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During the late 16th century, and even more so in the 17th century, when Sweden was a great power, the extent of Swedish town-planning activity was unparalleled in Europe. Most of the older towns in Sweden and Finland can be said to take their character from this period. The thesis covers all Swedish town-planning in the areas under Swedish rule 1521–1721, and areas of Swedish interest outside this, including today's Estonia and parts of Russia, Latvia, Poland, Germany, and USA. 175 sites are studied and in total 338 projects and just above 600 town plans. Part I consists of thematic studies, part II a synthesis, and part III studies of the individual towns. The study aims at the broader picture of Swedish town-planning of this period, based on a re-assessment of existing knowledge of individual towns, but adding new material and asking new questions. It seeks to assist the conservation and the future planning and design of the urban environment. Major questions raised concern different kinds of planning measures, the design of plans and how they were devised, functional demands and aesthetic considerations, the impact of great fires and the significant figures of the time. The town-planning illustrates the political and economical development of the kingdom and played a fundamental role in the radical change of society that took place in this era. Intensive town-planning activity starts in the mid-1500s but the major rise begins in the early 17th century and reaches its peak in the 1640s and '50s. Three main categories of town-planning measures can be distinguished: new construction, which includes relocation of older towns and new foundations (100 all told), town plan changes in existing towns, including redevelopment, extension and separate suburbs (about 170), and measures relating to fortifications (some 65 fortifications only and another 90 included in combined measures). The right-angular gridiron plans dominate completely. They can be divided into three main groups: 'simple, regular', 'pragmatic', and 'elaborate'.

Sustainable approaches for waste management and sanitation are key to deal with the environmental and health challenges that growing urbanization is creating around the world. Implementing systems that allow to reuse resources contained in the organic waste streams (OWS) is an approach that can bring many benefits, especially in low-medium income areas as the Latin American and Caribbean region, where excreta, wastewater, and waste are not properly managed. The transformation towards these systems requires not only technological changes, but also changes in the way that urban waste and wastewater are governed. The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of the town of Chía (Colombia) to govern the transition towards resource-oriented sanitation and waste management systems. The Governance Capacity Framework (GCF) was used as a method to evaluate the governance capacity of the town to implement these systems. The assessment revealed that the capacity of Chía to govern the implementation of resource-oriented sanitation and waste management systems was low. Furthermore, governance factors that could be hindering the implementation of these systems were identified. Low level of knowledge of resource recovery from OWS in the public spheres, insufficient collaboration and communication across sectors and institutions that had competences on waste management and sanitation, short-term vision within the local decision-making processes and insufficient incentives to support local entrepreneurship on circular economy. Despite these challenges, analysis also revealed the existence of public-private partnerships and entrepreneurs working in successful initiatives linked with resource-oriented systems in Chía and other towns of Cundinamarca county. The study concluded that in Chía there was a gap between local initiatives of resource recovery from OWS that brought environmental, economic, and social benefits at small scale and its inclusion in the local and regional governance systems. Findings of this study touches upon many governance aspects such as knowledge, legislation, financing and even culture. Further research is needed to look closer to each of those and make concrete, feasible and effective proposals that bring change with a long-term sustainability vision. Finally, when analysing the results of the evaluation and making future proposals, strengths, and shortcomings of applying the GCF as an analytical tool for a specific case study like Chía need to be considered.