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John Rawls is probably the most significant U.S. philosopher at the end of this century. He delves into a vast range of various topics such as medical philosophy, political philosophy and philosophical of law. This papers stresses the main points of Rawl's theory and its fall out on the legal world. Differential reception of Rawl's theory in France and the U.S. is discussed.

There are two analogies which justify the comparison between law and game. The notion of constitutive rule occurs in the formulation of both analogies. The paper L'enjeu des règles is devoted to the explication and the implications of the notion of eidetic- constitutive rule. The six main topics dealt with in the paper are :
(i) history of the theory of constitutive rules ;
(ii) definitions of the notion of eidetic-constitutive rule ;
(iii) typology of deontic eidetic-contitutive rules (paradigmatic rules vs. syntagmatic rules) ;
(iv) distinction between the notion of eidetic-constitutive rule and the related notion of anankastic-constitutive rule ;
(v) discussion of the possibility of antinomies (conflicts) between eidetic-constitutive rules and between anankastic- constitutive rules ;
(vi) analysis of the relevance of the theory of eidetic-constitutive rules for deontics, philosophy of law, philosophy of normative language.

The philosophy of Jürgen Habermas is a strong thought of the 20th century. In recent decades, she has passionate researchers in communication. She rightly passionates them. Jürgen Habermas is in line with Adorno and the Frankfurt School. The School failed to call the Institute for Marxism before the Second World War. Mr Habermas therefore had to deal with this legacy in a world where the Soviet bloc collapsed. He built his thoughts at the crossroads of political philosophy, but also of the philosophy of language, including linguistic pragmatism. He also borrowed from the psychology of knowledge, in particular that of Jean Piaget. It is therefore at the crossroads of the major movements of ideas at the end of the 20th century. In terms of research topics, he looked at how to create a "public space" for debate. This space has many dimensions. Habermas is concerned with intersubjective relationships between people. And generally in all our ways of consulting us to take decisions: starting from debates in small groups to political confrontations in the media. This led to ethics: what does it mean to leave room for the other in a discussion? How is a fair decision taken? It took into account the religious dimension of beliefs: a religion, is it always an unthought-out tradition against which reason must fight? ; The Philosophy of Jürgen Habermas is one of the most famous in the 20th century. The researchers in communication studies are obviously very interested in his work. Habermas had to define his position in front of marxism in the same time of the USSR collapsed. He build an original thought between political philosophy, philosophy of language, knowledge psychology. His concept of "public space" is especially usefull in communication : how can we take a common and right decision, justified by our common values ? ; The philosophy of Jürgen Habermas is a strong thought of the 20th century. In recent decades, she has passionate researchers in communication. She rightly passionates them. Jürgen Habermas is in line ...

Was existiert, existiert in der Zeit. Umgekehrt setzt Zeit voraus, dass etwas existiert und sich dabei verändert. Das Buch verwirft die Idee der zeitlosen Existenz und die statische Auffassung der Zeit (die besagt, dass die Zeit nicht vergeht). Das Zeitvergehen wird dabei aus Sicht der Psychologie, der Philosophie des Geistes, der Physik und der Metaphysik untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt der Frage, welche metaphysischen und zeitphilosophischen Fragen sinnvoll sind. Weitere Themen sind die Vereinbarkeit von Präsentismus und Eternalismus, von Präsentismus und Spezieller Relativitätstheorie und der Zusammenhang zwischen Punkt-Präsentismus und vorontologischem Seinsverständnis. Bezüglich des klassischen Problems des Anfangs der Zeit wird argumentiert, dass die Unendlichkeit der Vergangenheit nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann. Daneben wird eine Einführung in grundlegende Fragen der Zeitphilosophie und der allgemeinen Ontologie geboten – wie die, was Existenz überhaupt ist. / »Time and Temporal Existence« -- The book rejects the notion of atemporal existence and the static conception of time. It examines the passage of time from the perspectives of psychology, philosophy of mind, physics, and metaphysics. Other topics include the distinction between meaningful and meaningless questions, the compatibility of presentism and eternalism, of presentism and special relativity, the relation between point presentism and the pre-ontological understanding of being, and the possibility of an infinite past.

