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Under what conditions does science influence environmental policy? International Relations (IR) scholars, such as Peter M Haas, have argued that to gain political influence, science should not connect to policy before scientific consensus has been reached. We take this suggestion as a point of departure for investigating how science is and should be connected to policy in international environmental governance. Using insights from the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS), the contribution of IR is critically discussed, both to present its limitations and, primarily, to further develop the understanding of scientific consensus within IR and the need for separation and connections between science and policy. The organization and performance of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), including the various assessments made by scholars from IR and STS, is used as an illustrative case. From the discussion of IR and STS and the role of the IPCC in climate policy, we conclude that the focus within STS on contextual and informal factors could shed light on how science and technology are understood by IR scholars, who focus more on the formal organizational design of the interplay between science and policy.

This essay develops a theoretical framework for understanding the connection between technological transformations & change in the international system & puts the information revolution in its proper context -- as another in a line of technology-system transformations. The analysis proceeds in two steps: first I conceptualize technology as politics. Technology is inherently political in at least two ways: the construction of technologies is subject to political contestation & technology can be understood as a certain kind of practical knowledge, embedded in material artifacts & in the institutions built to manage them. The second step draws on Buzan & Little's idea of interaction capacity to conceptualize technology as a component of the international political system. This two-step approach draws our attention to the national & transnational institutions that develop new technologies & to the international systemic dimension of certain sociotechnical systems. In the end, this approach provides a framework for understanding technological change, including the information revolution, in an international political context. In particular, it draws attention to political debate over the shape & content of a global information infrastructure. Adapted from the source document.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- I. Technology and East-West Relations -- 1. The Technological Factors Shaping East-West Relations -- 2. Technology and Social Change: East-West Comparisons -- II. Technology, Arms and Disarmament -- 3. The Impact of Technology on Nuclear Deterrence and Strategic Arms Control -- 4. Advanced Technology and European Security: Conceptual Considerations -- 5. The Impact of Military Technology on Conventional Arms Control in Europe -- 6. The Impact of Military Technology on the Arms Race -- III. Technology and Economics -- 7. The Impact of Technological Change on East-West Economic Relations -- 8. Economic Forces in the History of East-West Relations -- 9. The Impact of Technology on Communications, Culture and Public Policy Issues -- IV. Technology and Policy -- 10. The Impact of Technology on the Future of European Security and Cooperation -- 11. Technology and Public Policy in East-West Relations -- About the Authors.

This chapter investigates the relation between Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) and Soft Power at the country level. To develop this discussion, first, we review the literature on the concept of Soft Power through Joseph Nye's theoretical analysis and its recent interpretation by.1 Both argue that Soft Power is a diffuse tool of power through cultural and symbolic aspects. The role of STI in enhancing Soft Power and its influence in the international arena is updated through available recent literature. Data analysis is based on figures collected from the Global Innovation Index (GII) and its Special Chapter of Science and Technology Clusters and Soft Power 30. It was oriented to investigate the influence of STI in obtaining Soft Power, broadening the debate on recent literature. The research shows that although gaining Soft Power also requires culture/education, international policies, and universalistic values, STI plays an essential role in Soft Power.

Der Autor beschreibt am Beispiel der Mikroelektronik in Japan quantitative Effekte (z.B. Sinken der Arbeitslosigkeit) und qualitative Entwicklungen, die er in einer durch neue Technologien verursachten Anreicherung von Arbeitsinhalten sieht. Näher diskutiert werden die Wirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt (Erhöhung der Flexibilität), das Lohnsystem (Transformierung vom Prinzip der Orientierung des Lohns am Lebensalter und an der Firmenzugehörigkeit zum Leistungslohn) sowie das Verhältnis zu den Gewerkschaften (die zunehmend die berufliche Weiterbildung im Bereich neuer Technologien unterstützen). (psz)

List of Figures; List of Tables; List of Pictures and Maps; Introduction; Part I New Technologies, New Reality, New Paradigms of International Relations?; Technological Turn and the New Framework of International Relations; New Technologies as a Factor of the "Spatial Turn" in International Relations; Technology and a New International Distribution of Power; Anarchy Is What Technology Makes Of It; Part II New Technologies as a Factor of Diplomacy; New Technologies in Diplomacy; Foreign Ministries in the Perspective of Information Revolution