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Abstract The reform of the legal studies brought in by Cesare Alfieri di Sostegno in 1846 was a turning point for the Faculty of law of the University of Turin. This paper aims to underline the contributions given by the professors of law, in particular Felice Merlo, Luigi Amedeo Melegari and Pietro Lugi Albini, to the debate arisen in this field. The analysis highlights their belief of the importance of the legal studies, and details the subsequent legislative changes that shaped the legal cursus studiorum up to the accomplishment of national unity, with a special focus on the Bon-Compagni and the Casati laws. Keywords Legal studies – Legislative reforms-University of Turin

The article analyses the historiographic culture of the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy (Turin University) between 1921 and 1961. The first part of the work focuses on the organization of the degree courses offered by the Faculty, the characterizing traits of the students and the impact of national politics within the institution. The second part conducts a quantitative analysis of the degree theses in History discussed at the Faculty during the chosen period, in order to study the presence of the different disciplines in the life of the Faculty. Finally, the work reflects on the particular interest that the subject History of the Risorgimento has caused in the students.

The library system of the Catholic University of Milan provides makes its contribution to the formation offer of the universities of Milan, Brescia, Piacenza/Cremona and Rome with their 14 faculties to which we can add 53 master courses and 35 post graduate completion courses, reaching a grand total of 42,000 users between students, professors and outside users.The patrimony of the library system distributed among the centres of the Padania area is channelled into a joint electronic catalogue. Each campus maintains a centralized structure for acquisition, cataloguing and shelf readying.Besides the traditional forms of document acquisition, since 1998 the Milanese library has adopted the procedure of acquisition on a predefined profile, known as an approval plan. This is an agreement with a specialized provider by which the latest publications that correspond to a profile previously defined by the library, are chosen and sent to the library itself. The first approval plan, still standing, of the Catholic University, was drawn up in 1998 with Blackwell's. It relates to Anglosaxon publications on some subjects regarding business economics. The project was decisively extended in 1999 with the provider Casalini, for Italian publications on social sciences, pedagogy, economics, political science and subsequently psychology, Italian literature and culture and linguistics. The established aims of this project are basically two: reduce the times that normally pass between the publication of the latest editions and their effective availability for library users and improve the growth of collections in sectors that for various reasons are incomplete or only recently established. ; The library system of the Catholic University of Milan provides makes its contribution to the formation offer of the universities of Milan, Brescia, Piacenza/Cremona and Rome with their 14 faculties to which we can add 53 master courses and 35 post graduate completion courses, reaching a grand total of 42,000 users between students, professors and outside users.The patrimony of the library system distributed among the centres of the Padania area is channelled into a joint electronic catalogue. Each campus maintains a centralized structure for acquisition, cataloguing and shelf readying.Besides the traditional forms of document acquisition, since 1998 the Milanese library has adopted the procedure of acquisition on a predefined profile, known as an approval plan. This is an agreement with a specialized provider by which the latest publications that correspond to a profile previously defined by the library, are chosen and sent to the library itself. The first approval plan, still standing, of the Catholic University, was drawn up in 1998 with Blackwell's. It relates to Anglosaxon publications on some subjects regarding business economics. The project was decisively extended in 1999 with the provider Casalini, for Italian publications on social sciences, pedagogy, economics, political science and subsequently psychology, Italian literature and culture and linguistics. The established aims of this project are basically two: reduce the times that normally pass between the publication of the latest editions and their effective availability for library users and improve the growth of collections in sectors that for various reasons are incomplete or only recently established.

In his History of Greece, George Grote celebrates the Athenian democracy and considers it an exemplary political regime. Grote despises oligarchy and believes that Athenian popular sovereignty has put an end to factional struggles. In particular, the reform of the courts ensured respect for the law and prevented the strongest and richest from taking power. However, the popular dikasteries were also an effective system for controlling and governing the subjects of the maritime empire. Grote compares the Athenian rule with the British Empire: both are governments of dependencies, in which the subdued states freely manage their internal affairs, but depend on the dominant state in foreign policy. The disputes between Athens and its allies were discussed in the Athenian courts where, according to Grote, the Greeks found fairness and tolerance, and were thus rewarded for the loss of their autonomy. ; Nella History of Greece George Grote celebra la democrazia ateniese e la considera un regime politico esemplare. Grote disprezza l'oligarchia e ritiene che la sovranità popolare ateniese abbia posto fine alle lotte di fazione. In particolare, la riforma periclea dei tribunali garantì il rispetto della legge e impedì ai più forti e ai più ricchi di prendere il potere. Tuttavia, i tribunali popolari furono anche un efficace sistema per controllare e governare i sudditi dell'impero marittimo. Grote paragona il dominio ateniese all'impero britannico: entrambi sono governments of dependencies, in cui gli stati sudditi gestiscono liberamente i loro affari interni, ma dipendono dallo stato dominante nella política estera. Le controversie fra Atene e i suoi alleati erano discusse nei tribunali ateniesi nei quali, secondo Grote, i greci del tempo trovarono giustizia e clemenza, e furono così ricompensati per la perdita della loro autonomia.