The aim of this thesis is to account for the importance of the Web from a philosophical point of view. In a twofold fashion: as an object for research that, in the wake of the Semantic Web and Webarch, in different ways, is obviously consonant with many classical issues in metaphysics and the philosophy of language. From this perspective, we study some of its main building blocks (URI, resources, tags, etc.). Along with this aspect, we underline its importance as regards what's becoming of philosophy itself. This is all the more important since the task at hand demanded that we did not project philosophical categories a priori and lend ourselves to commit the "inscription error" acutely described by Brian Cantwell Smith, by resorting to a form of philosophia perennis. Conversely, we tried to focus our attention on Web architects themselves in order to bring their empirical metaphysics to the forefront, observing the controversies to which it lent itself. By acknowledging the « ontogonic » scope of such a practice as « philosophical engineering », an expression coined by no other than Tim Berners-Lee himself, understood as the production of new distinctions and entities like resources in a world that unfolds, we were made to ponder broader topics like the nature of objectivation. In the end, this gave rise to politic al concerns in line with the establishment of a shared world, in which the Web is heavily involved. ; Cette thèse entend prendre acte de l'importance du Web d'un point de vue philosophique. Importance double : à la fois comme objet de recherche, qui, dans le sillage du Web Sémantique et de l'architecture du Web, à des titres divers, entre en résonance évidente avec les problématiques classiques de la métaphysique et de la philosophie du langage. Dans cette perspective, nous étudions quelques-uns de ses composants principaux (URI, ressources, tags, etc.). En parallèle, nous soulignons son importance au regard de la question du devenir de la philosophie elle-même. En effet, le travail entrepris ne ...

Bringing together the papers presented at the international symposium 'The genre the work' in September 2011, the three volumes entitled Receptions, Creations and Representations offer the reader a rich panorama and varies on gender problematic in the art worlds . Diversity of research topics, literature to cinema, through dance, photography and theater; diversity of approaches, the biography has the statistical survey, through the analysis of documents; diversity of disciplines, from sociology musicology, through philosophy and history. This non-exhaustive list of tools to emerge as apprehend gender in its complexity, to grasp the social construction process but also to constant redefinition of gender categories. Despite the wealth of content, we may regret the absence of a general introduction and/or presentation of the three volumes - apart from brief editorial reproduced at the beginning of each volume - in order to clarify the central problematic, d 'to show the consistency, to justify the allocation of items. In view of the proposed communications, answering a call inviting auteur.es was 'exploring genres reports through the production, reception and mediation of a work of art - a show, a book, a plant or a film, for example 'it begs the question of the relevance of the division between Receptions, Creations and Representations. Indeed, a majority of products responds to these three themes and could, therefore, be included in each volume. Here we propose to deliver a Cross reading the three volumes through the prism of different scales of analysis mobilized by the author. Adapted from the source document.

The aim of this thesis is to account for the importance of the Web from a philosophical point of view. In a twofold fashion: as an object for research that, in the wake of the Semantic Web and Webarch, in different ways, is obviously consonant with many classical issues in metaphysics and the philosophy of language. From this perspective, we study some of its main building blocks (URI, resources, tags, etc.). Along with this aspect, we underline its importance as regards what's becoming of philosophy itself. This is all the more important since the task at hand demanded that we did not project philosophical categories a priori and lend ourselves to commit the "inscription error" acutely described by Brian Cantwell Smith, by resorting to a form of philosophia perennis. Conversely, we tried to focus our attention on Web architects themselves in order to bring their empirical metaphysics to the forefront, observing the controversies to which it lent itself. By acknowledging the « ontogonic » scope of such a practice as « philosophical engineering », an expression coined by no other than Tim Berners-Lee himself, understood as the production of new distinctions and entities like resources in a world that unfolds, we were made to ponder broader topics like the nature of objectivation. In the end, this gave rise to politic al concerns in line with the establishment of a shared world, in which the Web is heavily involved. ; Cette thèse entend prendre acte de l'importance du Web d'un point de vue philosophique. Importance double : à la fois comme objet de recherche, qui, dans le sillage du Web Sémantique et de l'architecture du Web, à des titres divers, entre en résonance évidente avec les problématiques classiques de la métaphysique et de la philosophie du langage. Dans cette perspective, nous étudions quelques-uns de ses composants principaux (URI, ressources, tags, etc.). En parallèle, nous soulignons son importance au regard de la question du devenir de la philosophie elle-même. En effet, le travail entrepris ne s'est nullement contenté de projeter les concepts à priori d'une philosophia perennis. Il a consisté, au contraire, à interroger les architectes du Web eux-mêmes pour faire émerger leur métaphysique empirique, en observant les controverses qu'elle a suscitées. Prendre acte de la portée ontogonique d'une pratique telle que « l'ingénierie philosophique », selon l'expression de Tim Berners-Lee, pensée ici comme la production de nouvelles distinctions dans un monde en train de se faire, nous conduit à mener une réflexion plus vaste sur la nature de l'objectivation. Celle-ci rejoint en fin de compte des préoccupations politiques, dans la perspective de l'établissement d'un monde commun, auquel le Web participe activement.

