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California has achieved considerable economic success through technological innovation and the formation of businesses based upon those technologies. This paper addresses some of the roles of universities in that success story. It starts with some measures of the contributions of innovation and a robust university structure to the California economy, drawn from the biotechnology and wine industries. This is followed by an exploration of some recent partnership structures involving universities with industry and/or the state government. Emphasis is on the University of California, since that is where the experience of the author lies. This is followed by considerations of how such partnerships can be most successful and at the same time meet concerns about potential undesirable consequences stemming from them.

Technological innovation has historically contributed to inclusive economic growth in Germany. In more recent decades, however, this contribution has weakened due to the declining impact of technological innovation on labor productivity growth. Fearing that this declining impact would undermine the international competitiveness of the economy, real labor compensation was progressively curbed since the mid-1990s. This occurred inter alia through the government's erosion of the social welfare state, as well as through offshoring and reduced fixed capital investment of the corporate sector. The outcome was rising income and wealth inequalities. Between the mid-1990s and 2010 the rise in wage inequality was faster in Germany than in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. To restore inclusive growth, two broad policy measures are recommended: first, to have appropriate compensatory social welfare policies in place; and second, to improve the effectiveness of technological innovation to raise labor productivity. This paper identifies three reasons why technological innovation has become less and less effective:(i) historical legacies, (ii) weaknesses in the education system, and (iii) entrepreneurial stagnation. Improving the impact of technological innovations on labor productivity growth will require a more diversified education system, a deepening of active labor market policies, better immigration policies, and a greater contestability of markets. Ensuring these recommendations in a coordinated fashion suggests the need for an appropriate industrial-innovation policy.

The sustainability of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is constantly challenged on today's dynamic operating environment. Evolving regulatory trends, difficult economic conditions, and diminishing natural resources, pose serious questions for all players across the food system. Technological innovation, as a means of ensuring future sustainability in the same in the face of such challenges, has been the focus of significant government investment in Ireland. This paper, aims to facilitate a greater understanding of the motivations and barriers influencing the decision by food SMEs to invest in technological innovation emanating from research conducted in publicly‐funded research institutes.

We analyze the role of innovation in the technological development of four new EU members: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. For that purpose, we use a novel approach by modeling the empirical relationship between intra-industrial bilateral trade flows, which proxy the level of technological progress, and innovation expenditures within the context of a gravity model with a set of appropriate instrumental variables to account for the potential endogeneity of innovation to trade. We show that innovation efforts in high-tech industries exhibit a strong effect on the technological progress of the region and they are closely linked to foreign direct investment and multinationals. As foreign-owned subsidiaries become a part of the innovation systems and industrial structure of the host country they promote overall technological growth in the region.

This Brief presents new approaches and innovative challenges to address bringing technology into community-oriented policing efforts. "Community-oriented policing" is an approach that encourages police to develop and maintain personal relationships with citizens and community organizations. By developing these partnerships, the goal is to enhance trust and legitimacy of police by the community (and vice versa), and focus on engaging the community crime prevention and detection efforts for sustainable, long-term crime reduction. The contributions to this volume emphasize how technological innovations can advance community-oriented policing goals, such as: -Strengthening community policing principles through effective and efficient tools, procedures and approaches - Accelerating communication between citizens and police forces - Early identification, timely intervention, as well as better crime reporting, identification of risks, unreported and undiscovered crime through the community Contributions to this volume were developed out of the Next Generation Community Policing (NGCP) International Conference was co-organized by nine contributing research and development projects, funded by the Horizon 2020 SECURITY Program of the European Commission. It will be of interest to researchers in criminology and criminal justice, as well as related fields such as sociology, public health, security, IT and public policy.

We analyze the role of innovation in the technological development of four new EU members: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. For that purpose, we use a novel approach by modeling the empirical relationship between intra-industrial bilateral trade flows, which proxy the level of technological progress, and innovation expenditures within the context of a gravity model with a set of appropriate instrumental variables to account for the potential endogeneity of innovation to trade. We show that innovation efforts in high-tech industries exhibit a strong effect on the technological progress of the region and they are closely linked to foreign direct investment and multinationals. As foreign-owned subsidiaries become a part of the innovation systems and industrial structure of the host country they promote overall technological growth in the region. ; N/A

In this paper, we conduct an empirical study on the impact of CEOs&rsquo ; environmental awareness on technological innovation. To this end, we obtain a large sample with 7615 observations from Chinese A-share listed firms between the years of 2003 and 2014. Our empirical results show that a CEO&rsquo ; s environmental awareness has a significant positive impact on technological innovation of his/her enterprise. Environmentally conscious CEOs will invest more in R& ; D and obtain more patents. This will help their enterprises achieve higher efficiency of technological innovation. Furthermore, the environmental awareness of a CEO has a more significant impact on technological innovation if his/her enterprise is subject to a higher level of monitoring. We also conduct robustness check of our findings and provide managerial insights and proactive government policies to raise the environmental awareness of CEOs and improve the innovation vitality of enterprises.

Technological innovation is a matter of interest to governments, decision-makers, entrepreneurs, and researchers due to its impact on competitiveness, which is why publications in this field have grown exponentially. To synthesize the main research topics and highlight possible lines for future research, this work aims to develop a bibliometric analysis of technological innovation in the field of the food industry, based on the review of 1015 papers published in specialized journals. The methodology consists of analyzing bibliometric indicators of quantity and quality using the VOSviewer and SCIMat tools. The results show recognition of the different lines in which the research has organized the debate, grouping them into 12 main themes positioned on a strategic map. Furthermore, this study presents directions for future research obtained from the analysis of existing gaps. This study contributes to the literature on innovation by providing a systematization of technological innovation in the food industry.

