Kern der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die praktisch bedeutsame Frage der Beweislastverteilung im deutschen und im norwegischen Markenrecht. Besonders relevant wird dieser Vergleich dadurch, dass das Markenrecht Deutschlands und Norwegens nicht bezugslos nebeneinander stehen, sondern durch die Richtlinie 2008/95/EG (Markenrechtsrichtlinie) und deren Übernahme in das EWR-Abkommen europäisch harmonisiert werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich die Arbeit sowohl dem nationalen Recht der beiden Länder, als auch den europäischen Herausforderungen. Zudem wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Bedeutung dem Beweismaß in diesem Zusammenhang zukommt. Zuletzt geht der Verfasser noch auf die Frage ein, inwieweit sich die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit auf andere Richtlinien im Bereiche des gewerblichen Rechtsschutzes übertragen lassen.
Objective: During the interwar period, the healthcare system in Europe experienced a dramatic transformation. It was perceived that preventive medicine was no less important than curative medicine. Moreover, without proper prevention of the so-called social diseases, all later therapeutic measures were expensive and ineffective. The former battle against the consequences was replaced by measures targeting the causes. The fight against social diseases involved a state-owned strategy and a broad arsenal of measures. The University's scholars also took part in this process. Our study revealed that the significance of the disease prevention in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Stephen Bathory was well understood. Moreover, the treatment was not segregated from hygiene as strictly as it is today. Many hygienists as well as clinicians contributed to the development of preventive mechanisms. The broad specialization of doctors enabled them to see not only biomedical, but also social and economic aspects of a disease. Hygienists and doctors encouraged cooperation and coordination of their activities with the central and local authorities as well as education of the local population. The progress of medical science in Europe and the World, as well as the Soviet ideology in Eastern Europe distracted doctors from the search for the etiology of social illness. Biomedical treatment had become much more effective, and the development of social hygiene research in Eastern Europe had experienced stagnation. For ideological reasons the disease etiology in the Soviet bloc could not be associated with social factors. Social hygiene in the Soviet Union was highly politicized; it could only be interpreted in a frame of Soviet models. The healthcare system that had been created in the Soviet Union was named as the best in the world. The actual medical statistics were concealed from the public, since their logical interpretation could reveal the social causes of illnesses and the disadvantages of the soviet system. Sometimes we must return to basic ideas to improve current public health mechanisms. It is worth reconsidering fundamental questions, i.e. what public health is and how to achieve it. The breadth of the approach of the interwar Vilnius hygienists and doctors, the sensitivity to the social origins of diseases and persistence in combating them by all possible means could serve as an example for today's doctors. At that time, hygienists approached the idea that the highest goal of prevention was to create a healthy environment, healthy living and working conditions. Although today we live in a much safer environment than those individuals did, new threats are emerging because of changing technology and lifestyle. The broad approach of physicians remains equally important in order not only to combat individual precedents, but also to overcome the preconditions for emerging precedents. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the theoretical patterns of hygiene and public health established by the hygienists of the Vilnius Hygiene Department as well as the attempts to apply them in practice. Methods: The study was conducted by analyzing the primary and secondary historical sources using the comparative method. A lot of data from the Lietuvos Centrinis Valstybės Archyvas (Lithuanian Central State Archives) that had been used in this research were published for the first time. According to the original archival data, an analysis of the scientific publications of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Stephen Bathory was made to find out the priorities of the research carried out at that time. Conclusions: The complicated economic conditions, the lack of support from the local and central government as well as the imperfections in health legislation of that time hindered the full implementation of the hygienist strategies of the University of Stephen Bathory. However, the activities of the Department of Hygiene of Stephen Bathory University had a significant impact on the development of hygiene science as well as medical practice in the Vilnius region during the Interwar period (1919–1939).