Our thesis sheds light on the status of formal ethical statements in large France based companies. The following definition is given to an ethics document: a statement setting down corporate principles, ethics, rules of conduct, codes of practice or company philosophy.In order to collect data, we joined the 100 largest France based companies en 1995. We met corporate directors or senior human resource executives. A semi-directed interview was conducted where we requested a copy of ethics documents. We analysed the contents of these documents (fundamental dimensions, vocabulary, widely-covered topics).The main findings are as follows: large France based companies are becoming interested in formally thinking about ethics in business and drawing up ethics documents. Besides, striking differences towards corporate ethics documents point to the existence of two special approaches to institutionalize ethics. It reveals potentially divergent views among corporations as to the primary nature and purpose of a corporate ethics document:- cultural documents (in search of responsibility) providing statements about the company's aims, objectives, philosophy or values, which exclude specific guidance on employee behavior ;- elaborate codes (requiring employees obedience) with detailed rules and guidelines, giving advice on behavior and conduct. This approach is an essentially Anglo-Saxon practice which has made its way to France via the subsidiaries of U.S. firms.Ethics documents (ethical code, coporate credo or mission statement) utilize one of these two basic formats but they have one common point: they express corporate ethics in order to set up a homogenization process. ; Notre thèse se centre sur l'élaboration des politiques éthiques dans les grandes entreprises françaises. La formalisation éthique consiste en la rédaction d'un document de référence énonçant les valeurs de l'entreprise et comportant une dimension éthique. Nous avons collecté des données sur un échantillon d'entreprises constitué à partir des cent ...

Our thesis sheds light on the status of formal ethical statements in large France based companies. The following definition is given to an ethics document: a statement setting down corporate principles, ethics, rules of conduct, codes of practice or company philosophy.In order to collect data, we joined the 100 largest France based companies en 1995. We met corporate directors or senior human resource executives. A semi-directed interview was conducted where we requested a copy of ethics documents. We analysed the contents of these documents (fundamental dimensions, vocabulary, widely-covered topics).The main findings are as follows: large France based companies are becoming interested in formally thinking about ethics in business and drawing up ethics documents. Besides, striking differences towards corporate ethics documents point to the existence of two special approaches to institutionalize ethics. It reveals potentially divergent views among corporations as to the primary nature and purpose of a corporate ethics document:- cultural documents (in search of responsibility) providing statements about the company's aims, objectives, philosophy or values, which exclude specific guidance on employee behavior ;- elaborate codes (requiring employees obedience) with detailed rules and guidelines, giving advice on behavior and conduct. This approach is an essentially Anglo-Saxon practice which has made its way to France via the subsidiaries of U.S. firms.Ethics documents (ethical code, coporate credo or mission statement) utilize one of these two basic formats but they have one common point: they express corporate ethics in order to set up a homogenization process. ; Notre thèse se centre sur l'élaboration des politiques éthiques dans les grandes entreprises françaises. La formalisation éthique consiste en la rédaction d'un document de référence énonçant les valeurs de l'entreprise et comportant une dimension éthique. Nous avons collecté des données sur un échantillon d'entreprises constitué à partir des cent ...