As evinced by the different international analysis the attention to universities, has become an urgent need for the new emerging countries, for those countries that are struggling to overcome conflict and trying to freed from violence, from social and cultural poverty, but also, to a greater extent, for the more advanced countries that towards cultural competition, are facing transnational innovation difficulties. The ability to coagulate multiple resources, to activate processes of intercultural, cultural changes, social and economic transformations, process of mobilization of young people, of researchers by the innovating countries, is the basis of a new idea of democracy. A democracy of: human capital, of resources, of the role of peoples, of institutions and communities, a democracy from the standpoint of the quick changes, mutual and dependent relations that these changes entail. Overcoming the markets constraints of knowledge, the constraints of mobility, of culture, of training, places the universities under a double viewpoint aspect: on one side the ability to interact innovation in its territory and on the other the investment with strategic partnerships, border, network development, capable to build leadership and cooperation. This is an effort that universities must do in the present situation because of competition and innovation that puts them in comparison not only one with the other, but between universities and entreprise, universities and private companies, universities and research bodies and training, universities and the territor. It is in this contest that the different devices of the universities must be reinterpreted in the perspective of qualitative development, effective consultation and transformative impact of cultural and social territories, far and near.

Questo contributo individua le specificità Scuola di Architettura, Pianificazione e Paesaggio dell'Università di Newcastle. Caratterizzata da un corpo docente molto eterogeneo e da competenze in tutta la disciplina, la Scuola sostiene fortemente l'idea di un ruolo sociale dell'architettura. Ciò riflette, in parte, la cultura architettonica di Newcastle, radicata nell'ascesa e nella crisi di un grande porto industriale ai confini dell'Inghilterra. questa vocazione è emersa chiaramente nella generazione dei cosiddetti New Brutalists / Nuovi Brutalisti, chiamati a dare una forma e una sostanza alla politica del Welfare State. Come scuola di architettura orientata alla ricerca, l'APL intende il progetto come una sfida culturale collettiva che implica l'acquisizione e l'esercizio di conoscenze e competenze complesse, per le quali la realtà della pratica architettonica è un costante termine di riferimento. ; This article aims at tracking down some identity features of the School of Architecture, Planning & Landscape of Newcastle University. Characterised by a very heterogeneous teaching staff covering a broad breadth of expertise across the discipline, the School strongly supports the idea of a social role for architecture. Partly due to Newcastle's architectural culture - rooted as it is in the rise and fall of a great industrial port at the borders of England - this vocation emerged clearly in the generation of the so-called New Brutalists, called upon to give a form and substance to the politics of the Welfare State. As a research-led school of architecture, APL understands design as a collective cultural endeavour that involves the acquisition and exercise of complex knowledges and skills, for which the reality of architectural practice is a constant term of reference.

What does the bust of Luigi Cibrario, who never was a professor, have to do with the rest of scholars present in the gallery of the University building? A wise person would perhaps answer with a political interpretation. The marble monument of Cibrario was inspired by a non-scientific need: the necessity of proving that the Risorgimento counted among its actors not only martyrs ofpatriotic battles but also scholars who fought the enemy with history. Cibrario, Piedmontese andmoderate, demonstrated, by proving it, that the House of Savoy was a thoroughly Italian dynasty.He then gained a valid reason for standing among the most acclaimed ones: those who contributedto the nationalization of monarchy. Wether Cibrario's thesis was scientifically correct, that isanother question.