Objective: During the interwar period, the healthcare system in Europe experienced a dramatic transformation. It was perceived that preventive medicine was no less important than curative medicine. Moreover, without proper prevention of the so-called social diseases, all later therapeutic measures were expensive and ineffective. The former battle against the consequences was replaced by measures targeting the causes. The fight against social diseases involved a state-owned strategy and a broad arsenal of measures. The University's scholars also took part in this process. Our study revealed that the significance of the disease prevention in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Stephen Bathory was well understood. Moreover, the treatment was not segregated from hygiene as strictly as it is today. Many hygienists as well as clinicians contributed to the development of preventive mechanisms. The broad specialization of doctors enabled them to see not only biomedical, but also social and economic aspects of a disease. Hygienists and doctors encouraged cooperation and coordination of their activities with the central and local authorities as well as education of the local population. The progress of medical science in Europe and the World, as well as the Soviet ideology in Eastern Europe distracted doctors from the search for the etiology of social illness. Biomedical treatment had become much more effective, and the development of social hygiene research in Eastern Europe had experienced stagnation. For ideological reasons the disease etiology in the Soviet bloc could not be associated with social factors. Social hygiene in the Soviet Union was highly politicized; it could only be interpreted in a frame of Soviet models. The healthcare system that had been created in the Soviet Union was named as the best in the world. The actual medical statistics were concealed from the public, since their logical interpretation could reveal the social causes of illnesses and the disadvantages of the soviet system. Sometimes we must return to basic ideas to improve current public health mechanisms. It is worth reconsidering fundamental questions, i.e. what public health is and how to achieve it. The breadth of the approach of the interwar Vilnius hygienists and doctors, the sensitivity to the social origins of diseases and persistence in combating them by all possible means could serve as an example for today's doctors. At that time, hygienists approached the idea that the highest goal of prevention was to create a healthy environment, healthy living and working conditions. Although today we live in a much safer environment than those individuals did, new threats are emerging because of changing technology and lifestyle. The broad approach of physicians remains equally important in order not only to combat individual precedents, but also to overcome the preconditions for emerging precedents. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the theoretical patterns of hygiene and public health established by the hygienists of the Vilnius Hygiene Department as well as the attempts to apply them in practice. Methods: The study was conducted by analyzing the primary and secondary historical sources using the comparative method. A lot of data from the Lietuvos Centrinis Valstybės Archyvas (Lithuanian Central State Archives) that had been used in this research were published for the first time. According to the original archival data, an analysis of the scientific publications of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Stephen Bathory was made to find out the priorities of the research carried out at that time. Conclusions: The complicated economic conditions, the lack of support from the local and central government as well as the imperfections in health legislation of that time hindered the full implementation of the hygienist strategies of the University of Stephen Bathory. However, the activities of the Department of Hygiene of Stephen Bathory University had a significant impact on the development of hygiene science as well as medical practice in the Vilnius region during the Interwar period (1919–1939).
Objective: During the interwar period, the healthcare system in Europe experienced a dramatic transformation. It was perceived that preventive medicine was no less important than curative medicine. Moreover, without proper prevention of the so-called social diseases, all later therapeutic measures were expensive and ineffective. The former battle against the consequences was replaced by measures targeting the causes. The fight against social diseases involved a state-owned strategy and a broad arsenal of measures. The University's scholars also took part in this process. Our study revealed that the significance of the disease prevention in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Stephen Bathory was well understood. Moreover, the treatment was not segregated from hygiene as strictly as it is today. Many hygienists as well as clinicians contributed to the development of preventive mechanisms. The broad specialization of doctors enabled them to see not only biomedical, but also social and economic aspects of a disease. Hygienists and doctors encouraged cooperation and coordination of their activities with the central and local authorities as well as education of the local population. The progress of medical science in Europe and the World, as well as the Soviet ideology in Eastern Europe distracted doctors from the search for the etiology of social illness. Biomedical treatment had become much more effective, and the development of social hygiene research in Eastern Europe had experienced stagnation. For ideological reasons the disease etiology in the Soviet bloc could not be associated with social factors. Social hygiene in the Soviet Union was highly politicized; it could only be interpreted in a frame of Soviet models. The healthcare system that had been created in the Soviet Union was named as the best in the world. The actual medical statistics were concealed from the public, since their logical interpretation could reveal the social causes of illnesses and the disadvantages of the soviet system. Sometimes we must return to basic ideas to improve current public health mechanisms. It is worth reconsidering fundamental questions, i.e. what public health is and how to achieve it. The breadth of the approach of the interwar Vilnius hygienists and doctors, the sensitivity to the social origins of diseases and persistence in combating them by all possible means could serve as an example for today's doctors. At that time, hygienists approached the idea that the highest goal of prevention was to create a healthy environment, healthy living and working conditions. Although today we live in a much safer environment than those individuals did, new threats are emerging because of changing technology and lifestyle. The broad approach of physicians remains equally important in order not only to combat individual precedents, but also to overcome the preconditions for emerging precedents. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the theoretical patterns of hygiene and public health established by the hygienists of the Vilnius Hygiene Department as well as the attempts to apply them in practice. Methods: The study was conducted by analyzing the primary and secondary historical sources using the comparative method. A lot of data from the Lietuvos Centrinis Valstybės Archyvas (Lithuanian Central State Archives) that had been used in this research were published for the first time. According to the original archival data, an analysis of the scientific publications of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Stephen Bathory was made to find out the priorities of the research carried out at that time. Conclusions: The complicated economic conditions, the lack of support from the local and central government as well as the imperfections in health legislation of that time hindered the full implementation of the hygienist strategies of the University of Stephen Bathory. However, the activities of the Department of Hygiene of Stephen Bathory University had a significant impact on the development of hygiene science as well as medical practice in the Vilnius region during the Interwar period (1919–1939).
