The article discusses the crisis of the political, treating this phenomenon as an interactive constellation of political, over-political and apolitical factors. The aim is to reconstruct the assumptions of the crisis and highlight its main features in the context of ancient Greece. Under the influence of Dionysian religion, theater was established as a compelling and universally accessible authority to legitimize democracy. Therefore my analysis focuses on the social change after which democracy was no longer perceived as a form of governance but as a form of collective ownership. The article explains how the unbridled demonstration of power quickly erased the long-cherished principle of verbal argumentation and pushed Greeks to practice of power politics. It is shown how, with the establishment of autocracy, parallel interchange between political and anti-political institutions emerged in the Greek polis.
In 1918-1940. Alytus time authorization methods and systems have their own characteristics. It can be argued that even arose a sort of leisure tradition. In addition to the entertainment and leisure time in this study is specific surveillance angle, through which you can see a new era of public culture, lifestyle, aesthetic, artistic and historical processes. Local culture study helps purify even unnoticed era characteristics. The investigation revealed that in Alytus organized entertainment and leisure in social life, the townsfolk, not least through the events manifested in many different ways and wide. Some attractions offered reflected the era policies - to promote all that is related to the ethnic Lithuanian culture. The survey revealed the theme of the third Alytus early cultural-entertainment spectrum of public space was limited to the higher part of the parish organist and choir activities. This may indicate that the population has been relatively conservative, did not die in large entertainment needs. In the fourth decade of Alytus musical entertainment has broadened the range of a few choirs existed: \"Public choir, small teams of Labour's Irkutsk club Uhlans Regiment choirs and brass band. Looking to Alytus from the state of musical attitudes, Alytus was a province which in rare cases it was possible to enjoy the Republican repertoire - recorded just three cases. It is possible that the types of events in Alytus masiškesnio major obstacle was lack of technical facilities. The city occasionally visited in 1920. established by the State Opera and Drama vaidyklos artists. However, Alytus felt professional opera singers and the drama intense tour in demand as the number of played a different level amateurs. Admire the performances have invited theater collectives \"Žvaigždikis, Art, Vilnius, Alytus interest which enabled the theater world. Dramatic performances broke a very wide range, genres and content for the multiple repertoire, which gives an overview, it is noted that after 1926. December 17. coup government takeover of Nationalists, was presented several performances reflected the current political ideology. Most townsfolk delighted and amazed circus performances, because it rarely occurring on the fun. Granted that this is the largest crowd frenzy over sulaukdavę, favorable reviews in periodicals and long-išlikdavusi Alytus memory. However, the wars Alytus was just growing city, and not large enough population could lead to a rare circus tour. As in Lithuania, Alytus was celebrated three public holidays: Independence Recovery - February 16th, Nation Celebration - September 8th, and the loss of Vilnius Day - October 9th. The analysis of the restoration of independence and the Nation festive celebrations specifics revealed visual effect are based on the impact of a moment city decked nationally flags, garlands, raised by the institutions and residential houses, churches for worship in the evenings - illuminations, warriors, and archers will hold parades. After the official part of the normal vykdavusi cultural program. Both these festivities, and the loss of Vilnius during the day focused on lectures to the general public. October 9th series focused on the literary part, dominated by the Vilnius topics. Revealed that in 1918-1940. Alytus popular leisure activities and entertainment has influenced era policies - to promote all that is related to the ethnic Lithuanian culture. Leisure activities were adapted city garden, the whole family has become the center of attraction, display national thought films to build drama, organized festivals that celebrate the nation's past. Musical and literary evenings driven cognitive goals, they advocated Lithuanian identity. It became clear that it was not only compatible 'frivolous' amusement, but also deeper, more meaningful - traditional - objectives.