The plays of the Belgium writer Claire Lejeune (1926- 2008) can be read as the achievement of her literature, as a necessary step on the way to the sublimation of her particular style. Actually her beginnings as a dramatist are intimately related to her former works –such as her first collections of poems (La Gangue et le feu, 1963) or her successful essays on philosophical and ethical matters (i.e. Le livre de la soeur, 1992). They are the result of the evolution of Lejeune's thoughts on politics and poetry through the decades. Her plays sum up some of the most characteristic and important subjects or motifs: the feminine condition, the patriarchal idiosyncrasy, the differences between the sexes, the role of the desire, etc. There's a remarkable influence of feminist ideology and citizen issues. In fact, the Belgium playwright tries to promote the utopia of a social system founded on the idea of the vindication of the difference and the inclusion principle. From Ariane et Don Juan ou le désastre (1997) to Je m'appelle Marie (2005), passing by Le chant du dragon (2000) and Les mutants (2004), all her works revolve around those topics. We are faced with a dramatic recipe that creates astonishing links between some different genres and authors. Even if these plays are not really innovative in their structures and dramatic solutions, their cryptic mixture of poetry, philosophy and theatre make them an interesting case of study. Even though the critics use to focus on the essays of Claire Lejeune, it's time now to go beyond these boundaries and claim the value of her not well-known works. This PhD thesis aims to offer a global approach to her dramaturgy. Following the methodology of Pierre Bourdieu and the literary sociology, I'll suggest new readings on different texts and on its contexts and 'co-texts'. My goal is to contribute to the theoretical framework in the study of Claire Lejeune's 'fait littéraire'.

International audience ; We aim to propose a typological analysis of the regulation of scientific creative commons from the linguistic codification activity. We analyze the commons since the point of view of the communities' work. We point the apparent homogeneity of the epistemic communities that support these commons. This leads to a questioning about the homogeneity of the "community". We proceed, on the one hand, by means of a comparison between different research programs developed in the sociology of science and politics, on the other hand, by conducting a sociolinguistic analysis of the lexical statements resulting from the self-presentations of 23 creative commons. This critical analysis leads to segmenting all the groups that develop these commons into two families: communities with a stable and regular profile and scientific aims, and collectives with an abundant and unstable profile and with a view to social transformation. ; Notre article propose une analyse typologique de la régulation des communs scientifiques à partir de leur activité de codification linguistique. Nous analysons les communs sous l'angle du fonctionnement affiché des communautés animées par leurs membres. Nous interrogeons l'apparente homogénéité des communautés épistémiques qui soutiennent ces communs en opérant une analyse fondée sur les imaginaires linguistiques. Cette interrogation aboutit à une remise en cause de l'homogénéité de la forme « communauté ». Nous procédons, d'une part, au moyen d'une large revue de littérature en sciences sociales, d'autre part, en conduisant une analyse sociolinguistique des énoncés lexicaux issus des autoprésentations de 23 communs. Cette analyse critique aboutit à segmenter l'ensemble des groupes qui élaborent ces communs en deux familles : les communautés au profil stable et régulier et à visée scientifique ou technique, et les collectifs au profil foisonnant et instable et à visée de transformation sociale.

International audience ; We aim to propose a typological analysis of the regulation of scientific creative commons from the linguistic codification activity. We analyze the commons since the point of view of the communities' work. We point the apparent homogeneity of the epistemic communities that support these commons. This leads to a questioning about the homogeneity of the "community". We proceed, on the one hand, by means of a comparison between different research programs developed in the sociology of science and politics, on the other hand, by conducting a sociolinguistic analysis of the lexical statements resulting from the self-presentations of 23 creative commons. This critical analysis leads to segmenting all the groups that develop these commons into two families: communities with a stable and regular profile and scientific aims, and collectives with an abundant and unstable profile and with a view to social transformation. ; Notre article propose une analyse typologique de la régulation des communs scientifiques à partir de leur activité de codification linguistique. Nous analysons les communs sous l'angle du fonctionnement affiché des communautés animées par leurs membres. Nous interrogeons l'apparente homogénéité des communautés épistémiques qui soutiennent ces communs en opérant une analyse fondée sur les imaginaires linguistiques. Cette interrogation aboutit à une remise en cause de l'homogénéité de la forme « communauté ». Nous procédons, d'une part, au moyen d'une large revue de littérature en sciences sociales, d'autre part, en conduisant une analyse sociolinguistique des énoncés lexicaux issus des autoprésentations de 23 communs. Cette analyse critique aboutit à segmenter l'ensemble des groupes qui élaborent ces communs en deux familles : les communautés au profil stable et régulier et à visée scientifique ou technique, et les collectifs au profil foisonnant et instable et à visée de transformation sociale.

