Suchergebnisse

From 2003 to 2008, the Sunni Arab insurgency in Iraq posed a key challenge to political stability in the country and to Coalition objectives there. This paper explains the onset, composition and evolution of this insurgency. It begins by addressing both its immediate and deeper sociopolitical origins, and goes on to examine the multiple ideological strands within the insurgency and their often conflicting methods and goals. Despite organisational incoherence due to the existence of a large number of competing groups, the insurgency in Iraq sustained a particularly high tempo of operations between 2004 and 2006, causing considerable military and civilian casualties. Some insurgent groups focused on attempting to foment civil war between two of Iraq's major communities, the Sunni and Shia Arabs and, by late 2006, they had come close to unraveling Iraq and presenting the Coalition with a major defeat. The adoption of a new approach by the US in 2007 helped reduce the level of violence in Iraq. In addition, deep fissures within the insurgency itself, between those fighting for more practical, immediate goals and the transnational Islamists and their local allies fighting for wider-reaching goals -- including the promotion of sectarian strife -- contributed to the insurgency's diminution. It remains to be seen whether there will be a widespread recognition among Sunni Iraqis of the need to work with the Coalition to facilitate their community's reintegration into the new Iraqi body politic.

THIS ESSAY DEALS WITH THE RELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS OF BEIRUT'S PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION, FOCUSING ON THE SUNNI COMMUNITY, INCLUDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ITS POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS FROM THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE UNTIL TODAY. NEW POLITICAL FORCES EMERGING SINCE THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR HAVE DISRUPTED THE TRADITIONAL ALLIANCES BETWEEN RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL POWERS, AT LEAST TEMPORARILY. AS A RESULT, THE SPECIFICALLY RELIGIOUS SPACES OF THE INNER CITY, SUCH AS MOSQUES AND CEMETERIES, HAVE BECOME A BATTLEGROUND IN THE WIDER STRUGGLE OVER THE IDENTITY OF THE SUNNI POPULATION AND THE POLITICAL CONTROL OF ITS SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS.

It has traditionally been taught that Iran, a Sunni polity for many centuries, was converted to Twelver Shi'ism virtually overnight when the armies backing the Safavid house took power in 907/1501. In recent years scholars have begun to question the manner and rapidity of the process of conversion, what it meant to be "Shi'i" or "Sunni" in sixteenth-century Iran, and what, if anything, can be said about Safavid Sunnism.It has been noted that Sunnism in Iran was phased out only gradually. For example, there are references in the Persian chronicles to persecution of Sunnis as late as 1017/1608. Some sources suggest that Sunni influence persisted at the court of Shah Tahmasp and name prominent Sunnis during his reign. As late as the second decade of the eighteenth century, the conqueror of Isfahan, Mahmud Afghan, attempted to alter the balance of population in the city by relocating 5,000 Sunni families from Hamadan.

Timur Tengah khususnya dunia Arab, merupakan kekuatan yang terpecah belah akubat persaingan di antara mereka sendiri. Dua penyebab yaitu faktor internal karena adanya perbedaan kepentingan atau perebutan pengaruh karena masalah kepemimpinan, sedangkan faktor eksternal karena terlibatnya negara-negara adikuasa dalam usaha memperluas pengaruhnya di kawasan ini. Semua perbedaan itu melahirkan masalah yang sulit didamaikan bahkan melahirkan konflik bersenjata, yang senantiasa bergolak dan menyita perhatian dunia internasional selama bertahun-tahun. Peran Islam sebagai agama pemersatu bangsa Arab yang dominan di Timur Tengah, tetap menimbulkan perbedaan aliran dalam agama Islam, khususnya Sunni dan Syiah. Konflik dalam dunia Islam antara Sunni dan Syi'ah berawal dari masalah muamalah, yakni penentuan pemimpin pada saat wafatnya Rasulullah. Konflik Syiah dan Sunni merupakan konflik yang dilandasi motif kekuasaan, bukan motif agama. Perbedaan konsepsi Imamah itu kemudian menjadi garis pemisah yang tegas sehingga sumber konflik ketegangan antara Syi'ah-Sunni yang pada akhirnya mengarah pada ketegangan politik. Selanjutnya beberapa ulama garis keras, baik dari Syiah maupun Sunni menyerukan perlawanan, sehingga melahirkan banyak organisasi Islam radikal dan revolusioner. Kekuatan radikal bertambah kuat dengan adanya revolusi Iran yang mengganti Iran menjadi negara Islam. Ketegangan politik antara Syi'ah-Sunni membawa dampak yang sangat besar pada keadaan politik kontemporer di Timur Tengah. Salah satu peristiwa yang membawa dampak besar adalah Revolusi Islam Iran yang digerakkan oleh kaum Syi'ah. Besarnya pengaruh Revolusi Iran di kawasan Timur Tengah dikarenakan kemenangan revolusi yang digerakkan oleh Imam Khomeini menjadi pelita harapan bagi kaum muslimin yang sampai saat itu masih didominasi oleh hegemoni adidaya. Untuk mengatasi konflik internal Islam antara Syi'ah dan Sunni, solusi terbaik yang ditawarkan adalah mengedepankan unsur-unsur persamaan dan memperkecil unsur-unsur perbedaan, serta menjadikan dialog sebagai sarana penyelesaian perbedaan.Kata Kunci: Konflik Islam; Syi'ah; Sunni

