлячи під загрозу здатність майбутніх поколінь задовольняти свої потреби.Визначено, що ключовим критерієм при виборі оптимальної моделі поведінки стосовно тієї чи іншої ТНК повинен бути тип ресурсів, який вона найбільше використовує у своїй діяльності. При цьому оптимізацію державної політики стосовно ТНК найдоцільніше визначати відповідно до стратегії експансії, яку вона використовує на українському ринку.
The priority national interest of Ukraine in the field of foreign policy is the development and further deepening of relations between Ukraine's strategic partnership with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The article gives a brief overview of the history of the formation and expansion of the North Atlantic Alliance as an international intergovernmental organization and military and political alliance, showing the main milestones of Ukraine's long journey towards NATO membership. NATO-Ukraine relations have two main dimensions: political dialogue and practical cooperation. Ukraine's political dialogue with the Alliance is ensured through bilateral contacts at all levels, including the interparliamentary dimension. NATO and its Member States continue to receive logistical, advisory and training assistance to the Ukrainian security and defense sector. The author draws attention to the most urgent security problems of Europe and Ukraine, as well as highlights the latest challenges to the World Order. For Ukraine, strategic partnership with NATO is an integral part of the European integration course, as it complements the process of internal transformation in the context of the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, and their member states. . NATO-Ukraine relations have been developing ever since Ukraine gained independence in 1991.Given Ukraine's strategic position as a bridge between Eastern and Western Europe, NATO-Ukraine relations are central to building peace and stability in the Euro-Atlantic region. NATO and Ukraine are actively involved in international peacekeeping operations and in addressing common security concerns. Over time, certain trends of dialogue and practical cooperation on a wide range of other issues were identified. A key aspect of the partnership was support for the Alliance and individual NATO member countries in their reform efforts, which have been further fueled by the dramatic events of the 2004 Orange Revolution and remain critical to meeting Ukraine's aspirations to integrate into Euro-Atlantic structures.Key words: NATO, alliance, permanent membership, summit, declaration, security, challenge, problems, military, aggression, hybrid war, politics, experience, forecasting, realization, solution. ; Пріоритетним національним інтересом України у сфері зовнішньополітичної діяльності є розвиток та дальше поглиблення відносин стратегічного партнерства України з Організацією Північноатлантичного договору (НАТО). У статті зроблено короткий екскурс в історію утворення та розширення Північно-Атлантичного Альянсу як міжнародної міжурядової організації та військово-політичного союзу, показані основні віхи довгого шляху України до її, поки що не реалізованого, членства у НАТО. Відносини між Україною та НАТО мають два основних виміри: політичний діалог і практичне співробітництво. Політичний діалог України з Альянсом забезпечується шляхом двосторонніх контактів на всіх рівнях, включно з міжпарламентським виміром. Від НАТО та її держав-членів продовжує надходити матеріально-технічна, дорадча, тренувальна допомога українському сектору безпеки і оборони. Автор звертає увагу на найбільш актуальні безпекові проблеми Європи та України, на новітні виклики світовому порядку. Для України стратегічне партнерство з НАТО є невід'ємною складовою євроінтеграційного курсу, оскільки доповнює процес внутрішньодержавних перетворень у контексті імплементації Угоди про асоціацію між Україною, з однієї сторони, та Європейським Союзом, Європейським Співтовариством з атомної енергії і їхніми державами – членами, з іншої сторони. Відносини між НАТО і Україною постійно розвиваються з самого моменту отримання Україною незалежності в 1991 році. Зважаючи на стратегічну позицію України як моста між Східною і Західною Європою, відносини між НАТО і Україною мають провідне значення для розбудови миру і стабільності в євроатлантичному регіоні. НАТО і Україна беруть активну участь у міжнародних операціях з підтримання миру та розв'язанні спільних проблем безпеки. З часом визначились певні тенденції діалогу і практичної співпраці з широкого кола інших питань. Ключовим аспектом партнерства стала підтримка Альянсом і окремими країнами — членами НАТО зусиль України з впровадження реформ, яка отримала додатковий поштовх після драматичних подій Помаранчевої революції 2004 року і залишається надзвичайно важливою для задоволення прагнення України інтегруватись до євроатлантичних структур.Ключові слова: : НАТО, альянс, постійне членство, саміт,декларація, безпека, виклик, проблеми, військова сфера, агресія, гібридна війна, політика, досвід, прогнозування, реалізація, вирішення.