Suchergebnisse

Michael Stugrin's essay is both theoretical and practical: he suggests that texts, when viewed as "structures ofperception," give us the "voices of the reality which they were part of and helped shape." He then proceeds to apply this theory to a number of spiritual texts popular during the Middle Ages to give us an idea of popular taste at that time. Such texts were structured in a highly affective way to affirm testimonies o f faith and to commemorate God's promises to men. But perhaps most importantly, these spiritual texts, along with such texts as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and countless prose treatises and sermons, provided medieval audiences with a way of "knowing" within the context of human experience in a time of great cultural stress.

Water in Hispano-arabic Food and Cooking during the Middle-Ages

For Hispano-arabic physicians of the Middle-Ages, water was not only a natural element but the essential condition of health and civilization. The ancient philosophical doctrine regarding the function of water was further amplified : from hydraulics developed a theory of taste to be found in the agronomical literature ('Awwārn), cooking-books (Kitāb al-tābikh), as well as in Beyṭār's considerable pharmacopoeia. As a liquid, water is also capable of effecting decompositions and new mixings ; cooking thus becomes an alchimie process involving dessication (couscous), fermentation (bread) and the determination of suitable tastes for health and pleasure.

This article speaks of literature, society, and kings in Java in the 18th and 19th centuries. The basic concept used to analyze is the literary sociology especially developed by Hypolite Taine. Taine's paradigm is built on the assumption that literature can be "packed" from the material base of a society, including race, time, and environment. For Taine, literature is not just a personalized game of imagination, but a recording of the ways of his day. Therefore, certain societies can be claimed as the source or origin (genetic) of creation and birth of literature. Thus, consciously or unconsciously, literature always adapts or adapts to the tastes of its readers.

Food preferences and tastes are among the fundamentals affecting human existence; the sociocultural, physiological and neurological factors involved have therefore been widely researched and are well documented. However, information and debate on these factors are scattered across the academic literature of different disciplines. In this volume cross-disciplinary perspectives are brought together by an international team of contributors that includes socialand biological anthropologists, ethologists and ethnologists, psychologists, neurologists and zoologists in order to provide access to t

This article is an examination of the similarities between Michael Reich's divide-and-conquer model of discrimination and the Becker-Arrow taste model of discrimination. It shows that Reich's model of discrimination is analytically identical to Arrow's employer discrimination model when employer utility is a function of total profits and the racial employment ratio. It also shows that the Becker-Arrow distinction between employer and employee discrimination is invalid. Finally, the author argues that neoclassical competition is the major defect of both models. After discussing the implications of these results the article points to new directions in the literature on the economics of discrimination.

The end of the Cold War brought with it a temporary euphoria about prospects for a worldwide "third wave" of democratization to sweep the globe. If civil society had triumphed in the former Soviet bloc, perhaps political liberalism would spread elsewhere. No sooner had the sweet taste of victory over communism subsided, however, than Western observers turned their attention to another, allegedly uniquely, antidemocratic current- Islam-whose civilizational values seem to clash with Western liberalism even more fundamentally than Marxism. Whereas people in other parts of the world crave civil society, so the argument goes, political openings in the Muslim world have only fanned the flames of religious extremism. This argument finds much support in Orientalist literature, scholarship, and journalism.

John Keep, Emancipation by the axe? Peasant revolts in Russian thought and literature.
Contrary to widespread opinion, a continuous thread runs from the 17th- and 18th-century Russian peasant revolts to the agrarian revolutions of 1905 and 1917, manifested in the survival of social Utopian myths. The Razin legendary cycle, distorting Christian teaching, presents the "liberator" as an avenging apostle. Russian writers from Pushkin onward, and later social theorists, took up the theme of agrarian violence but were shocked by the brutal events of 1917-1918. Early Soviet writers (e.g. L. Leonov) offered a critical portrait of the peasant revolutionaries, but subsequently this theme has been neglected. A comparison of two novels on the Razin revolt (A. P. Chapygin, 1927; S. Zlobin, 1951) illustrates changes in the official ideology and Soviet literary taste; popular mythology is today manipulated for mundane political ends.

