Suchergebnisse

Настоящая статья посвящена "французской школе" современных теорий европейской интеграции. Как таковой сложившейся школы в историографии нет, однако многие французские общественно-политические деятели стали авторами различных теорий интеграции ввиду активного участия Французской Республики в строительстве Единой Европы, начиная с 50-х годов XX века. Автор выделяет и анализирует интеграционные теории и концепции, которые родились на практике в ходе эволюционирования общеевропейских наднациональных органов и складывания современного Европейского Союза. ; This article is devoted to the "French school" of modern theories of European integration. As such, there is no established school in historiography, but many French public and political figures have become authors of various theories of integration due to the active participation of the French Republic in the structure of a United Europe, since the 50s of the XX century. The author identifies and analyzes the integration theories and concepts that were born in practice during the evolution of the pan-European supranational bodies and the formation of the modern European Union.

The historical experience of India in search of its own concept of punishment is unique. It was greatly influenced by the country's colonial past and the Anglo-Saxon legal culture as well as the philosophical, religious, ethno-linguistic, caste, tribal and other factors. The Indian Penal Code of 1860 uses an original penological construct and a system of punishments. It was influenced by the historical and theoretical factors described in this article, by criminal policy in British India and by its post-colonial development. The country's penological discourse, influenced by the criminal law doctrine of the metropolitan state, has two distinct features. Firstly, it is the diversity of types of punishment and judge's discretion in choosing them to individualize liability. Secondly, the humanitarian orientation of the institute of punishment and the reduction in the number of crimes punishable by death penalty. English lawyer Th.B. Macaulay, the creator of the Indian Penal Code of 1860, considered general prevention, or deterrence, to be the main goal of punishment, while specific prevention through the physical isolation of the criminal and his correction was viewed as a complimentary goal. It was important for the colonial criminal policy to obtain tangible results from the penological theory and the practices of punishment in order to suppress the local ritual crimes (cult «thuggism») and traditional ritual sacrifices (sati ritual). After a large-scale sepoy rebellion and the spread of dacoity crimes, the repressive functions of punishment began to prevail over other penological theories. The so-called «white terror» was commonly used against political opponents fighting for religious freedoms and independence of colonial India. Modern India is a good example of the controversial experience of the search for the effective criminalpenological theories that is a considerable addition to the classic (westernized) criminology. The special historical concepts and practices of punishment in the countries of the «global south», including India, are now studied by the new field of «Southern Criminology ». The Indian government is promoting a complex criminal-penological approach to counteracting domestic crimes and transnational threats. © 2018, Baikal National University of Economics and Law. All rights reserved.

Современное государственное регулирование характеризуется использованием макроэкономических регуляторов, к числу которых относятся бюджетно- налоговые инструменты. В статье исследуются современные научные теории налогообложения, проблемы правового регулирования бюджетно-налоговой политики современной России. ; Modern government regulation is characterized by the use of macroeconomic regulators, which include fiscal instruments. The article examines modern scientific theories of taxation, problems of legal regulation of the fiscal policy of modern Russia.

Научная новизна статьи обусловлена эволюционным подходом авторов к развитию теорий лидерства, в котором выделяются четыре этапа: 1) теория лидерских качеств, 2) поведенческие теории лидерства, 3) ситуационные теории лидерства, 4) интеракционистские теории лидерства. Поведенческие теории лидерства, которым посвящена настоящая статья, являются логичным продолжением теории лидерских качеств и закономерным предшественником ситуационных теорий лидерства. В статье подробно рассмотрены поведенческие модели лидерства К.Левина (авторитарный, демократический и попустительский стили лидерства), Д. Хемфилла и Э. Кунса (структурирование и внимательность), Р. Кана и Д. Каца (ориентация на работников и ориентация на производство). Показано, что, несмотря на различия в терминологии, все поведенческие модели лидерства указывают на два основных фактора, связанных с эффективностью лидерства: поведение, ориентированное на достижения, и поведение, ориентированное на межличностные взаимоотношения. Обсуждены ограничения поведенческих моделей, которые впоследствии привели исследователей к созданию ситуационных теорий лидерства. ; The scientifi c novelty of the article lies in the evolutionary approach of the authors to the development of the theory of leadership, in which the authors mark four stages such as 1) theory of leadership skills, 2) behavioral theories of leadership, 4) situational leadership theories, 4) interactionist theories of leadership. The article is devoted to the behavioral theories of leadership, which are a logical continuation of the theory of leadership qualities and the logical precursor of situational leadership theories. The article examines in detail behavior models of leadership of K.Lewin (authoritarian, democratic and passive leadership styles), D. Hemphill and E. Koons (structuring and mindfulness), R. Kahn and D. Katz (orientation towards workers and orientation towards production). The article shows that despite the differences in terminology, all behavioral models of leadership point out two main factors related to leadership effectiveness such as performance-oriented behavior and interpersonal relationshiporiented behavior. We consider the limitations of behavioral models, which later led researchers to creation of situational leadership theories.