Objective: During the interwar period, the healthcare system in Europe experienced a dramatic transformation. It was perceived that preventive medicine was no less important than curative medicine. Moreover, without proper prevention of the so-called social diseases, all later therapeutic measures were expensive and ineffective. The former battle against the consequences was replaced by measures targeting the causes. The fight against social diseases involved a state-owned strategy and a broad arsenal of measures. The University's scholars also took part in this process. Our study revealed that the significance of the disease prevention in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Stephen Bathory was well understood. Moreover, the treatment was not segregated from hygiene as strictly as it is today. Many hygienists as well as clinicians contributed to the development of preventive mechanisms. The broad specialization of doctors enabled them to see not only biomedical, but also social and economic aspects of a disease. Hygienists and doctors encouraged cooperation and coordination of their activities with the central and local authorities as well as education of the local population. The progress of medical science in Europe and the World, as well as the Soviet ideology in Eastern Europe distracted doctors from the search for the etiology of social illness. Biomedical treatment had become much more effective, and the development of social hygiene research in Eastern Europe had experienced stagnation. For ideological reasons the disease etiology in the Soviet bloc could not be associated with social factors. Social hygiene in the Soviet Union was highly politicized; it could only be interpreted in a frame of Soviet models. The healthcare system that had been created in the Soviet Union was named as the best in the world. The actual medical statistics were concealed from the public, since their logical interpretation could reveal the social causes of illnesses and the disadvantages of the soviet system. Sometimes we must return to basic ideas to improve current public health mechanisms. It is worth reconsidering fundamental questions, i.e. what public health is and how to achieve it. The breadth of the approach of the interwar Vilnius hygienists and doctors, the sensitivity to the social origins of diseases and persistence in combating them by all possible means could serve as an example for today's doctors. At that time, hygienists approached the idea that the highest goal of prevention was to create a healthy environment, healthy living and working conditions. Although today we live in a much safer environment than those individuals did, new threats are emerging because of changing technology and lifestyle. The broad approach of physicians remains equally important in order not only to combat individual precedents, but also to overcome the preconditions for emerging precedents. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the theoretical patterns of hygiene and public health established by the hygienists of the Vilnius Hygiene Department as well as the attempts to apply them in practice. Methods: The study was conducted by analyzing the primary and secondary historical sources using the comparative method. A lot of data from the Lietuvos Centrinis Valstybės Archyvas (Lithuanian Central State Archives) that had been used in this research were published for the first time. According to the original archival data, an analysis of the scientific publications of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Stephen Bathory was made to find out the priorities of the research carried out at that time. Conclusions: The complicated economic conditions, the lack of support from the local and central government as well as the imperfections in health legislation of that time hindered the full implementation of the hygienist strategies of the University of Stephen Bathory. However, the activities of the Department of Hygiene of Stephen Bathory University had a significant impact on the development of hygiene science as well as medical practice in the Vilnius region during the Interwar period (1919–1939).