In 1918-1940. Alytus time authorization methods and systems have their own characteristics. It can be argued that even arose a sort of leisure tradition. In addition to the entertainment and leisure time in this study is specific surveillance angle, through which you can see a new era of public culture, lifestyle, aesthetic, artistic and historical processes. Local culture study helps purify even unnoticed era characteristics. The investigation revealed that in Alytus organized entertainment and leisure in social life, the townsfolk, not least through the events manifested in many different ways and wide. Some attractions offered reflected the era policies - to promote all that is related to the ethnic Lithuanian culture. The survey revealed the theme of the third Alytus early cultural-entertainment spectrum of public space was limited to the higher part of the parish organist and choir activities. This may indicate that the population has been relatively conservative, did not die in large entertainment needs. In the fourth decade of Alytus musical entertainment has broadened the range of a few choirs existed: \"Public choir, small teams of Labour's Irkutsk club Uhlans Regiment choirs and brass band. Looking to Alytus from the state of musical attitudes, Alytus was a province which in rare cases it was possible to enjoy the Republican repertoire - recorded just three cases. It is possible that the types of events in Alytus masiškesnio major obstacle was lack of technical facilities. The city occasionally visited in 1920. established by the State Opera and Drama vaidyklos artists. However, Alytus felt professional opera singers and the drama intense tour in demand as the number of played a different level amateurs. Admire the performances have invited theater collectives \"Žvaigždikis, Art, Vilnius, Alytus interest which enabled the theater world. Dramatic performances broke a very wide range, genres and content for the multiple repertoire, which gives an overview, it is noted that after 1926. December 17. coup government takeover of Nationalists, was presented several performances reflected the current political ideology. Most townsfolk delighted and amazed circus performances, because it rarely occurring on the fun. Granted that this is the largest crowd frenzy over sulaukdavę, favorable reviews in periodicals and long-išlikdavusi Alytus memory. However, the wars Alytus was just growing city, and not large enough population could lead to a rare circus tour. As in Lithuania, Alytus was celebrated three public holidays: Independence Recovery - February 16th, Nation Celebration - September 8th, and the loss of Vilnius Day - October 9th. The analysis of the restoration of independence and the Nation festive celebrations specifics revealed visual effect are based on the impact of a moment city decked nationally flags, garlands, raised by the institutions and residential houses, churches for worship in the evenings - illuminations, warriors, and archers will hold parades. After the official part of the normal vykdavusi cultural program. Both these festivities, and the loss of Vilnius during the day focused on lectures to the general public. October 9th series focused on the literary part, dominated by the Vilnius topics. Revealed that in 1918-1940. Alytus popular leisure activities and entertainment has influenced era policies - to promote all that is related to the ethnic Lithuanian culture. Leisure activities were adapted city garden, the whole family has become the center of attraction, display national thought films to build drama, organized festivals that celebrate the nation's past. Musical and literary evenings driven cognitive goals, they advocated Lithuanian identity. It became clear that it was not only compatible 'frivolous' amusement, but also deeper, more meaningful - traditional - objectives.
Research on National Security after the Cold War rev olves largely on the so called sectoral concept of security as defined by the Copenhagen Sc hool of security studies. The main sectors of national security – military, economic, political, societal, environmental, and informational – all co ntain material as well as ideational objects to secure. T he aim of this article is to look at the problem of national security from a completely different perspective, i .e., to eveluate the ontological dimension of colle ctive security of a society as opposed to physical. The c oncept of ontological security was made popular among social scientists by sociologist Anthony Gidd ens, yet as a heuristic instrument so far it was mo stly applied at the level of individual. Taking into acc ount the differences between an individual and a collectivity it is still argued in this article tha t ontological security needs often override the mat erial needs of a given actor. In order to evaluate the ontological dimension of c ollective security, a case study of Lithuania is applied in the second section of this article. Thre e components of ontological security are investigat ed – markers of inclusion into Lithuanian society, col lective historical narrative, and external relation s of Lithuania as a state society complex. The empirical facts revealed by this brief inquiry – i.e., virtu al ostracism of "impure" Lithuanians and imigrants in terms of citizenship rights, rutinized conflict wit h Russia emanating partly (but not only) from a black andwhite narrative of history – all point to prov e the main thesis of this artice: any societal body i s prone to risk its physical survival driven by the ontological security imperative to have a stable co llective reality with all the "objective truths" an d "real theats" it entails.
