The process of teaching assessment is traditionally the sole task of teachers; the introduction of innovative methods makes it possible to overcome summative assessment by giving space to the democratic participation of students, the use of new processes, such as self-evaluation and shared assessment, referring to formative assessment. The aim of this work is to propose a reflection on the role of evaluation in university training and, specifically, in the initial training of Physical Education teachers. ; Il processo di valutazione dell'insegnamento è tradizionalmente compito esclusivo degli insegnanti; l'introduzione di metodi innovativi consentono di superare la valutazione sommativa dando spazio alla partecipazione democratica degli studenti, all'uso di nuovi processi, come l'autovalutazione e la valutazione condivisa, facendo riferimento ad una valutazione formativa. Scopo del presente lavoro è di avviare una riflessione sul ruolo della valutazione nella formazione universitaria e, in particolare, nella formazione iniziale degli insegnanti di Educazione Fisica.
La plusdotazione è un'interazione di fattori biologici e contestuali (Gagné, 2001). Tuttavia, fin dal passato, si tende a far rientrare in questa categoria i soggetti che dimostrano un quoziente intellettivo (Q.I.) sopra la media, privilegiando i fattori ritenuti "biologici". La normativa scolastica identifica le caratteristiche dei bambini con plusdotazione (gifted children) come bisogni educativi speciali (BES), dato confermato anche da alcune ricerche (De Angelis, 2017; Pinnelli, 2019) e sancito dalla recente nota ministeriale n. 562 del 3 aprile 2019, rimarcando così quella "specialità" propria di chi dimostra difficoltà o svantaggio (Dovigo, 2014b). Il campione di ricerca è costituito da: 37 insegnanti di scuola primaria; 15 genitori e 3 dirigenti scolastici. Gli insegnanti sono stati raggruppati in 6 focus group, mentre i genitori e i dirigenti hanno partecipato a una intervista individuale. Tutti gli incontri sono stati audio registrati e poi trascritti. I dati, poi, sono stati analizzati con il software NVivo. Le percezioni di alcuni insegnanti della scuola primaria, di alcuni dirigenti e genitori dimostrano il prevalere di un approccio medico, dove l'etichetta avrebbe la priorità nel riconoscere la plusdotazione nei bambini, per adottare, di conseguenza, delle pratiche sbilanciate sul versante cognitivo. La priorità sembra data al punteggio del QI piuttosto che al riconoscimento e alla valorizzazione dei talenti. Il considerare lo sviluppo dei talenti, attraverso un approccio bio-psico sociale (con riferimento all'ICF (OMS, 2001), ci induce a spostare il focus sulle potenzialità e sui talenti di ciascuno, e interrogarci su una possibile didattica dei talenti. Il passaggio è fondamentale se vogliamo dare maggiore importanza al ruolo dell'insegnante, che non può e non deve essere quello di un "assistente" al clinico, intento a individuare difficoltà, disturbi e bisogni "speciali", ma promotore di apprendimento, facendo leva sui talenti di tutti, verso un modello di "scuola dei talenti" (Baldacci, 2002; Margiotta, 2018). ; Giftedness is an interaction of biological and contextual factors (Gagné, 2001). However, since the past, there has been a tendency to include in this category subjects who demonstrate an intellectual quotient (IQ) above the average, favoring factors considered "biological". The school legislation identifies the characteristics of gifted children as special educational needs (BES), a figure also confirmed by some researches (De Angelis, 2017; Pinnelli, 2019) and sanctioned by the recent ministerial note n. 562 of 3 April 2019, thus underlining that "speciality" of those who demonstrate difficulties or disadvantages (Dovigo, 2014b). The research sample consists of: 37 primary school teachers; 15 parents and 3 head teachers. The teachers were grouped into 6 focus groups, while the parents and managers participated in an individual interview. All the meetings were audio recorded and then transcribed. The data was then analyzed with the NVivo software. The perceptions of some primary school teachers, some managers and parents demonstrate the prevalence of a medical approach, where the etiquette would have priority in recognizing giftedness in children, to consequently adopt unbalanced practices on the cognitive side. Priority seems to be given to the IQ score rather than the recognition and enhancement of talents. Considering the development of talents, through a bio-psycho-social approach (with reference to the ICF (WHO, 2001), leads us to shift the focus on the potential and talents of each one, and ask ourselves about a possible teaching of talents. Transition is essential if we want to give greater importance to the role of the teacher, who cannot and must not be that of an "assistant" to the clinician, intent on identifying difficulties, disorders and "special" needs, but a promoter of learning, developping talents of everyone, towards a model of "school of talents" (Baldacci, 2002; Margiotta, 2018).