Perspectives to Provide Pharmaceutical Care Services in Pharmacies Master Thesis by J. Baliukevičienė and Z. Jonikienė/ scientific manager dr. Kostas Ivanauskas; Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy – Vilnius. Title. Perspectives to provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies Aim of the study. To appreciate perspectives of pharmacies in providing pharmaceutical care services. Goals of the study. • To analyze the evolution of pharmaceutical care in the world and Lithuania. • To examine legal regulation of pharmaceutical care in Lithuania and Europe. • To appreciate preparation of pharmacies and pharmacist to provide pharmaceutical care services in Lithuania. • To identify reasons which restrict or promote development of pharmaceutical care. Methods. • The theoretical analysis.There were analyzed the latest articles and studies in Lithuania and other countries. Also there was reviewed legislation ofRepublic of Lithuania. • The empirical method. It was a qualitative study. Patients in Vilnius and Alytus had to fill in questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Respondents could select one or more options. Moreover, pharmacist who already provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies also had to answer 12 open-ended questions about pharmaceutical care perspectives in Lithuania. Results.The investigation revealed that patients would like to discuss about the problems which are caused by wrong drug use, pharmacists could extend their compensating recipes. Also patients agree that pharmacists could provide more services such as vaccination, various measurements, or consult about nursing at home. The pharmacists' survey showed they need additional time to provide pharmaceutical care services. Also pharmacies do not have separate facilities to guarantee the confidentiality of consultation and collected patients' data. Conclusions. To expand pharmaceutical care is necessary education of public. They need to inform what services are available in pharmacies and what will be offered in future. Doctors should explain to the patients what assistance pharmacists can provide. For these provided services pharmacist have to be paid.
Perspectives to Provide Pharmaceutical Care Services in Pharmacies Master Thesis by J. Baliukevičienė and Z. Jonikienė/ scientific manager dr. Kostas Ivanauskas; Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy – Vilnius. Title. Perspectives to provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies Aim of the study. To appreciate perspectives of pharmacies in providing pharmaceutical care services. Goals of the study. • To analyze the evolution of pharmaceutical care in the world and Lithuania. • To examine legal regulation of pharmaceutical care in Lithuania and Europe. • To appreciate preparation of pharmacies and pharmacist to provide pharmaceutical care services in Lithuania. • To identify reasons which restrict or promote development of pharmaceutical care. Methods. • The theoretical analysis.There were analyzed the latest articles and studies in Lithuania and other countries. Also there was reviewed legislation ofRepublic of Lithuania. • The empirical method. It was a qualitative study. Patients in Vilnius and Alytus had to fill in questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Respondents could select one or more options. Moreover, pharmacist who already provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies also had to answer 12 open-ended questions about pharmaceutical care perspectives in Lithuania. Results.The investigation revealed that patients would like to discuss about the problems which are caused by wrong drug use, pharmacists could extend their compensating recipes. Also patients agree that pharmacists could provide more services such as vaccination, various measurements, or consult about nursing at home. The pharmacists' survey showed they need additional time to provide pharmaceutical care services. Also pharmacies do not have separate facilities to guarantee the confidentiality of consultation and collected patients' data. Conclusions. To expand pharmaceutical care is necessary education of public. They need to inform what services are available in pharmacies and what will be offered in future. Doctors should explain to the patients what assistance pharmacists can provide. For these provided services pharmacist have to be paid.
Perspectives to Provide Pharmaceutical Care Services in Pharmacies Master Thesis by J. Baliukevičienė and Z. Jonikienė/ scientific manager dr. Kostas Ivanauskas; Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy – Vilnius. Title. Perspectives to provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies Aim of the study. To appreciate perspectives of pharmacies in providing pharmaceutical care services. Goals of the study. • To analyze the evolution of pharmaceutical care in the world and Lithuania. • To examine legal regulation of pharmaceutical care in Lithuania and Europe. • To appreciate preparation of pharmacies and pharmacist to provide pharmaceutical care services in Lithuania. • To identify reasons which restrict or promote development of pharmaceutical care. Methods. • The theoretical analysis.There were analyzed the latest articles and studies in Lithuania and other countries. Also there was reviewed legislation ofRepublic of Lithuania. • The empirical method. It was a qualitative study. Patients in Vilnius and Alytus had to fill in questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Respondents could select one or more options. Moreover, pharmacist who already provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies also had to answer 12 open-ended questions about pharmaceutical care perspectives in Lithuania. Results.The investigation revealed that patients would like to discuss about the problems which are caused by wrong drug use, pharmacists could extend their compensating recipes. Also patients agree that pharmacists could provide more services such as vaccination, various measurements, or consult about nursing at home. The pharmacists' survey showed they need additional time to provide pharmaceutical care services. Also pharmacies do not have separate facilities to guarantee the confidentiality of consultation and collected patients' data. Conclusions. To expand pharmaceutical care is necessary education of public. They need to inform what services are available in pharmacies and what will be offered in future. Doctors should explain to the patients what assistance pharmacists can provide. For these provided services pharmacist have to be paid.