Research on National Security after the Cold War rev olves largely on the so called sectoral concept of security as defined by the Copenhagen Sc hool of security studies. The main sectors of national security – military, economic, political, societal, environmental, and informational – all co ntain material as well as ideational objects to secure. T he aim of this article is to look at the problem of national security from a completely different perspective, i .e., to eveluate the ontological dimension of colle ctive security of a society as opposed to physical. The c oncept of ontological security was made popular among social scientists by sociologist Anthony Gidd ens, yet as a heuristic instrument so far it was mo stly applied at the level of individual. Taking into acc ount the differences between an individual and a collectivity it is still argued in this article tha t ontological security needs often override the mat erial needs of a given actor. In order to evaluate the ontological dimension of c ollective security, a case study of Lithuania is applied in the second section of this article. Thre e components of ontological security are investigat ed – markers of inclusion into Lithuanian society, col lective historical narrative, and external relation s of Lithuania as a state society complex. The empirical facts revealed by this brief inquiry – i.e., virtu al ostracism of "impure" Lithuanians and imigrants in terms of citizenship rights, rutinized conflict wit h Russia emanating partly (but not only) from a black andwhite narrative of history – all point to prov e the main thesis of this artice: any societal body i s prone to risk its physical survival driven by the ontological security imperative to have a stable co llective reality with all the "objective truths" an d "real theats" it entails.
The purpose of this masters' thesis is to analyze the possible issues who appears when translating literature. The goals of this masters' thesis is to clear out if foreigner readers adequate understand the meaning found in the translated text with theat in original fiction novels. Thesis deals with cultural factor in translation who are also undeniable if not so obvious. No communication is possible unless the message transmitted through texts is well understood by the communicants. But this understanding can be achieved only if the information contained in language units is supplemented by background knowledge of facts referred to in the message. People belonging to the same linguistic community are members of a certain type of culture. They share many traditions, habits, ways of doing and saying things. They have much common knowledge about their country, its geography, history, climate, its political, economic, social and cultural institutions, accepted morals, taboos and many other things. All this information is the basis of the communicants presuppositions which enable them to produce and to understand messages in their linguistic form. The core of the translation theory is the general theory of translation which is concerned with the fundamental aspects of translation inherent in the nature of interlingual communication and therefore common to all translation events, irrespective of what languages are involved or what kind of text and under what circumstances is translated. Basically, replacement of the source text by the target text of the same communicative value is possible because both texts are produced in human speech governed by the same rules and involving the same relationships between language, reality and the human mind. All languages are means of communication, each language is used to externalize and shape human thinking, all language units are meaningful entities related to nonlingualistic realities, all speech units convey information to the communicants. In each language communication is achieved through a complicated interpretation of the speech units by the communications, involving an assessment of the meaning of the language units against the background information derived from the contextual situation, general knowledge, previous experience, various associations and other factors. The general theory of translation deals, so to speak, with translation universais and is the basis for all other theoretical studies in this field, since it describes what translation is and what makes it possible. To sum up. The linguistic and cultural aspects of translation need not be opposed for they are complementary. Cultural translation problems can usually be reformulated as language problems and incorporated in the original text. However bias between original text and it's translation always exists.
The purpose of this masters' thesis is to analyze the possible issues who appears when translating literature. The goals of this masters' thesis is to clear out if foreigner readers adequate understand the meaning found in the translated text with theat in original fiction novels. Thesis deals with cultural factor in translation who are also undeniable if not so obvious. No communication is possible unless the message transmitted through texts is well understood by the communicants. But this understanding can be achieved only if the information contained in language units is supplemented by background knowledge of facts referred to in the message. People belonging to the same linguistic community are members of a certain type of culture. They share many traditions, habits, ways of doing and saying things. They have much common knowledge about their country, its geography, history, climate, its political, economic, social and cultural institutions, accepted morals, taboos and many other things. All this information is the basis of the communicants presuppositions which enable them to produce and to understand messages in their linguistic form. The core of the translation theory is the general theory of translation which is concerned with the fundamental aspects of translation inherent in the nature of interlingual communication and therefore common to all translation events, irrespective of what languages are involved or what kind of text and under what circumstances is translated. Basically, replacement of the source text by the target text of the same communicative value is possible because both texts are produced in human speech governed by the same rules and involving the same relationships between language, reality and the human mind. All languages are means of communication, each language is used to externalize and shape human thinking, all language units are meaningful entities related to nonlingualistic realities, all speech units convey information to the communicants. In each language communication is achieved through a complicated interpretation of the speech units by the communications, involving an assessment of the meaning of the language units against the background information derived from the contextual situation, general knowledge, previous experience, various associations and other factors. The general theory of translation deals, so to speak, with translation universais and is the basis for all other theoretical studies in this field, since it describes what translation is and what makes it possible. To sum up. The linguistic and cultural aspects of translation need not be opposed for they are complementary. Cultural translation problems can usually be reformulated as language problems and incorporated in the original text. However bias between original text and it's translation always exists.