Preliminary Material /Jacques Carré -- INTRODUCTION /Jacques Carré -- THE TRADITION OF DELLA CASA'S GALATEO IN ENGLISH /John R. Woodhouse -- SOCIAL CHANGE AND GENDER DECORUM: RENAISSANCE COURTESY /Michael Steppat -- STANDARDIZATION vs. GENRE: CONDUCT-BOOKS AND ENGLISH CHAP-LITERATURE /Gilles Duval -- HOGARTH'S INDUSTRY AND IDLENESS: SUBVERSIVE LESSONS ON CONDUCT /Peter Wagner -- THE COURTESY-BOOK AND THE PHRASE-BOOK IN MODERN EUROPE /Niels Haastrup -- MAXIMS OF CONDUCT INTO LITERATURE: JONATHAN SWIFT AND POLITE CONVERSATION /Dieter A. Berger -- FIELDING'S ESSAY ON CONVERSATION: A COURTESY GUIDE TO JOSEPH ANDREWS? /Tim McLoughlin -- LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS AS CONDUCT-BOOKS /Georges Lamoine -- THE MAN OF TASTE AS SOCIAL MODEL, OR, 'SENSE AND SENSIBILITY' /Rémy G. Saisselin -- THE GENTLEMAN AS GARDENER: POPE, SHENSTONE, MASON /Michel Baridon -- COURTLY MANNERS IN A VICTORIAN HOME: PATMORE'S THE ANGEL IN THE HOUSE /Maurice Montabrut -- THE LADY AND THE POOR MAN; OR, THE PHILANTHROPISTS'S ETIQUETTE /Jacques Carré -- ETIQUETTE AND MARRIAGE AT THE TURN OF THE XXth CENTURY: ADVICE ON CHOOSING ONE'S PARTNER /Kathleen Dejardin -- A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CONDUCT-BOOKS PUBLISHED IN BRITAIN (1500-1993) /Alain Montandon and Jacques Carré -- NOTE ON THE CONTRIBUTORS /Jacques Carré -- NAME INDEX /Jacques Carré -- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS /Jacques Carré -- Plates I-XVII /Jacques Carré.

How did the conquistadores and their followers view the Indian civilizations when they came into contact with them ? Such is the aim pursued in this study based on several contemporary chronicles and tales. Two directive themes, which appear more frequently than others, have been given a privileged place : homosexuality and anthropophagy. What form did the latter take, what was their social and ritual role etc. ? Were they understood by Europeans as realities or through a magnifying vision ? How is one to read the sources and to interpret them in the light of historical and anthropological criticism ? Such is the issue raised here through carefully-read documents, which will require for a full investigation a systematic study of 16th Century writings. Thus one should reach the image Europeans held of a world different from theirs, as well as their need and their taste for a literature which was both terrifying and colourful.

Born into a family that traced its origins to caliph ʿUmar born al-Khaṭṭāb (d. 23/644), Rashīd al-Dīn Waṭwāṭ (d. 578/1182) was a graduate of the Niẓāmiyya academy in his hometown of Balkh, where he had received a solid grounding in Arabic language and literature. Bi-lingual in Persian and Arabic and an accomplished writer of poetry and prose, he spent the greater part of his active life in Gurgānj, steadily climbing the administrative ranks to become chief-secretary at the courts of Qizil Arslan Atsiz Khwārazmshāh (d. 551/1156) and his son Il-Arslan born Atsiz (d. 568/1172). Bald, small sized and bad-tempered, Rashīd al-Dīn used his sharp tongue to protect himself from ridicule and animosity. He is mostly known for his annotated translation of 100 sayings of ʿAlī born Abī Ṭālib and several collections of letters. The Persian renderings of 281 Arabic sayings and proverbs presented here offer an excellent sample of the authorʾs taste and erudition

Nurit Schleifman, A Russian daily newspaper and its new readership: Severnaia pchela, 1825 -1840.
Severnaia pchela, the first privately owned Russian newspaper, was published in St. Petersburg for almost forty years. The time of its appearance was marked by a growing participation of the urban middle strata in the consumption of literature, which consequently turned them into the newspaper's chief target audience. The educated elite viewed Severnaia pchela' s success with this new readership as a regrettable result of both the existing political circumstances and the paper's policy of catering to the lowest possible tastes. Whereas contemporary historiography tends towards the same view, a closer examination reveals the paper's persistent attempt to use a restricted thematic framework. for conveying messages that would correspond to the social needs and life experiences of its new readers. This endeavour should be considered as a contributary factor in Severnaia pchela's success in maintaining its position as the most widely read daily until the early forties.