This contribution aims to highlight the need to train teachers in the cultural consciousness necessary to understand their own profile and role in the current historical framework. In this sense, it will articulate the hypothesis of a reflective and critical training model, which assumes as a particular task the development of the ability to interpret the challenges of everyday life critically and pedagogically, in view of the elaboration of a new vision and operational hypotheses inspired by it. It will therefore focus on the second level reflective dimension, critically and problematically addressing the concepts implicit in action. Some directions will be developed, which are the result of the best experience of teacher training in Italy: - the integrated nature of the theoretical and practical dimensions; - the link between initial and in-service training; - the synergy between school and society, the expression and exercise of the political dimension of teaching and training. This model assigns a strategic role to general and social pedagogy. ; Il presente contributo intende evidenziare la necessità della formazione degli insegnanti alla consapevolezza culturale indispensabile ad interpretare il proprio profilo e ruolo nella cornice storica attuale. In tal senso articolerà l'ipotesi di un modello di formazione riflessivo e critico, il quale assume come compito peculiare lo sviluppo della capacità di interpretare criticamente e pedagogicamente le sfide del quotidiano, in vista dell'elaborazione di una visione nuova e di ipotesi operative ad essa ispirate. Focalizzerà, quindi, la dimensione riflessiva di secondo livello, rivolta criticamente e problematicamente alle concezioni implicite nell'agire. Ne svilupperà alcune direzioni, frutto della migliore esperienza della formazione dei docenti in Italia: il carattere integrato delle dimensioni teorica e pratica; il raccordo tra formazione iniziale e in servizio; la sinergia tra scuola e società, espressione ed esercizio della dimensione politica ...
This paper aims to present some of the intermediate results of a PhD research on "Teaching Citizenship and the Italian Constitution in a Community of Democratic Practice" which is taking place at the University of Tourin (Department of Educational Sciences). The research has been structured as a research-training, that is a way for the in-service teachers' training, according to the Decree n. 797/2016. It has been carried out with three groups of upper secondary education teachers in a Piemonte area. It has produced a useful scheme for programming for citizenship skills, a reflection on the importance of the relational climate among teachers and on the features of the school environment that are required to be a Community of democratic Practice.
The theme of "skills certification" is nowadays becoming part of EU State's policies for education, training and employment – as long as they realize the Lisbon strategy, hence creating policies which aim at renew many systems, including the educational one. Such a "model" of innovation opposes Italian school system with an unavoidable change. This is so not only because it is required by EU but also because the school has to take hold again of its publicfunctions – having been lost the latter due to a decrease in skills and quality.Here emerges the need for a re-definition and the re-activation of a secondary education system which could be able to integrate a wide range of opportunities given by the contemporary formal and informal ways of learning.Only by doing this, the education system will be able to satisfy EU's "invitation": that of creating new formative systems. Hence, the role of the teacher gains a fundamental character within the new path of education.The purpose of my contribution is that of addressing the implications that "skill certification," and its consequent definition of integrated school system, has on professional teachers involved in the organization of teaching and learning processes. ; Il tema della "certificazione delle competenze" sta entrando a pieno titolo nelle politiche educative, formative ed occupazionali di tutti gli Stati membri dell'Unione Europea in attuazione della strategia di Lisbona con conseguente messa a punto di policy tese ad innovare interi sistemi compreso quello scolastico. Questo "modello" di innovazione pone pertanto il sistema scolastico italiano di fronte ad un cambiamento dal quale non si potrà più tornare indietro, non tanto perché ce lo chiede l'Europa bensì perché la scuola deve non solo riappropriarsi delle proprie funzioni istituzionali che sta lentamente, ma inesorabilmente, perdendo dequalificandosi, ma soprattutto perché vi è la necessità e l'urgenza di definire e rendere operativo un sistema di formazione secondaria che integri al suo interno tutta ...
