The revocation of the right to occupy public office and political rights for convicted of corruption is very urgent to provide a deterrent effect for perpetrators of corruption crimes in accordance with law no. 31 of 1999 juncto undang-undang number 20year 2001 on the eradication of corruption crimes. but the provision of the revocation of the right to occupy public office and political rights for convicted corruption crimes reap controversy, considering on the one hand how to give a deterrent effect for perpetrators of corruption, but on the other hand there are those who consider it contrary to human rights if political rights are revoked. has the implication that the revocation of the right to occupy public office for perpetrators of corruption in Indonesia because the revocation of certain rights only for criminal acts that are expressly determined by the law that the crime is threatened by additional criminal acts of office is a crime that is very closely related to the state finances.Officials have a strong role to commit corruption through the authority attached to the office."
We analyze the impact of stratospheric volcanic aerosols on the diurnal temperature range (DTR) over Europe using long-term subdaily station records. We compare the results with a 28-member ensemble of European Centre/Hamburg version 5.4 (ECHAM5.4) general circulation model simulations. Eight stratospheric volcanic eruptions during the instrumental period are investigated. Seasonal all- and clear-sky DTR anomalies are compared with contemporary (approximately 20year) reference periods. Clear sky is used to eliminate cloud effects and better estimate the signal from the direct radiative forcing of the volcanic aerosols. We do not find a consistent effect of stratospheric aerosols on all-sky DTR. For clear skies, we find average DTR anomalies of -0.08 degrees C (-0.13 degrees C) in the observations (in the model), with the largest effect in the second winter after the eruption. Although the clear-sky DTR anomalies from different stations, volcanic eruptions, and seasons show heterogeneous signals in terms of order of magnitude and sign, the significantly negative DTR anomalies (e.g., after the Tambora eruption) are qualitatively consistent with other studies. Referencing with clear-sky DTR anomalies to the radiative forcing from stratospheric volcanic eruptions, we find the resulting sensitivity to be of the same order of magnitude as previously published estimates for tropospheric aerosols during the so-called global dimming period (i.e., 1950s to 1980s). Analyzing cloud cover changes after volcanic eruptions reveals an increase in clear-sky days in both data sets. Quantifying the impact of stratospheric volcanic eruptions on clear-sky DTR over Europe provides valuable information for the study of the radiative effect of stratospheric aerosols and for geo-engineering purposes ; This work is supported by the National Centre for Competence in Research (NCCR)-Climate program of the Swiss National Foundation (PALVAREX project) and under grant CRSI122-130642 (FUPSOL). MeteoSwiss is acknowledged for provision of data. We acknowledge the Catalan Meteorological Office (SMC, Barcelona, Spain) for providing funding support for the digitization of the Barcelona meteorological data series from 1780 to 2012. Computing facilities and time (for the paleosimulation with ECHAM5.4) were provided by the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS). A. S. L. was supported by a postd-octoral fellowship from the government of Catalonia (2011 BP-B) and the project NUCLIERSOL (CGL2010-18546)
We analyze the impact of stratospheric volcanic aerosols on the diurnal temperature range (DTR) over Europe using long-term subdaily station records. We compare the results with a 28-member ensemble of European Centre/Hamburg version 5.4 (ECHAM5.4) general circulation model simulations. Eight stratospheric volcanic eruptions during the instrumental period are investigated. Seasonal all- and clear-sky DTR anomalies are compared with contemporary (approximately 20year) reference periods. Clear sky is used to eliminate cloud effects and better estimate the signal from the direct radiative forcing of the volcanic aerosols. We do not find a consistent effect of stratospheric aerosols on all-sky DTR. For clear skies, we find average DTR anomalies of -0.08 degrees C (-0.13 degrees C) in the observations (in the model), with the largest effect in the second winter after the eruption. Although the clear-sky DTR anomalies from