International audience ; We aim to propose a typological analysis of the regulation of scientific creative commons from the linguistic codification activity. We analyze the commons since the point of view of the communities' work. We point the apparent homogeneity of the epistemic communities that support these commons. This leads to a questioning about the homogeneity of the "community". We proceed, on the one hand, by means of a comparison between different research programs developed in the sociology of science and politics, on the other hand, by conducting a sociolinguistic analysis of the lexical statements resulting from the self-presentations of 23 creative commons. This critical analysis leads to segmenting all the groups that develop these commons into two families: communities with a stable and regular profile and scientific aims, and collectives with an abundant and unstable profile and with a view to social transformation. ; Notre article propose une analyse typologique de la régulation des communs scientifiques à partir de leur activité de codification linguistique. Nous analysons les communs sous l'angle du fonctionnement affiché des communautés animées par leurs membres. Nous interrogeons l'apparente homogénéité des communautés épistémiques qui soutiennent ces communs en opérant une analyse fondée sur les imaginaires linguistiques. Cette interrogation aboutit à une remise en cause de l'homogénéité de la forme « communauté ». Nous procédons, d'une part, au moyen d'une large revue de littérature en sciences sociales, d'autre part, en conduisant une analyse sociolinguistique des énoncés lexicaux issus des autoprésentations de 23 communs. Cette analyse critique aboutit à segmenter l'ensemble des groupes qui élaborent ces communs en deux familles : les communautés au profil stable et régulier et à visée scientifique ou technique, et les collectifs au profil foisonnant et instable et à visée de transformation sociale.

International audience ; We aim to propose a typological analysis of the regulation of scientific creative commons from the linguistic codification activity. We analyze the commons since the point of view of the communities' work. We point the apparent homogeneity of the epistemic communities that support these commons. This leads to a questioning about the homogeneity of the "community". We proceed, on the one hand, by means of a comparison between different research programs developed in the sociology of science and politics, on the other hand, by conducting a sociolinguistic analysis of the lexical statements resulting from the self-presentations of 23 creative commons. This critical analysis leads to segmenting all the groups that develop these commons into two families: communities with a stable and regular profile and scientific aims, and collectives with an abundant and unstable profile and with a view to social transformation. ; Notre article propose une analyse typologique de la régulation des communs scientifiques à partir de leur activité de codification linguistique. Nous analysons les communs sous l'angle du fonctionnement affiché des communautés animées par leurs membres. Nous interrogeons l'apparente homogénéité des communautés épistémiques qui soutiennent ces communs en opérant une analyse fondée sur les imaginaires linguistiques. Cette interrogation aboutit à une remise en cause de l'homogénéité de la forme « communauté ». Nous procédons, d'une part, au moyen d'une large revue de littérature en sciences sociales, d'autre part, en conduisant une analyse sociolinguistique des énoncés lexicaux issus des autoprésentations de 23 communs. Cette analyse critique aboutit à segmenter l'ensemble des groupes qui élaborent ces communs en deux familles : les communautés au profil stable et régulier et à visée scientifique ou technique, et les collectifs au profil foisonnant et instable et à visée de transformation sociale.