Beyond the specific conditions induced by the health emergency in our country, it is now clear that the school presents itself in a"structural"emergency condition. The situation requires organic and courageous interventions starting from what represents the recognized fulcrum of the school system: the quality of teachers. The article proposes an answer to the complicated (and urgent) question of initial training and entry into teaching for secondary school teachers. After a brief review of the current weaknesses of the Italian school and of the legislative initiatives that have been advanced, modified and replaced in the last twenty years, an overall solution is proposed for a training course progressively oriented towards increasingly advanced expertise levels, which allows also to address the problem of recruitment and career advancement. The premise is a different conception of the training, which focuses the attention on the real school problems, with an indication of effective, reliable and sustainable ways to face them, in opposition to the abstract, cumulative and transmissive traditional model. ; Al di là delle condizioni specifiche indotte dall'emergenza sanitaria nel nostro Paese, appare ormai evidente come la scuola si presenti in una condizione di emergenza "strutturale". La situazione richiede interventi organici e coraggiosi partendo da ciò che rappresenta il fulcro riconosciuto del sistema scuola: la qualità degli insegnanti. L'articolo propone una risposta alla complicata (ed urgente) questione della formazione iniziale e dell'ingresso all'insegnamento dei docenti di scuola secondaria di primo e secondo grado. Dopo una breve rassegna delle criticità attuali della scuola italiana e delle iniziative legislative che negli ultimi venti anni sono state avanzate, modificate e sostituite, si propone una soluzione complessiva di un percorso formativo progressivamente orientato verso risultati di expertise via via più avanzata, che consente al contempo anche di affrontare il problema del reclutamento e dell'avanzamento di carriera. Il presupposto è una diversa concezione della formazione rispetto al modello astratto, cumulativo e trasmissivo del passato, che metta al centro le problematiche reali della scuola, con indicazione di strade efficaci, affidabili e sostenibili per affrontarle.
The article presents the various activities of 'the Salesians' as teachers and educators during the Second World War, indicating also the social and political structures of the country. After the outbreak of the war, the educational efforts of the Salesians were stopped, but not eliminated from everyday life. However, on the basis of archival documents, the destiny of some religious was rediscovered, guided by the courageous and heroic acts of 'teaching in secret', creation of boarding schools, orphanages and pastoral care and demonstrating with their lives, a phenomenal dedication to youths' education, risking of imprisonment, permanent enclosure in a concentration camp, and in many cases, death by martyrdom. ; The article presents the various activities of 'the Salesians' as teachers and educators during the Second World War, indicating also the social and political structures of the country. After the outbreak of the war, the educational efforts of the Salesians were stopped, but not eliminated from everyday life. However, on the basis of archival documents, the destiny of some religious was rediscovered, guided by the courageous and heroic acts of 'teaching in secret', creation of boarding schools, orphanages and pastoral care and demonstrating with their lives, a phenomenal dedication to youths' education, risking of imprisonment, permanent enclosure in a concentration camp, and in many cases, death by martyrdom. ; The article presents the various activities of 'the Salesians' as teachers and educators during the Second World War, indicating also the social and political structures of the country. After the outbreak of the war, the educational efforts of the Salesians were stopped, but not eliminated from everyday life. However, on the basis of archival documents, the destiny of some religious was rediscovered, guided by the courageous and heroic acts of 'teaching in secret', creation of boarding schools, orphanages and pastoral care and demonstrating with their lives, a phenomenal dedication to youths' ...