Perspectives to Provide Pharmaceutical Care Services in Pharmacies Master Thesis by J. Baliukevičienė and Z. Jonikienė/ scientific manager dr. Kostas Ivanauskas; Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy – Vilnius. Title. Perspectives to provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies Aim of the study. To appreciate perspectives of pharmacies in providing pharmaceutical care services. Goals of the study. • To analyze the evolution of pharmaceutical care in the world and Lithuania. • To examine legal regulation of pharmaceutical care in Lithuania and Europe. • To appreciate preparation of pharmacies and pharmacist to provide pharmaceutical care services in Lithuania. • To identify reasons which restrict or promote development of pharmaceutical care. Methods. • The theoretical analysis.There were analyzed the latest articles and studies in Lithuania and other countries. Also there was reviewed legislation ofRepublic of Lithuania. • The empirical method. It was a qualitative study. Patients in Vilnius and Alytus had to fill in questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Respondents could select one or more options. Moreover, pharmacist who already provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies also had to answer 12 open-ended questions about pharmaceutical care perspectives in Lithuania. Results.The investigation revealed that patients would like to discuss about the problems which are caused by wrong drug use, pharmacists could extend their compensating recipes. Also patients agree that pharmacists could provide more services such as vaccination, various measurements, or consult about nursing at home. The pharmacists' survey showed they need additional time to provide pharmaceutical care services. Also pharmacies do not have separate facilities to guarantee the confidentiality of consultation and collected patients' data. Conclusions. To expand pharmaceutical care is necessary education of public. They need to inform what services are available in pharmacies and what will be offered in future. Doctors should explain to the patients what assistance pharmacists can provide. For these provided services pharmacist have to be paid.
Perspectives to Provide Pharmaceutical Care Services in Pharmacies Master Thesis by J. Baliukevičienė and Z. Jonikienė/ scientific manager dr. Kostas Ivanauskas; Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy – Vilnius. Title. Perspectives to provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies Aim of the study. To appreciate perspectives of pharmacies in providing pharmaceutical care services. Goals of the study. • To analyze the evolution of pharmaceutical care in the world and Lithuania. • To examine legal regulation of pharmaceutical care in Lithuania and Europe. • To appreciate preparation of pharmacies and pharmacist to provide pharmaceutical care services in Lithuania. • To identify reasons which restrict or promote development of pharmaceutical care. Methods. • The theoretical analysis.There were analyzed the latest articles and studies in Lithuania and other countries. Also there was reviewed legislation ofRepublic of Lithuania. • The empirical method. It was a qualitative study. Patients in Vilnius and Alytus had to fill in questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Respondents could select one or more options. Moreover, pharmacist who already provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies also had to answer 12 open-ended questions about pharmaceutical care perspectives in Lithuania. Results.The investigation revealed that patients would like to discuss about the problems which are caused by wrong drug use, pharmacists could extend their compensating recipes. Also patients agree that pharmacists could provide more services such as vaccination, various measurements, or consult about nursing at home. The pharmacists' survey showed they need additional time to provide pharmaceutical care services. Also pharmacies do not have separate facilities to guarantee the confidentiality of consultation and collected patients' data. Conclusions. To expand pharmaceutical care is necessary education of public. They need to inform what services are available in pharmacies and what will be offered in future. Doctors should explain to the patients what assistance pharmacists can provide. For these provided services pharmacist have to be paid.