The article deals with a subject of origins and spread of suffi x -ett-. The suffi x is used to form the fi rst and the third persons singular and the third person plural of the Italian perfect form (passato remoto) of some second conjugation verbs (-ere conjugation verbs). Since the midnineteenth century a number of European experts in Romanic languages have off ered different theories of suffix -ett- origins (ideas by Demattio, Amedeo and others). On considering them we have found the majority of the theories groundless and uncreditable. We believe the Bybee - Slobin supposition to be worth noticing among contemporary ones. Their idea suggests the spread of suffi x -ett- as a consequence of rethinking the pattern that reads as follows: "Passato remoto can have a segment with a double sibilant". The double sibilant is really present in such Italian perfect forms as disse, scrisse, visse, resse and in the corresponding forms of cognate verbs. This supposition is quite logical but still has a number of drawbacks, which prevents us from admitting it as the principle one.We suppose the theory of suffi x -ett- originating from perfect forms of the verb stare off ered by Friedrich Diez to be the most logical and verifi able. Documented evidence of it is contained in the works of Italian scholars F. D'Ovidio and R. Spina, yet the latter has some discrepancies between the periodization of the suffi x spread off ered in the work and the actual data. Some written sources may have failed to survive till present, which makes it diffi cult to reconstruct an objective picture of the process under consideration development. Yet that doesn't mean that we shouldn't tackle the issues of the Italian verb historical morphology.Summarizing and analyzing the views of the experts in Romanic languages mentioned above, we have put forward our own periodization of the phenomenon under consideration basing on the documented data.

The article deals with a subject of origins and spread of suffix -ett-. The
suffix is used to form the fi rst and the third persons singular and the third person
plural of the Italian perfect form (passato remoto) of some second conjugation verbs
(-ere conjugation verbs). Since the mid-nineteenth century a number of European
experts in Romanic languages have offered different theories of suffi x -ett- origins
(ideas by Demattio, Amedeo and others). On considering them we have found the
majority of the theories groundless and uncreditable. We believe the Bybee — Slobin
supposition to be worth noticing among contemporary ones. Th eir idea suggests the
spread of suffix -ett- as a consequence of rethinking the pattern that reads as follows:
"Passato remoto can have a segment with a double sibilant". The double sibilant is
really present in such Italian perfect forms as disse, scrisse, visse, resse and in the
corresponding forms of cognate verbs. Th is supposition is quite logical but still has
a number of drawbacks, which prevents us from admitting it as the principle one.
We suppose the theory of suffix -ett- originating from perfect forms of the verb
stare offered by Friedrich Diez to be the most logical and verifiable. Documented
evidence of it is contained in the works of Italian scholars F. D'Ovidio and R. Spina,
yet the latter has some discrepancies between the periodization of the suffi x spread
offered in the work and the actual data. Some written sources may have failed to
survive till present, which makes it diffi cult to reconstruct an objective picture of
the process under consideration development. Yet that doesn't mean that we shouldn't
tackle the issues of the Italian verb historical morphology.
Summarizing and analyzing the views of the experts in Romanic languages
mentioned above, we have put forward our own periodization of the phenomenon
under consideration basing on the documented data.

At present, there is no common perception in modern science and international political practice of what the world (international) order (legal order) is. The article analyzes the relevant points of view. It is concluded that by referring to the relevant provisions, generally accepted in the framework of the general theory of law and the theory of international law, it is possible to get close enough to the solution of this problem. The article also examines other problems related to the essence of the concepts of the world (international) order and its types (world public order, world legal order and global world legal order), and also the varieties of social norms of the international regulatory system, the results of the implementation of which shape the corresponding orders. Special attention is paid to the fact that, in contrast to the widespread perceptions, all three types of world order are neither a set of international relations, nor a set of norms regulating such relations. According to the theory of international law, they are the result of the implementation of the requirements of certain norms of the international regulatory system aimed at managing international public relations. In addition, various factors influence the state of a particular type of international order (including a change in the hierarchy of states depending on their role in the international political and/or economic system, the formation of new centers of power, a change in bipolarity, polycentricity or monocentricity of the world, the emergence of multilateral integration formations, the activities of international multilateral institutions, etc.), but they should also not be confused with international orders themselves. ; В настоящее время в современной науке и международной политической практике отсутствует единое представление о том, что же представляют собой мировой (международный) порядок (правопорядок). В статье анализируются соответствующие точки зрения. Делается вывод о том, что наиболее близко к разрешению указанной проблемы можно подойти в случае обращения к соответствующим положениям, общепринятым в рамках общей теории права и теории международного права. В статье также рассматриваются и другие проблемы, связанные с определением содержания понятий мирового (международного) порядка и его видов (мирового общественного (публичного) порядка, мирового правопорядка и глобального мирового правопорядка), а также разновидностей социальных норм международной нормативной системы, результаты реализации которых и формируют соответствующие порядки. Обращается особое внимание на то, что, в отличие от распространенных представлений, все три вида мирового порядка не является ни совокупностью международных отношений, ни совокупностью регулирующих такие отношения норм. Согласно теории международного права они представляют собой результат реализации требований тех или иных норм международной нормативной системы, направленных на урегулирования международных общественных отношений. Кроме того, на состояние того или иного вида международного порядка оказывают влияние различные факторы (в том числе изменение иерархии государств в зависимости от их роли в международной политической и/или экономической системе, формирование новых центров силы, смены биполярности, полицентричности или моноцентричности мира, образование многосторонних интеграционных образований, деятельность международных многосторонних институтов и др.), но их также не следует смешивать с самими международными порядками.