In 1942, during the Nazi occupation of Norway, teachers were intimidated into joining the Nazi Teachers' League to spread the ideology of the Reich. Eight thousand teachers protested against the threats issued and the authorities responded by imprisoning about a thousand teachers in Kirkenes camp. This led to a collective mobilization: teachers, together with the general population, staged a non-violent protest that forced the government into returning the imprisoned teachers to their classes. This contribution aims to highlight how this particular event constituted a paradigmatic moment in which awareness of the collective responsibility to safeguard free education as a common heritage for human formation emerged clearly among the teachers, society and people of Norway. ; Nel 1942, durante l'occupazione nazista della Norvegia, agli insegnanti venne intimato di unirsi alla Lega degli Insegnanti Nazisti, per diffondere l'ideologia del Reich. Ottomila professori protestarono resistendo alle minacce e le autorità risposero imprigionando diverse migliaia di docenti nel campo di Kirkenes. A quel punto la mobilitazione fu collettiva: gli insegnanti, insieme alla popolazione, misero in atto una protesta non violenta che costrinse il governo ad intervenire restituendo i docenti imprigionati alle loro classi. Il contributo si propone di evidenziare come questo evento particolare abbia costituito un momento paradigmatico in cui è emersa chiaramente negli insegnanti, nella società e nella popolazione norvegese la coscienza della responsabilità collettiva nel custodire un'educazione libera come patrimonio comune per la formazione umana.
COVID-19 has accentuated new methodological and epistemological-ontological questions in Physical Educa-tion. It is not only a didactic problem but sits alongside other central important issues waiting to be resolved, such as gender discrimination. This contribution presents evidence, gathered from twenty-eight P.E. teachers, on the subject of gender and the awareness that derives from it. This evidence deals with the tendencies towards competitiveness and performance inherited from sport, historically a male domain. Physical Education, due to its educational role, must address the issue of gender, in order to outline original and up to date strategies. The gender-related data from the questionnaire demonstrate that for the didactic orientation criteria applicable to Physical Education to be determined, teacher training needs to be initiated in the reflective laboratory, allowing for the fact that professional experience gained in school or through university training does not explore these issues in depth. ; La pandemia accentua nell'educazione fisica, nuovi interrogativi sul piano metodologico ed epistemologico- on-tologico. Se la didattica deve rinunciare a contatti e vicinanze corporee, altri nodi centrali attendono di essere sciolti, come la discriminazione di genere. Il contributo presenta evidenze, emerse da ventotto insegnanti di educazione fisica, riferite al genere e alla consapevolezza che ne deriva. Tali evidenze devono fare i conti con orientamenti alla competitività e performance ereditati dallo sport, storicamente dominio maschile. L'educazione fisica, per il suo ruolo educativo, deve affrontare il problema del genere per delineare strategie proprie, originali, attuali. I dati del questionario, riguardo il genere, fanno emerge la necessità di attivare una formazione, degli/delle insegnanti, sul laboratorio riflessivo, da cui determinare criteri di orientamento didattico applicabili all'educazione fisica, anche in ragione della dimensione etica e politica dell'esperienza educativa o formativa ...
Recent debates on continuing professional development for educators and teachers highlight a "new culture" regarding professionalization, attentive to lifelong learning and the changes which "actions, actors and contexts" are constantly subjected to (Pirard, Barbier, 2012). If, on the one hand, international research shows a faceted and sometimes "fragmented" landscape made up of actions, investments and policies related to educational settings, on the other there is increasing interest in significant and "promising" factors that promote the implementation of "good practices" and in-service training models. In preschools in particular, "the [basic, in-service] professional qualification and the continuing professional development opportunities are often not in line with uniform standards" (Pirard, Barbier 2012, p. 1). This raises questions aboutthe possibility for improving professional development opportunities in terms of sustainability and updating skills throughout the teachers' professional lives. In this article, we highlight some in-service professional development models, focusing on the role of tutorship and peer learning, their different meanings within the international context, how peer learning models are practiced and how they could be implemented with a view to promoting lifelong trainingopportunities for educators and teachers. ; I più recenti dibattiti sulla formazione professionale continua di educatori e insegnanti mettono in luce una "nuova cultura" della professionalizzazione, attenta all'apprendimento permanente e ai cambiamenti a cui «azioni, attori e contesti» sono costantemente sottoposti (Pirard, Barbier, 2012). Se da un lato la ricerca internazionale mostra un panorama sfaccettato e talora "frammentato" di azioni, investimenti e politiche legate ai contesti educativi, dall'altro lato ècrescente l'interesse verso fattori significativi e "promettenti" che favoriscono l'implementazione di "buone pratiche" e modelli di formazione in servizio. Nei servizi per l'infanzia, in particolare, «le ...