Nous visons dans cette thèse à analyser l'influence de la pensée grecque sur la vision politique républicaine d'Algernon Sidney (1623-1683). Dans l'introduction cette figure importante de l'histoire politique et philosophique anglaise est replacée dans son contexte historique général. Nous y soulignons l'importance fondamentale qu'occupe la réfutation des thèses absolutistes de Sir Robert Filmer (1588-1653) dans les principaux ouvrages de Sidney. L'hypothèse directrice est que la critique systématique de Filmer par Sidney s'effectue grâce à l'apport de la pensée politique classique, l'œuvre d'Aristote, en particulier. Non seulement les arguments négatifs, mais aussi les propositions politiques positives de Sidney, s'inspirent des thèses du Stagirite sur la nature de la politique. Par-delà l'exposé de la critique sidneyenne de Filmer, nous cherchons à montrer une certaine continuité entre l'Antiquité et la Modernité qui est perceptible dans l'œuvre de Sidney. Contre des penseurs tels que Leo Strauss qui voient une coupure radicale entre les Anciens et les Modernes, la réflexion de Sidney permet de comprendre que des penseurs se situant après Machiavel s'inspirent encore d'auteurs comme Aristote tout en les adaptant à de nouvelles circonstances. Les quatre premiers chapitres cherchent donc surtout à démontrer les affinités entre Sidney et Aristote. Des sujets tels que le meilleur régime, la nature de la liberté et de la servitude, la finalité de la vie politique, la monarchie et la démocratie, les limites du pouvoir et la centralité de la loi, y sont explorés. Il en ressort un portrait complexe et nuancé de Sidney qui doit combattre son principal adversaire non seulement sur le terrain de la philosophie, mais aussi de l'histoire et de la théologie. La deuxième partie de la thèse s'ouvre avec quelques précisions méthodologiques qui permettent de mieux comprendre les comparaisons de la pensée de Sidney avec celle d'autres penseurs : Nicolas Machiavel, Thomas Hobbes et John Locke. L'importance d'étudier aussi bien le contexte historique que les textes marquants est soulignée dans le cinquième chapitre. L'école dite « révisionniste » de Quentin Skinner et celle de « l'histoire sociale des idées politiques » de Neal Wood et d'Ellen Meiksins Wood sont comparées en vue d'élaborer une synthèse. La combinaison des deux grandes approches interprétatives permet de mieux comprendre les positions politiques défendues par Sidney dans les Maximes de la cour (1665) et les Discours sur le gouvernement (1698). Les trois derniers chapitres, du sixième au huitième, permettent de montrer l'originalité des positions politiques de Sidney. Nous constatons que l'auteur arrive à rapprocher certaines thèses d'Aristote et de Machiavel, mais aussi à proposer une solution de rechange républicaine aux thèses contractuelles de Hobbes. Nous dégageons dans le dernier chapitre les affinités et les différences entre Locke et Sidney en montrant que la fidélité de ce dernier à certaines idées d'Aristote est le critère différenciant les deux penseurs. Nous insistons enfin, en nous appuyant sur plusieurs passages de son œuvre, sur l'influence que la pensée de Sidney a eue aussi bien en terre d'Amérique que sur le Continent. Ces analyses renforcent l'idée défendue par ailleurs dans la thèse que la modernité politique est en large partie redevable à la philosophie politique antique. ; In this thesis we aim to analyse the influence of Greek thought on the republican political vision of Algernon Sidney (1623-1683). In the introduction, this important figure in English political and philosophical history is placed in his general historical context. The fundamental importance of the refutation of the absolutist theses of Sir Robert Filmer (1588-1653) in Sidney's main works is highlighted. The guiding assumption is that Sidney's systematic critique of Filmer is made possible by the contribution of classical political thought, the work of Aristotle in particular. Not only Sidney's negative arguments, but also his positive political proposals, are inspired by the Stagirite's theses on the nature of politics. Beyond the presentation of Sidney's critique of Filmer, we seek to show a certain continuity between Antiquity and Modernity that is perceptible in Sidney's work. Against thinkers such as Leo Strauss who see a radical break between the Ancients and the Moderns, Sidney's reflection allows us to understand that thinkers after Machiavelli still draw inspiration from authors such as Aristotle while adapting them to new circumstances. The first four chapters therefore seek to demonstrate the affinities between Sidney and Aristotle. Topics such as the best regime, the nature of freedom and servitude, the purpose of political life, monarchy and democracy, the limits of power and the centrality of law are explored. What emerges is a complex and nuanced portrait of Sidney, who must fight his main opponent not only on the terrain of philosophy, but also of history and theology. The second part of the thesis opens with some methodological details that allow for a better understanding of the comparisons of Sidney's thought with that of other thinkers: Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke. The importance of studying both the historical context and the key texts is emphasised in the fifth chapter. Quentin Skinner's 'revisionist' school and Neal Wood's and Ellen Meiksins Wood's 'social history of political ideas' are compared to develop a synthesis. The combination of the two main interpretative approaches allows for a better understanding of the political positions advocated by Sidney in the Court Maxims (1665) and the Discourses Concerning Government (1698). The last three chapters, from the sixth to the eighth, show the originality of Sidney's political positions. We note that the author manages to bring together certain theses of Aristotle and Machiavelli, but also to propose a republican alternative to Hobbes' contractual theses. In the last chapter, we identify the affinities and differences between Locke and Sidney, showing that the latter's fidelity to certain ideas of Aristotle is the criterion that differentiates the two thinkers. Finally, based on several passages of his work, we insist on the influence that Sidney's thought had both in America and on the Continent. These analyses reinforce the idea defended elsewhere in the thesis that political modernity is largely indebted to classical political philosophy.