The use of drugs in high-performance sports (doping) is a common pool resource (CPR) dilemma: regardless of the number of other athletes who dope, the athlete with strong tastes for victory will find doping optimal; yet if all athletes dope, they all bear negative health consequences, although each one's odds of victory are not greatly changed. The current regulatory approach relies entirely on centralized bureaucratic methods and is ineffective. The authors use insights developed in the common property resource literature and the theory of social norms to analyze the failure of these methods. The programs they propose—the drug diary and a collegial enforcement system—are superior to the current system in that they encourage the development of athletic norms against unfair drug use. In the end, such norms are the only hope for controlling doping, which is becoming increasingly difficult to observe. Empirical evidence shows that such norms against unobservable sports violations can be very powerful. Norms of conduct in golf, for example, successfully enforce that sport's many rules regulating unobservable aspects of play.

FIVE SEASONS: A BASEBALL COMPANION. By Roger Angell. JOCK CULTURE, U.S.A. By Neil D. Isaacs. SPORT AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS: A GUIDE TO THE ANALYSIS, PROBLEMS AND LITERATURE. By John W. Loy, Barry D. McPherson, and Gerald Kenyon. BOSTON RED SOX: 75TH ANNIVERSARY HISTORY, 1901‐1975. By Ellery H. Clark, Jr. RED SOX FOREVER. by Ellery H. Clark, Jr. REMEMBERING THEIR GLORY: SPORTS HEROES OF THE 1940s. By James V. Young and Arthur F. McClure. GOLF BEGINS AT FORTY: HOW TO USE YOUR AGE ADVANTAGE. By Sam Snead with Dick Aultman. BASEBALL I GAVE YOU ALL THE BEST YEARS OF MY LIFE. Edited by Kevin Kerrane and Richard Grossinger. SPORTS, GAMES, AND PLAY. By Jeffrey H. Goldstein. Sports Books Review FROM RITUAL TO RECORD: THE NATURE OF MODERN SPORTS. By Allen Guttmann. THE BIG GAME: COLLEGE SPORTS AND AMERICAN LIFE. By Edwin Cady. THE DIME WESTERN NOVEL. By Daryl Jones. DEMOCRACY AND THE NOVEL: POPULAR RESISTENCE TO CLASSIC AMERICAN WRITERS. By Henry Nash Smith. THE EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN TASTE: THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN STYLE FROM 1607 TO THE PRESENT. By William Pierce Randel. THE BOOK OF INSULTS. By Nancy McPhee. "YOUR MEDICINE CHEST"–A CONSUMER'S GUIDE TO PRESCRIPTION AND NON‐PRESCRIPTION DRUGS. By Wayne O. Evans, Ph. D. and Jonathan O. Cole, M.D. SPOOKS, THE HAUNTING OF AMERICA–THE PRIVATE USE OF SECRET AGENTS. By Jim Hougan. A SEASON OF YOUTH. By Michael Kammen. AMUSING THE MILLION: CONEY ISLAND AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. By John F. Kasson. IF LIFE IS A BOWL OF CHERRIES–WHAT AM I DOING IN THE PITS?
By Erma Bombeck. VANGUARDS AND FOLLOWERS: YOUTH IN THE AMERICAN TRADITION. By Louis Filler. THE CHEROKEE FREEDMEN: FROM EMANCIPATION TO AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP. By Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr. CULTURE AND ITS CREATORS: ESSAYS IN HONOR OF EDWARD SHILS. Edited by Joseph Ben‐David and Terry Nichols Clark. THE CHILDREN OF PROSPFRITY: THIRTEEN MODERN AMERICAN COMMUNES. By Hugh Gardner. A VIEW OF VICTORIAN LITERATURE. By Geoffrey Tillotson. THE GILBERT AND SULLIVAN LEXICON, IN WHICH IS GILDED THE PHILOSOPHIC PILL. By Harry Benford. CHARLES DICKENS, 1940‐1975, AN ANALYTICAL INDEX TO PERIODICAL CRITICISM OF THE NOVELS AND CHRISTMAS BOOKS. By John J. Fenstermaker. MORE WOMEN IN LITERATURE: CRITICISM OF THE SEVENTIES. By Carol Fairbanks. THE THEATRICAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF NAPOLEON SARONY. By Ben L. Bassham.