Sunni and Shiite disagreements are incited, first of all, by the Western countries to keep control over the situation in the region. It is an example of exploitation of a religious factor in the political goals.

Outlines relationships between the political and religious establishments in Sunni community of Beirut, Lebanon, since 1946, focusing on the emergence of a new religious group, the Ahbash.

AbstractThis paper arises from the background of a problem that is currently happening in all parts of the world, including in Indonesia, where Shia and Sunni always cause political tensions that stem from the different ideological understandings of these two schools. This is what makes the world's media both offline and online take advantage of the contestation that occurs between Shia and Sunnis with the aim of dividing Muslims in the world. Tensions that occur between Shia and Sunnis greatly affect relations between countries, especially between Arab countries such as Iran and Egypt, even in one country there can be conflicts between Shiites and Sunnis, for example the case of Sampang in Indonesia. The purpose of this paper is to describe what factors influence the conflict between Shia and Sunnis, the extent of the contestation between Shias and Sunnis in terms of politics in the Islamic world and the opinions of religious leaders about Shia and Sunni understanding. Keywords: Shia and Sunni

Since the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979, Sunni sentiments with Shia have been redistributed everywhere. Even though the Sunni-Shia sentiment is not the main source of conflict but political geography, which is related to borders and natural resources. Because, the Middle East is located in a strategic area so that it becomes a very important region in the global political map. Conflicts that are inseparable from Sunni-Shia sentiments in the Middle East include: Shiite Sunni conflict in the Gulf War, attacks on the commemoration of Ashura (Karbala Massacre), Shiite Sunni conflicts in Syria and Lebanon, and Shia Sunni conflicts in the Yemeni Civil War. This conflict has a huge impact on Shia Sunni relations in Indonesia. The impact of the conflict was the occurrence of Sunni Shia conflict in Indonesia, which included: the attack on the Shia Islamic Boarding School, the dissolution of the commemoration of the Ashura tradition, the dissolution of the anniversary of Fatimah Az-Zahra, the ban on the Rausyan Fikr Foundation in Yogyakarta, and the attack on the Shia community in Madura. This paper attempts to examine the impact of the Shia Sunni conflict from a Geopolitical perspective and the impact of the conflict on Sunni- Shia relations in Indonesia.

Du 30 septembre au 2 octobre 2009 s'est tenu, à Bruxelles, un colloque international sur les relations entre sunnisme et chiisme. Avec un programme de grande qualité offrant des éclairages variés. Organisée conjointement par le Centre interdisciplinaire d'études de l'Islam dans le monde contemporain (CISMOC) de l'UCL et le MENARG (Université de Gand), avec la collaboration de l'Institut Egmont, cette rencontre internationale avait pour ambition d'éclairer les processus politiques, sociologiques et idéologiques qui influencent les relations entre les mondes sunnite et chiite. Les interventions ont abordé, entre autres, les pratiques politiques des différents acteurs dans leurs environnements respectifs, les réseaux transnationaux mais aussi le rôle d'intellectuels, savants religieux ou acteurs transnationaux qui s'expriment sur cette relation.

Du 30 septembre au 2 octobre 2009 s'est tenu, à Bruxelles, un colloque international sur les relations entre sunnisme et chiisme. Avec un programme de grande qualité offrant des éclairages variés. Organisée conjointement par le Centre interdisciplinaire d'études de l'Islam dans le monde contemporain (CISMOC) de l'UCL et le MENARG (Université de Gand), avec la collaboration de l'Institut Egmont, cette rencontre internationale avait pour ambition d'éclairer les processus politiques, sociologiques et idéologiques qui influencent les relations entre les mondes sunnite et chiite. Les interventions ont abordé, entre autres, les pratiques politiques des différents acteurs dans leurs environnements respectifs, les réseaux transnationaux mais aussi le rôle d'intellectuels, savants religieux ou acteurs transnationaux qui s'expriment sur cette relation.