This paper intends to present, in the first instance, the pedagogical model underlying the training for the recruitment of primary school teachers in the public sector, in an area marked by a very serious political-social emergency such as Afghanistan. Starting with a first part dedicated to the reconstruction of the social, political and cultural events that have marked the evolution of the Afghan crisis in the last twenty years, the second part reconstructs the state devices put in place for teacher education, training and enrollment. Finally, in the last part, we will proceed with a critical analysis of the government solutions implemented so far, with particular reference to the most current needs of the country. For this last part, qualitative data will be used (in-depth interviews with privileged actors) and information acquired directly in the field thanks to the consolidated collaboration with the NGO PenPath which, for more than 10 years, has been involved in the foundation of schools in rural areas of Afghanistan. Thanks to this testimony, specific educational needs emerged starting from the repositioning of the teacher within a heavily compromised socio-cultural context. There is a particularly strong need for training models capable of supporting the professionalization of teachers who can engage in the design of courses aimed at spreading a culture of education based on generative, shared and democratic knowledge from early childhood. PenPath raises the urgent need to rethink an adequate training of the teaching staff in order to set up a political and cultural work that (it is hoped) can contribute to the achievement of development goals for the whole country and the promotion of planetary rights, not exportable or otherwise replicable according to a colonialist logic, starting with the right to education for all. ; Il presente lavoro intende presentare, in prima istanza, il modello pedagogico alla base della formazione per il reclutamento nel settore pubblico dei docenti della scuola primaria, in ...
The recent Italian legislation introducing community educational Pacts is part of policies aimed at combating educational poverty. The assumption is that a healthy and collaborative educating community (learning society) constitutes a protective factor against educational poverty: in fact, if this is interpreted within the framework of the capability approach, it is necessary to refer to the ubiquity of educational processes, to the need for collaboration between the different agencies and, finally, to the educating community. This paper reports on an action research, carried out in a country in the inner areas, which investigated the teachers' representation of educational poverty; supported the construction of a territorial table to oppose educational poverty, intended as a reflexive device. This is a first step towards the construction of the educating community and the formalization of the community educational Pact. This experience teaches us something about what the dynamics of building the educating community in internal areas can be. ; La recente normativa italiana che introduce i Patti educativi di comunità si inserisce nelle politiche volte a contrastare la povertà educativa. Il presupposto è che una sana e collaborativa comunità educante costituisca un fattore protettivo nei confronti della povertà educativa: infatti se questa è interpretata all'interno del framework del capability approach è necessario fare riferimento all'ubiquità dei processi educativi, all'esigenza di una collaborazione tra le diverse agenzie e, in ultima analisi, alla comunità educante. Questo paper rende conto di una ricerca-azione, realizzata in un paese delle aree interne, che ha indagato la rappresentazione dei docenti della povertà educativa; ha sostenuto la costruzione di un tavolo territoriale di contrasto alla povertà educativa, inteso come dispositivo riflessivo: un primo passo verso la costruzione della comunità educante e la formalizzazione del Patto educativo di comunità. Questa esperienza ci insegna qualcosa su quali ...