different stations, volcanic eruptions, and seasons show heterogeneous signals in terms of order of magnitude and sign, the significantly negative DTR anomalies (e.g., after the Tambora eruption) are qualitatively consistent with other studies. Referencing with clear-sky DTR anomalies to the radiative forcing from stratospheric volcanic eruptions, we find the resulting sensitivity to be of the same order of magnitude as previously published estimates for tropospheric aerosols during the so-called global dimming period (i.e., 1950s to 1980s). Analyzing cloud cover changes after volcanic eruptions reveals an increase in clear-sky days in both data sets. Quantifying the impact of stratospheric volcanic eruptions on clear-sky DTR over Europe provides valuable information for the study of the radiative effect of stratospheric aerosols and for geo-engineering purposes ; This work is supported by the National Centre for Competence in Research (NCCR)-Climate program of the Swiss National Foundation (PALVAREX project) and under grant CRSI122-130642 (FUPSOL). MeteoSwiss is acknowledged for provision of data. We acknowledge the Catalan Meteorological Office (SMC, Barcelona, Spain) for providing funding support for the digitization of the Barcelona meteorological data series from 1780 to 2012. Computing facilities and time (for the paleosimulation with ECHAM5.4) were provided by the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS). A. S. L. was supported by a postd-octoral fellowship from the government of Catalonia (2011 BP-B) and the project NUCLIERSOL (CGL2010-18546)
Особой группой населения Российской империи были «военные», другими словами, солдатское сословие. Оно состояло из нижних чинов армии, как находящихся на службе, так и бессрочноотпускных и отставных солдат с их семьями, а также кантонистов. В силу действовавшего законодательства существовал целый рад категорий населения, относящихся к военному сословию, которые выделялись в дореволюционной статистике: нижние воинские чины регулярных войск, члены их семей, бессрочноотпускные солдаты с членами семей, отставные солдаты с членами семей, солдатские дети и кантонисты, обучавшиеся в специальных учебных заведениях. С введением в 1874 г. всеобщей воинской повинности лица, призывавшиеся в армию всего на несколько лет, на время службы и после нее уже оставались в своем прежнем сословии. По новому закону ежегодно в армию призывались лица 20-летнего возраста всех сословий. Срок службы для них назначался не более 6 лет, после чего они зачислялись на 9 лет в запас, а затем, достигнув 40 лет, числились в ополчении. Срок службы сокращался в зависимости от образования, могла даваться отсрочка призыва по семейному положению. История военного сословия второй половины XIX начала XX в., которое в 1860-1870-х гг. являлось одной из самых массовых категорий горожан, а через короткий срок после введения всеобщей воинской повинности практически перестало существовать, наглядно показывает, как последствия Великих реформ разрушали сословный строй Российской империи. ; The military or soldiers were a special group of the population of the Russian. It consisted of the lower ranks of the army, soldiers with indefinite vacations, retired soldiers with their families, and cantonists. In view of the current legislation in the pre-revolutionary statistics there were the population categories belonging to the military: lower military ranks of regular troops, their families, the soldiers with indefinite vacations with their family members, retired soldiers with their family members, soldiers' children and cantonists enrolled in special educational establishments. With the introduction in 1874 of conscription, persons recruited for a few years, at the time of service and after it remained in their previous class. Under the new law each year the army recruited 20year-old people of all classes. They were assigned to serve no more than 6 years, after which they were enlisted for 9 years in the reserve, and then, having reached 40 years of age, were enrolled in the militia. The service life was reduced depending on the education, or they soldiers could get deferment their by marital status. The history of the military in the second half of the XIX early of the XX century, which in the 18601870s was one of the most populous categories of citizens and after a short period of time after the introduction of universal conscription practically ceased to exist, clearly shows how the effects of the great reforms destroyed the class system of the Russian Empire.
