Suchergebnisse

Drawing on evidence from Asia, Northern Africa, and Europe, this collection of essays examines a rich array of concepts and practices that promoted peaceable intercultural exchange in the Middle Ages. The volume explores the possibility that the Middle Ages - a historical era largely ignored or glossed over in present-day debates about the nature and the future of global relations - might provide many potentially revitalizing new genealogies for thinking about cosmopolitanism

The article explores the emergence of the Hussite movement and the establishment of egalitarian communities that embraced a lifestyle without taxes or private property. The concern of the authorities and the resulting internal conflicts highlighted significant changes and internal struggles. Leaders such as Jan Žižka adopted more aggressive and violent stances, considering Prague and other cities as enemies. In this context, Petr Chelčický, influenced by the Taborites, emerges as a prominent figure. His critical writings towards the clergy and the Church defend pacifism, egalitarianism, and communism, advocating for the autonomy of the Czech church and opposing German domination. Chelčický distances himself from the Hussites due to his rejection of violence and in his hometown, he develops an extensive body of work proposing a life free from materialism and power conflicts. His local influence is significant, leaving a legacy in the religious and social reforms of the era and beyond.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE CHANGES THAT HAVE TAKEN PLACE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE REVEALS THAT THE WORLD APPEARS TO BE MOVING BACK INTO THE MIDDLE AGES. THE PLACE OF THE EMPEROR HAS BEEN TAKEN BY THE U.S. PRESIDENT, THAT OF THE POPE BY THE SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS. AS IN THE MIDDLE AGES, THE PRESIDENT AND SECRETARY CLASH OVER MONEY. AS IN THE MIDDLE AGES, THE PRESIDENT WIELDS THE MILITARY POWER AND THE SECRETARY SEEKS TO HOLD SWAY OVER PUBLIC OPINION. PERHAPS MOST IMPORTANT, THE SECRETARY SEEMS TO BE GAINING AT THE EXPENSE OF THE PRESIDENT--TO WAGE WAR IN KOSOVO, SOMALIA, AND KUWAIT, THE LATTER ULTIMATELY NEEDED THE PERMISSION OF THE FORMER. THE FUTURE MIDDLE AGES WILL LIKELY SEE CONTINUED DECENTRALIZATION AND MASSIVE POPULATION MOVEMENTS FROM ONE POLITICAL UNIT TO THE NEXT.

"The relationship between Jews and Christians and between Judaism and Christianity during the 13th and 14th century is a matter of concrete and contingent historical circumstances; and its ideological elements are inherent in pre-modern Catholicism and pre-modern Rabbinical Judaism. Indeed, both St. Paul and the Rabbis are typical revolutionary figures of late antiquity who present themselves as the authentic interpreters of old sacred writings. Throughout the ages, the interpretation of the Sacra pagina remained at the very center of Chris-tian and Jewish theology involving hidden or manifest polemics against the rival interpretation.
Still, this fundamental and fixed element did not prevent dramatic changes in the concrete historical manifestations of Judaism and Christianity. Nowhere else, the parallel developments in both religions were as spectacular, often even traumatic, as in Italy, France, Spain, and Germany, where Jewish communities had existed since late antiquity; and where Jews and Christians had developed stable forms of coexistence. These were severely shaken by the dramatic events that marked the ascendancy of European hegemony beginning with the first crusade at the end of the 11thcentury.
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