La tesi tratta dell'epurazione avvenuta all'interno del mondo universitario italiano dopo la caduta del fascismo. In essa si analizzano sia le misure adottate dagli Alleati, attraverso il Governo Militare e la Commissione di Controllo che avevano istituito per amministrare i territori occupati, sia i procedimenti di epurazione diretti dagli organismi italiani, fino alle leggi del 1948-49 che consentirono il ritorno in cattedra a quasi tutti gli epurati. Infatti, nonostante la grande profusione di energie che aveva portato in un primo tempo all'allontanamento di 177 professori, ridotti poi a 50 dopo il benevolo esame dei giudici italiani, dal 1946 il governo De Gasperi si impegnò a favorire il rientro in servizio di tutti gli epurati, secondo una precisa volontà politica di perdono e pacificazione. Non manca una disamina sulle reazioni interne alla casta accademica, che configurano nel complesso una chiusura nei confronti dell'epurazione, rivelando un marcato spirito di corpo. Alla fine del processo, escludendo i docenti deceduti nel frattempo, furono solamente 11 quelli che non tornarono più in servizio. È inoltre presente, in appendice alla tesi, una raccolta di schede relative ai casi di 197 professori di ruolo, in cui si ricostruisce individualmente l'iter dei procedimenti di epurazione. ; This thesis is about the purge of the Italian universities after the fall of the fascist regime. It includes both the interventions of the Allies, with the Military Government and the Control Commission that they established to control the occupied territories, and the legal actions undertaken by the Italian courts, and also the 1948-49 laws which allowed the comeback of most of the dismissed professors. Even though the great efforts of both the Allies and the Italians which led to the layoff of 177 full professors, later reduced to 50 after the forgiving judgment of the Italian justice, after the end of the war the De Gasperi cabinet supported the reinstatement of those who were purged, following a precise political will of forgiveness and appeasement. It is also included a close examination of the reactions by the academic community, which show a rejection against the purging process and a pronounced group spirit. At the end of the process, only 11 full professors didn't get their jobs back, not counting the ones who died in the meantime. Finally, there's an appendix which collects the cases of 197 full professors involved in the purge, where is summarized the evolving of their purging procedures.

The teaching of Commercial Law at the Turin University started in 1835-1836. It was held until 1860 by professor Giovanni Francesco Vachino who was interested in developing a didactics that could answer the needs of the legal practice. He also held, since 1853-1854, an innovative course about political economics and commercial law devoted to entrepreneurs and practitioners working in the field. The course was sponsored by the Chamber of Commerce and given in a hall of the Faculty of Chemistry.

The aim of this presentation proposes a first reasoned overview of the results of a new study of documents archive of the National Purge Commission of Universities Professors (in Italian: Commissione Nazionale di Epurazione del Personale Universitario) deposited at the Central State Archive in Rome. It is focused on the whole segment of economists which, up til now, has been considered only for some aspects linked to personal stories of the single scientists.This new research serves to demonstrate that in the personal files of the thirty-eight economists analysed, beyond the individual trial pathways, there is a common thread in their strategy of defence that makes them indistinguishable from their colleagues of the other subjects.In concrete terms, inside the purge of economists exist several situations, similar to those of the branches of knowledge under trial; they repeat acts of defence that are apart from their expert knowledge and their proper and specialized terms well fit together with the conceptual framework delineating purge as a rite-of-passage to the new Republic, but without hangover for their careers. ; Questo contributo propone una prima delucidazione ragionata degli esiti di una nuova esplorazione del fondo della Commissione Nazionale di Epurazione del Personale Universitario dell'Archivio Centrale dello Stato, focalizzata sull'intero segmento degli economisti che, finora, era stato valutato soltanto in alcuni lavori centrati sulle vicende personali di singoli scienziati. La nuova ricerca è tesa a dimostrare che nei fascicoli personali dei trentotto economisti esaminati, al di là dei singoli percorsi processuali, esiste una trama comune nella loro strategia di difesa che li rende indistinguibili dai colleghi delle altre materie. In pratica, dentro l'epurazione gli economisti vivono situazioni affini a quelle di tutte le classi disciplinari processate, ripetono gesti di difesa che prescindono dal loro sapere specialistico e i loro vocaboli di elezione si incastrano perfettamente in un quadro ...

INTRODUCTION: With the word homophobia or homonegativity we mean the disease, the devaluation and the hostility for the homosexuals men or women. The researches say high levels of homophobia are correlated with the belief that homosexuality is against nature (Frost, 2010; Lingiardi, 2007). This thought may induce people to act with aggressively against LG population. METHOD: The aims of our research are: first contribute to the validation of the homophobia scales and second to compare the level of homophobia in a sample of university students. Participants: Our sample was of 300 students (M = 22.82, SD = 2.83; min = 19, max = 42, Measures: An Identifying Information Form was used to collect demographic information and the Italian scale, SIMO-G and SIMO-L (Lingiardi, 2005; Lingiardi et al. in press), to evaluate the level of homophobia. CONCLUSIONS: The results show an association between religion education, politics and level of social homophobia.