Edustuksellisen demokratian haasteita on pyritty ratkaisemaan muun muassa tarjoamalla nuorille kansalaisille yhä enemmän mahdollisuuksia osallistua demokraattiseen päätöksentekoon. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että nuorella iällä opitut kansalaistaidot ja käytännöt lisäävät poliittisen osallisuuden todennäköisyyttä vanhempana. Nuorten osallisuushankkeita on tutkittu pitkälti kysely- ja haastattelututkimusten keinoin, mutta näiden kulttuurista ja vuorovaikutuksesta on huomattavan vähän tutkimustietoa. Lisäksi, osallisuushankkeita arvioidessa keskeinen huomion kohde on ollut prosessin demokraattinen legitimiteetti, vähemmälle huomiolle on jäänyt miksi jotkut sitoutuvat näihin rakenteisiin mutta toiset eivät. Tämä väitöskirja on toteutettu monikenttäisenä etnografisena tutkimuksena, jossa seurataan nuorten osallisuutta pääkaupunkiseudulla vuosina 2015-2018. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu etnografisista havainnoista yhdestä nuorisovaltuustosta, sekä Helsingissä kaupunginosatasolla järjestettävistä RuutiBudjetti tapahtumista. Havaintojen lisäksi tutkimusaineistoa on kerätty haastattelemalla 13-20 vuotiaita osallistujia näillä tutkimuskentillä. Tämä tutkimus on tunnistanut neljä seurausta nuorten osallisuusrakenteisiin osallistumiselle: muutos, kasaantuminen, ulkopuolisuus ja poistuminen. Jotkut osallistujista löysivät turvasataman versovalle kansalaistoiminnan kiinnostukselleen ja kokivat syvän henkilökohtaisen muutoksen tai vahvistivat sosiaalista positiotaan. Toiset käsittivät osallistumisen vähemmän hyödylliseksi ja päättivät jättää prosessin, joko niin, että heidän ulkopuolisuuden tunteensa oli vahvistunut tai niin, että he jatkoivat heille sopivamman osallisuusmuodon etsimistä. Nämä seuraukset olivat riippuvaisia osallistumistilanteen vuorovaikutustyylistä sekä osallistumismahdollisuuden koetusta hyödyllisyydestä. Vaikka tutkimuksen kohteena olleet osallisuuskäytännöt on suunniteltu nuorille helposti lähestyttäviksi, nuorten äänen kuuluvuutta ja aloitteiden näkyvyyttä rajoittivat erilaiset portinvartijat. Lisäksi, tämä tutkimus tunnisti kaksi keskeistä tyyliä osallistumiselle, voimaannuttaminen ja yksilökeskeisyys. Koska on olemassa monenlaisia osallistumistyylejä, yhdenlaisen tyylin painottuminen nuorten osallisuusrakenteissa ei huomioi nuorten eriäviä haaveita ja tarpeita. Tämä väitöskirja koostuu kahdeksasta luvusta. Neljä ensimmäistä lukua johdattaa lukijan tutkimuksen aihepiiriin ja menetelmiin. Näitä seuraa kaksi empiiristä lukua, jotka kuvaavat vuorostaan nuorisovaltuustoa sekä osallistuvaa budjetointia. Kirjan päättää keskustelu- ja yhteenvetoluvut, joissa käsitellään tutkimuksen tuloksia demokraattisen kehityksen ja nuorten osallisuuden tulevaisuuden kannalta. ; As a response to challenges faced by representative forms of democracy, public authorities increasingly offer young citizens opportunities for democratic participation. These youth participation policies are supported by research findings on political socialization, linking citizenship skills and habits learnt at a young age with an increased likelihood of political engagement later in life. Studies of institutional youth participation practices have mostly been conducted through surveys and interviews. However, little is known about patterns of interaction and situated culture in institutional youth participation practices. Moreover, while a main concern when organizing and evaluating democratic participation has been the legitimacy of the process, less attention has been paid to studying why some people commit themselves to these forms of political participation while others fail to be engaged. For this study, multi-sited ethnographic participant observation was carried out in the Helsinki metropolitan area in 2015–2018. The fieldwork was conducted in a municipal youth council and in several neighbourhoods doing participatory budgeting. These observations were complemented by interviews with the 13–20year-old participants. The study identified four outcomes of engagement in institutional youth participation: transformation, accumulation, externality, and exit. Where some participants found a safe haven for their burgeoning interest in civic action, transforming them into engaged citizens or strengthening their privileged social position, others found these scenes and the corresponding styles of engagement less useful, opting to leave the participatory process, either with a strengthened sense of externality or in search of a more resonant scene of engagement. These outcomes were contingent on the 'style of interaction' on one hand and the 'resonance of the scene of participation' on the other. Although participatory opportunities in this research were designed by public authorities to be easily accessible spaces for the political participation of young people, it emerged that participation was curtailed by barriers affecting whose voices were heard and which ideas were put forward. Two corresponding scene styles, empowerment and individualism, were recognized, highlighting the limited utility of implementing a specific style of participation on a citywide scale without accounting for differences in the desires and needs of the target group. The overall structure of the study takes the form of eight chapters. The first four include the introduction, a review of the state of research related to the subject at hand, and the main theoretical references and research methods used. The fifth and sixth chapters are empirical descriptions of the two research cases, a municipal youth council in the capital region and participatory budgeting in Helsinki. These chapters are followed by a discussion and a presentation of conclusions in view of youth participation and democratic evolution.