The article presents the design and main results of an observational-correlational research conducted on a non-probabilistic sample of 345 students attending the 24 CFU Training Course activated by the University of … in the academic year 2020/2021. The research aimed to investigate the conceptions about the nature and purpose of assessment held by aspiring secondary school teachers without an organic and specific educational background in the pedagogical-didactic field, also analyzing them in relation to some variables concerning their experiences related to school assessment. The data was collected through an online questionnaire administered at the beginning of the training path. The results emerging from descriptive and correlational data analysis offer interesting suggestions for the design of teacher education programs aimed at promoting the development of solid assessment skills within the framework of the pedagogical values of a democratic and inclusive school. ; L'articolo presenta il disegno e i principali esiti di una ricerca osservativo-correlazionale condotta su un campione non probabilistico di 345 studenti frequentanti il Percorso Formativo 24 CFU attivato dall'Università di … nell'a.a. 2020/2021. La ricerca ha mirato a rilevare le concezioni sulla natura e le funzioni dell'assessment di aspiranti insegnanti di scuola secondaria che non hanno una formazione organica e specifica in ambito pedagogico-didattico, analizzandole inoltre in relazione ad alcune variabili inerenti a esperienze professionali e vissuti in tema di valutazione scolastica. I dati sono stati raccolti tramite un questionario online somministrato all'inizio del percorso formativo. I risultati emersi dalle analisi di tipo descrittivo e correlazionale effettuate offrono interessanti spunti di riflessione per la progettazione di percorsi di preparazione alla professione docente orientati a promuovere lo sviluppo di solide competenze valutative nel quadro dei valori pedagogici propri di una scuola democratica e inclusiva.
The Italian national guidelines for the curriculum propose a vertical model centered on the educational objectives. In them, there are coherently developed for thematic field of body and movement of the nursery school, of physical education of first cycle of education and of physical activity and sports sciences of second cycle of education. However in these documents lack a methodological perspective to indicate to teachers as it would violate the freedom of teaching which is constitutionally guaranteed. The objective of the study is to open the scenario of teaching/learning methods that has a logical paradigmatic basis and as closely as possible to scientific evidence in order to homogenize the different arguments that empathize the division between the formal educational environment of the school and that informal one of sports associations. The results show that the thematic field with disciplinary characterization can be taught with cross methods between cognitive approach, with the prescriptive method, and the dynamic ecological one with the heuristic learning method; while those with inter/transdisciplinary characterization require the exclusive use of the heuristic learning method of the dynamic ecological approach to achieve the crosscutting objectives so emphasized in the Italian national guidelines: social, emotional, relational and civil coexistence. In conclusion, the work also opens up to the coher-ence between the educational project of physical and sports education and the academic training project of exercise and sports sciences; highlighting the value of a new approach the value of a new approach in teacher training that aim to ensure the acquisition of key competence, according to Recom-mendation of the European Parliament (2006 and 2018) and to create a coop-eration between University (actually the only agency in Italy authorized to offer specialization to teaching) and the Italian Olympic Committee. This perspective can be easily realized by using a core curriculum uniformly ap-plied at ...
The opportunities for teachers to specialize and undertake advanced courses opens the debate on the importanceand training priorities of in-service teachers. Starting from a theoretical framework, this contribution aims tohighlight an analysis of the training practices of in-service teachers declared in the Tree Years training plan of100 lower secondary schools (randomly extracted for each geographical macro-area). The data collected refer toa qualitative-quantitative design for a broader research of national interest, which has as its purpose the definitionof a curriculum of moral education in lower secondary school. The analysis – carried out using the NVivo software– made it possible to identify the contents of the main forms of teacher training (e.g. digital skills, key andcitizenship skills, safety, evaluation, innovative teaching) in relation to their ethical importance, in line with thecreation of a democratic society. ; Le possibilità di partecipazione ai corsi di specializzazione e perfezionamento da parte dei singoli docenti apre il dibattito circa l'importanza e le priorità formative degli insegnanti in servizio. Il contributo ha come obiettivo quello di mettere in luce, a partire da un quadro teorico di riferimento, l'analisi delle pratiche di formazione degli insegnanti in servizio dichiarate nei PTOF di 100 scuole secondarie di primo grado (estratte casualmente per ogni macro-area geografica). I dati raccolti afferiscono al disegno quali-quantitativo di una più ampia ricerca di interesse nazionale, che ha come scopo la definizione di un curricolo di educazione morale nella scuola secondaria di primo grado. L'analisi - svolta con il software NVivo - ha permesso di individuare i contenuti delle principali forme di formazione dei docenti (es. competenze digitali, competenze chiave, sicurezza, valutazione, didattica innovativa) in relazione alla loro importanza deontologica, in linea con la formazione di una società democratica.