La prevenzione delle fratture da fragilità nelle persone anziane è diventata una priorità dovuta al rilevante impatto sanitario, finanziario e sociale che comportano. Le strategie più appropriate per fare fronte a questo importante problema di salute pubblica sono ancora materia di discussione. Negli ultimi anni l'approccio tradizionale centrato quasi univocamente sulle terapie farmacologiche e sulla valutazione della densità minerale ossea (DMO) è cambiato alla luce del riconoscimento del ruolo di altri fattori di rischio per le fratture da fragilità che sono indipendenti della DMO e che possono essere di maggior rilievo in popolazioni anziane, nelle quali si verificano tre quarti di tutte le fratture da fragilità vertebrali e più di tre quarti delle fratture femorali. Tra i più importanti fattori DMO-indipendenti ricordiamo tra gli altri: a) il rischio di cadute, b) la sarcopenia, c) le alterazioni della mobilità e d) la perdita di peso. Il rapporto costo-efficacia di un approccio farmacologico per il trattamento dell'osteoporosi è in discussione. Alcuni farmaci hanno dimostrato una accertata efficacia nel ridurre il rischio di fratture in soggetti osteoporotici con T-score inferiore a -2.5 DS e fratture prevalenti, anche se i trials che hanno dimostrato tale efficacia non includevano solo persone anziane e spesso escludevano gli anziani più fragili. Nel Aprile 2016, l' "Interest Group on Falls and Fracture Prevention" della "European Union Geriatric Medicine Society (EUGMS)" insieme all'International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics-European Region (IAGG-ER), all'Unione Europea dei Medici Specialisti (EUMS), all'International Osteoporosis Foundation, all'European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, hanno pubblicato uno statement che delinea la loro opinione sui punti principali nel (del?) dibattito in corso in relazione alla prevenzione primaria e secondaria delle cadute, alla diagnosi e il (al?) trattamento della fragilità ossea, e all'implementazione di servizi multidisciplinari ("Liasson Services") per la prevenzione delle cadute e delle fratture nelle persone anziane. Questo statement sostiene una strategia globale e suggerisce: 1) una migliore informazione sia per le persone anziane che per gli operatori sanitari per quanto riguarda lo stile di vita generale e misure mediche per ottimizzare la salute ossea e la prevenzione delle cadute; 2) un miglioramento delle conoscenze su screening e un'ottimizzazione della gestione delle persone anziane con fragilità ossea o ad alto rischio di cadere sia nelle cure primarie che nelle istituzioni; e 3) una forte collaborazione tra i "Fracture Liasson Services", i reparti di medicina geriatrica (Liasson Services di cadute e fratture) e le cure primarie. I decisori politici dovranno svolgere un ruolo importante nello sviluppo di programmi comunitari e istituzionali sulla prevenzione delle cadute, nello stabilire i "Liasson Services" di cadute e fratture e nel sviluppare percorsi adeguati per la prevenzione delle fratture che includano sia la valutazione che la gestione delle persone anziane che cadono frequentemente e l'ottimizzazione della gestione medica nelle persone con fragilità ossea.

In the dystopian world that George Orwell imagines in his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the hegemonic politic party Ingsoc promulgates the Newspeak, a language created in order to satisfy the ideological needs of the Party: to control the individual and prevent the exercise of his free thought. Imaginary languages have always played an important role within the dystopian genre: the structure of society is reflected in that of language, the intimate relationship between representation of reality language is exploited for political ends. The article investigates - through the perspective of linguistic relativism - the functioning of the relationship between linguistic sign and referent in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. The study uses in particular the concepts of denotation and connotation and relates them to the iconic surface of words theorized by Berman. ; Nel mondo distopico che George Orwell immagina nel suo romanzo 1984, il partito egemone l'Ingsoc promulga il Newspeak, un linguaggio creato al fine di realizzare i bisogni ideologici del partito: controllare il singolo individuo e impedire l'esercizio del suo libero pensiero. Le lingue immaginarie hanno sempre giocato un ruolo importante all'interno del genere distopico: la struttura della società si riflette in quella della lingua, l'intima relazione tra mondo e linguaggio viene sfruttato per fini politici. L'articolo indaga - attraverso la prospettiva del relativismo linguistico – il funzionamento del rapporto tra segno linguistico e referente che caratterizza il Newspeak inventato da Orwell in 1984. Lo studio utilizza in particolare i concetti di denotazione e connotazione e li mette in relazione con la superficie d'iconicità delle parole teorizzato da Berman.