Perspectives to Provide Pharmaceutical Care Services in Pharmacies Master Thesis by J. Baliukevičienė and Z. Jonikienė/ scientific manager dr. Kostas Ivanauskas; Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy – Vilnius. Title. Perspectives to provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies Aim of the study. To appreciate perspectives of pharmacies in providing pharmaceutical care services. Goals of the study. • To analyze the evolution of pharmaceutical care in the world and Lithuania. • To examine legal regulation of pharmaceutical care in Lithuania and Europe. • To appreciate preparation of pharmacies and pharmacist to provide pharmaceutical care services in Lithuania. • To identify reasons which restrict or promote development of pharmaceutical care. Methods. • The theoretical analysis.There were analyzed the latest articles and studies in Lithuania and other countries. Also there was reviewed legislation ofRepublic of Lithuania. • The empirical method. It was a qualitative study. Patients in Vilnius and Alytus had to fill in questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Respondents could select one or more options. Moreover, pharmacist who already provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies also had to answer 12 open-ended questions about pharmaceutical care perspectives in Lithuania. Results.The investigation revealed that patients would like to discuss about the problems which are caused by wrong drug use, pharmacists could extend their compensating recipes. Also patients agree that pharmacists could provide more services such as vaccination, various measurements, or consult about nursing at home. The pharmacists' survey showed they need additional time to provide pharmaceutical care services. Also pharmacies do not have separate facilities to guarantee the confidentiality of consultation and collected patients' data. Conclusions. To expand pharmaceutical care is necessary education of public. They need to inform what services are available in pharmacies and what will be offered in future. Doctors should explain to the patients what assistance pharmacists can provide. For these provided services pharmacist have to be paid.
Perspectives to Provide Pharmaceutical Care Services in Pharmacies Master Thesis by J. Baliukevičienė and Z. Jonikienė/ scientific manager dr. Kostas Ivanauskas; Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy – Vilnius. Title. Perspectives to provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies Aim of the study. To appreciate perspectives of pharmacies in providing pharmaceutical care services. Goals of the study. • To analyze the evolution of pharmaceutical care in the world and Lithuania. • To examine legal regulation of pharmaceutical care in Lithuania and Europe. • To appreciate preparation of pharmacies and pharmacist to provide pharmaceutical care services in Lithuania. • To identify reasons which restrict or promote development of pharmaceutical care. Methods. • The theoretical analysis.There were analyzed the latest articles and studies in Lithuania and other countries. Also there was reviewed legislation ofRepublic of Lithuania. • The empirical method. It was a qualitative study. Patients in Vilnius and Alytus had to fill in questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Respondents could select one or more options. Moreover, pharmacist who already provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies also had to answer 12 open-ended questions about pharmaceutical care perspectives in Lithuania. Results.The investigation revealed that patients would like to discuss about the problems which are caused by wrong drug use, pharmacists could extend their compensating recipes. Also patients agree that pharmacists could provide more services such as vaccination, various measurements, or consult about nursing at home. The pharmacists' survey showed they need additional time to provide pharmaceutical care services. Also pharmacies do not have separate facilities to guarantee the confidentiality of consultation and collected patients' data. Conclusions. To expand pharmaceutical care is necessary education of public. They need to inform what services are available in pharmacies and what will be offered in future. Doctors should explain to the patients what assistance pharmacists can provide. For these provided services pharmacist have to be paid.
Perspectives to Provide Pharmaceutical Care Services in Pharmacies Master Thesis by J. Baliukevičienė and Z. Jonikienė/ scientific manager dr. Kostas Ivanauskas; Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy – Vilnius. Title. Perspectives to provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies Aim of the study. To appreciate perspectives of pharmacies in providing pharmaceutical care services. Goals of the study. • To analyze the evolution of pharmaceutical care in the world and Lithuania. • To examine legal regulation of pharmaceutical care in Lithuania and Europe. • To appreciate preparation of pharmacies and pharmacist to provide pharmaceutical care services in Lithuania. • To identify reasons which restrict or promote development of pharmaceutical care. Methods. • The theoretical analysis.There were analyzed the latest articles and studies in Lithuania and other countries. Also there was reviewed legislation ofRepublic of Lithuania. • The empirical method. It was a qualitative study. Patients in Vilnius and Alytus had to fill in questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Respondents could select one or more options. Moreover, pharmacist who already provide pharmaceutical care services in pharmacies also had to answer 12 open-ended questions about pharmaceutical care perspectives in Lithuania. Results.The investigation revealed that patients would like to discuss about the problems which are caused by wrong drug use, pharmacists could extend their compensating recipes. Also patients agree that pharmacists could provide more services such as vaccination, various measurements, or consult about nursing at home. The pharmacists' survey showed they need additional time to provide pharmaceutical care services. Also pharmacies do not have separate facilities to guarantee the confidentiality of consultation and collected patients' data. Conclusions. To expand pharmaceutical care is necessary education of public. They need to inform what services are available in pharmacies and what will be offered in future. Doctors should explain to the patients what assistance pharmacists can provide. For these provided services pharmacist have to be paid.