Since the 1980s, neoliberal ideas have determined economic policies around the world. The, perhaps, main principle of neo-liberalism is that interference of government in the economy should be minimal. According to Johanna Bockman: "neo-liberalism is grounded on the assumption that governments cannot create economic growth or provide social welfare; rather by trying to help, governments make the world worse for everyone, including the poor". Those able to generate growth and welfare are, instead, markets, private companies, and individuals. Many politicians and economists thus believe that the role of government should be limited to a market correction.

Technological change has a tremendous impact on societies in general, including international politics. This chapter discusses the most important recent and upcoming technological advancements in energy – horizontal drilling with hydraulic fracturing, photovoltaics, and batteries – and their possible influence on geopolitical dynamics. For different reasons, China and the US will have the biggest impact on the way we will discuss the geopolitics of energy in the future. ; ISSN:1664-0667

This paper presents insights and action proposals to better harness technological innovation for sustainable development. We begin with three key insights from scholarship and practice. First, technological innovation processes do not follow a set sequence but rather emerge from complex adaptive systems involving many actors and institutions operating simultaneously from local to global scales. Barriers arise at all stages of innovation, from the invention of a technology through its selection, production, adaptation, adoption, and retirement. Second, learning from past efforts to mobilize innovation for sustainable development can be greatly improved through structured cross-sectoral comparisons that recognize the socio-technical nature of innovation systems. Third, current institutions (rules, norms, and incentives) shaping technological innovation are often not aligned toward the goals of sustainable development because impoverished, marginalized, and unborn populations too often lack the economic and political power to shape innovation systems to meet their needs. However, these institutions can be reformed, and many actors have the power to do so through research, advocacy, training, convening, policymaking, and financing. We conclude with three practice-oriented recommendations to further realize the potential of innovation for sustainable development: (i) channels for regularized learning across domains of practice should be established; (ii) measures that systematically take into account the interests of underserved populations throughout the innovation process should be developed; and (iii) institutions should be reformed to reorient innovation systems toward sustainable development and ensure that all innovation stages and scales are considered at the outset.

Industrial-technological innovation (ITI) has far-reaching significance for China&rsquo ; s sustainable development. In this study, we construct an ITI model to analyze the impact of communication barrier and spillover effects in ITI system from the perspective of system by means of system dynamics. Statistical data of smartphone industry were collected to verify the authenticity of the model, which show that the model has higher goodness of fit with the real-world. Simulation experiments were carried out and the results showed that: (1) Spillover effects have obvious effects on ITI in both positive and negative radiation directions, and deeper exchanges and cooperation should be encouraged to carry out among firm. (2) Communication barrier play an important role in regulating ITI. Under the condition of non-barrier and complete-barrier, the completion time of the whole process has increased by 76.5%, it is urgent to reduce communication carrier. The research puts forward suggestions to help improve ITI from institutional, market, and government.

Previous studies have established that the telecommunications industry in Kenya is characterized by decreasing voice revenues, many regulations, technological progress and varying consumer needs. This phenomenon has resulted in industry companies developing sound innovation strategies to make sure they form a competitive advantage over their rivals with the aim of ensuring their survival and growth in the evermore cut-throat marketplace. Nevertheless, in spite of the essential part played by these innovation strategies to safeguard competitive advantage, several companies have failed to translate the plans into reality. Therefore, the major objective of this study was to investigate the influence of technological innovation on the competitive advantage of telecommunication companies in Kenya. Technological innovation was measured by expansion of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks; new equipment and software; and partnerships and synergies. To satisfy the objective of this paper, a positivist philosophical stance was adopted and research design using cross-sectional survey data used. Data was collected using proportionate sampling from 247 managers. The results indicate that technological innovation improves the competitive advantage of telecommunication companies in Kenya. However, with government regulation as a moderating variable, only the new equipment, and software constructs had a positive and significant influence on the dependent variable. Ultimately, the findings suggest that government regulation moderates the influence of technological innovation on the competitive advantage of telecommunication companies in Kenya.

"Prepared for Edward J. Logue, principal development consultant, District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency, National Capital Planning Commission, and District of Columbia Government, Washington, D.C." ; "HUD-11-RT." ; Bibliography: p. 164-166. ; Mode of access: Internet.

SMEs, due to their unique characteristics, are found to have inherent capabilities to undertake technological innovations successfully across industries and nations. While there is considerable empirical evidence to throw light on SME innovation contributions in the context of developed countries, there is hardly any evidence to reveal how innovative SMEs are in rapidly industrializing economies like India. This paper reveals the core findings of two empirical "Innovation Projects" implemented in the previous decade in Bangalore, the globally known high-tech city of India. Indian SMEs are largely incremental innovators, prompted by their customers and involved in product and/or process innovations. But majority carried out innovations with internal efforts only whereas the minority which obtained external support, had better technical strength, indulged in more frequent and both product & process innovations. Such SMEs achieved better innovation performance as well as better economic performance. Some of them internationalized themselves in the process. However such achievements are "an oasis" in the vast Indian SME sector. How to promote (i) innovations, (ii) quality of innovations and (iii) patenting culture among the SMEs is a challenge for Indian Policy Makers. The paper concludes with proposing some policy recommendations in this direction.