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Nineteen armed conflicts took place in 2003, but in terms of political, media, and scholarly attention there was really only one that mattered: Iraq. It dominated the headlines and aroused passions worldwide, particularly amongst members of civil society, on a scale unseen since the Vietnam War. The military campaign itself followed on some of the most emotional and divisive debates ever seen at the Security Council, which were interpreted by many as exposing not so much the cracks but the fault lines in the system of collective security, and the sharp divide between those states committed to it — and the Security Council's role as the exclusive decision-maker in matters pertaining to the use of force — and thelone rangers.

Since the breakthrough adoption in 1977 of Protocols I and II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the major issue and biggest challenge facing international humanitarian law (IHL) has been its implementation. The two Additional Protocols addressed many, though not all, of thelacunaeleft in IHL after the adoption of the Geneva Conventions in 1949. As one commentator has noted: 'There is, however, aparticularly acute contrast between humanitarian law's highly developed rules, many of which enjoy nearly universal acceptance, and the repeated violations of those rules in conflicts around the world.'

Milestones, particularly those as special as the twin-birth of a new century and millenium, lend themselves to rhapsody and the urge to say something positive and forward-looking. The Yearbook is not merely succumbing to this tendency, however, when it observes that, in some important respects, 2000 proved itself an auspicious opening. There was a flurry of activity among states to implement international humanitarian law (IHL), most of it a consequence of states ratifying the several humanitarian law treaties that were concluded in the late-Nineties.

AbstractThe positive developments contrasted with widespread violations of humanitarian law in a number of major and minor armed conflicts and in the context of the so-called 'war on terrorism'.

AbstractThe positive developments contrasted with widespread violations of humanitarian law in a number of major and minor armed conflicts and in the context of the so-called 'war on terrorism'.

Reports on race relations and immigration policy. Legal and illegal immigrants come mainly from the Maghreb and SubSaharan Africa, as well as Latin America.