Iam pleased to know that Vilnius University is publishing a volume containing papers presented at the 2nd Indology conference for the Central and Eastern European region held at Vilnius University on the 24–26 August 2006. There is no doubt that the Indology Department at Vilnius University acted as a wonderful host for the conference and contributed immensely to strengthening the academic and scholarly ties of departments of Indology all over Central and Eastern Europe. The Indology Department in Vilnius can proudly claim to have strengthened the long-lasting relationship between India and Lithuania.The departments of Indology in Central and Eastern Europe have not only facilitated the spread of Indian studies in their respective countries but also reinvigorated and strengthened ties between India and Central and Eastern Europe. They have helped in the widespread dissemination of knowledge about India and expanded scholarly and academic interactions between departments of Indology throughout this region. Today these departments boast of several eminent scholars whose knowledge of Indian subjects, including languages and literature and history and culture, is of a high standard.The study of Indology directly contributes to the importance of India—its history, civilisation and culture—in today's globalised world. India, and therefore Indology, is also important in the study of the economy, science and technology and for technological exchanges in today's context. India remains the fourth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. The Indian economy is currently growing at the rate of nearly 9 per cent per annum, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world. India's foreign trade in 2006–7 is expected to surpass US $200 billion, as compared US $30 billion in the early 1990s. The country's foreign exchange reserves reached a healthy US$196 billion in March 2007. India is one of the most favoured destinations for foreign direct investment—close to US $12 billion a year. For knowledge processing industries, as well as back office processing, India has emerged as a major hub of global research and development analysis and scientific inventions. The strengths of India in the new economy—which consists of information technology, bio-technology, nanotechnology and material sciences—are now known all over the world. Indian manufacturing strength is now coming to fruition and these strengths are visible also in the Central and East European market. Several important investments from India have taken place in the steel, electronics, automobile, pharmaceutical, packaging and information technology sectors, to namea few. It is quite evident that this trend will strengthen in the future. Similarly, trade between India and Central and Eastern Europe is increasing between 20–30 per cent a year and is expected to flourish in the near future as more countries from Central and Eastern Europe join the European Union. India has warmly welcomed the recent accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union.All this makes India not only a viable subject of study for its history and culture but also fascinating for its growing economic, scientific and technological strength. These new developments require added attention. It is essential for the course curriculum of Indology studies to be standardised across Central and Eastern Europe as far as is feasible on the basis of cooperation between the universities of the region. I am glad that a website and a network for this purpose have been set up and are functional, with funding from the Embassy of India in Warsaw. The course curriculum for Indology needs to be updated. The knowledge imparted at the Indology centres needs to be well-rounded and contemporary; this will provide the necessary additional tools to the students to understand not only India's past glories but also its present strengths and future prospects. The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR ) and the government of India are convinced that this is the course that centres for Indology studies should follow in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as in other regions of the world. India is no longer a country known only for its ancient literature, drama and complex society. It is a nation on the move. Studies on ancient India and modern India should be complementary. I certainly hope that those who impart the knowledge of Indology will themselves catch up with modern developments to be able to contribute to the betterment of the students, who, in all fairness, deserve up-to-date information and knowledge of India.The papers published in the volume cover diverse areas and they are well researched and documented and could become a useful source of reference material for various institutions who offer courses on India. The organisation of the conference in Vilnius has already given exposure to the strength of Indian studies in Lithuania and Central and Eastern Europe. It is remarkable that during this conference a Central and Eastern European Network of Indian Studies (CEENIS) was founded with the participation of institutions at universities from 10 countries in this region.I would sincerely like to thank the faculty and staff, particularly Prof. Audrius Beinorius, the head of the department, for organising the conference and for publishing this volume. I also wish to place on record sincere appreciation to contributions made by a number of other scholars and professors at the Indology Department in Vilnius, as well as to the scholars from other countries, some of whom participated in the conference, for spreading Indian studies in Central and Eastern Europe over the pastfew decades. I am certain that the tradition of Indian studies in Central and Eastern Europe will become stronger over the years to come and prove beneficial for Indian and Central and Eastern European relations as well as for the teachers and students engaged in Indian studies in the region. My best wishes are with the faculty, staff, and students of Indian studies all over Central and Eastern Europe. HE Anil WADHWA, Ambassador of India to the Republics of Poland and Lithuania31 March 2007