College Town is a graphic novel concept focusing on the life of an individual growing up in a small, rural, circle of towns that are centered around higher education. The story will show how communities in our area have come to rest on three pillars: Education, religion, and politics. It will reveal how they have been deeply intertwined, creating an environment unique to Northwest Iowa. College Town will cover a brief history of Sioux County and will highlight the origins of select churches, schools, and political viewpoints important to Northwest Iowa, specifically around the Sioux Center / Orange City area. This will illustrate how education, religion, and politics have effected each other ever since the foundation of Sioux County, and how they play an important role in people's lives and communities to this day. The story of College Town will convey the hardships and beauty that take place within a higher-education community in Northwest Iowa, and display the joys and repercussions that come from growing up in vigorous educational and religious systems pertaining to that of Sioux County. The panels explore examples of visuals found in College Town. The three pillars are hidden (or not so hidden) in the daily life of a Northwest Iowan.
• Opsomming: Na die Britse besetting van die Kaap (1806) het die bevolking van die moederstad stadig toegeneem; teen 1829 was die inwonertal ruim 18000 en het bestaan uit invloedryke Engelse handelaars, Hollandssprekende persone, Vry Swartes en slawe. Onhigiëniese toestande het oor die algemeen geheers en gesondheidsdienste het veel te wense oorgelaat. Die lewensomstandighede van minder gegoede Blankes en die Vry Swartes was haglik en is vererger deur armoede, swak behuising, siektes en selfs epidemies. Deur Ordonnansie 50 van 1828 is die inheemse bevolkingsgroepe weliswaar met persone van Europese herkoms gelykgestel; die beginsel van integrasie was ook sosiaal aanvaarbaar. Tog was die gemeenskap nag op 'n stelsel van slawerny aangewys en rassedifferensiasie in die samelewing was steeds merkbaar. Die handel en algemene vooruitgang is voorts deur ontoereikende hawegeriewe gestrem. Strate was stowwerig en onverlig, terwyl die oop waterkanale (gragte) vuil en ongesond was. In hierdie stadium het enkele klein woonbuurte (soos Seepunt en Wynberg) reeds bestaan; die plaaslike bestuur van Kaapstad was in die hande van die magistraat en amptenare war deur die regering aangestel is. 'n Hooggeregshof is in die lewe geroep en tien advokate en elf prokureurs het teen 1829 in Kaapstad gepraktiseer. In teenstelling met die betreklik swak maatskaplike toestande, is ruim voorsien vir die opvoedkundige en godsdienstige behoeftes van die inwoners. Ook die kulturele lewe aan die Kaap was lewendig en ontspanningsgeriewe redelik goed. Teen 1829 was Kaapstad inderdaad besig om, veral onder die invloed van Britse immigrante, 'n nuwe vorm aan te neem. ; • Summary: After the British occupation (1806) the population of Cape Town had grown slowly; by 1829 the mother-city had more than 18 000 inhabitants comprising influential English traders, Dutch-speaking persons, Free Blacks and slaves. The general hygiene of the town was bad while health services left much to be desired. Living conditions of Poor Whites and Free Blacks were most unsatisfactory and had been aggravated by poverty, poor housing, diseases, and even epidemics. Ordinance 50, promulgated in 1828, placed the indigenous peoples on an equal footing with their European counterparts and integration was also socially acceptable. Yet the society was still dependent on a system of slavery and racial differentiation was still appreciable. The inadequate harbour facilities also retarded trade and general progress. Streets were dusty and unlit and the open canals ("grachts") were in a filthy and insanitary state. A few tiny suburbs (e.g. Sea Point and Wynberg) existed at this stage; local government in Cape Town was exercised by a government appointed magistrate and officials. A Supreme Court was created and in 1829 ten advocates and eleven attorneys practised in Cape Town. In contrast to the relatively poor social conditions, inhabitants enjoyed the benefits of ample educational and religious facilities. The cultural life of Cape Town flourished and fair provision was made for entertainment and recreation. By 1829 Cape Town was indeed a town beginning to develop a new character, mainly as a result of the influence of British immigrants.
About one-fifth of municipal budgets is approved during the course of the fiscal year through budget amendments. The aim of this paper is to explore the rebudgeting process in medium-sized Czech towns in regard to its magni-tude and character. Budget data are analysed for all 95 towns with 10 to 30 thousand inhabitants as well as infor-mation about the approved budget amendments and responsibility-sharing arrangements in 13 towns in 2012. Our analysis shows that the rebudgeting process is different for revenues and expenditures. Most of the revenues are included in the revised budget as soon as they materialize and the volume of the collected revenues is in line with the revised budget. On the other hand, substantial expenditure changes are approved through the budget amend-ments but the real spending is very close to what was originally budgeted for all types of expenditure. The com-parison of the praxis in the individual towns shows significant differences among them regarding the number of budget amendments, their extent and the arrangement for sharing responsibility between the municipal council and the commission.
Since the start of tourism as rewarding and massive activity in the mid-nineteenth century, the traditional urban systems of the Spanish coast have been transformed to satisfy an increasingly changeable and demanding typology of tourist. Among the different models of urban development that have taken place so far, this study examines the phenomenon of New Holiday Towns: New Towns planned for mass tourism, with an own identity and certain degree of economic and/or political autonomy. These ex-novo settlements are built over tabula rasa and based on a large scale, master plan with an independent urban structure, thanks to strong business investment and the support and commitment from local government. The keys to success: leisure as a consumer product and an efficient marketing. The objective of this paper is to reflect on this model of tourist development that is spreading internationally. For this, firstly the economic, social and political reality that facilitates its emergence and subsequent development was studied. A few cases of New Holiday Towns were studied chronologically, noting the notable difference between the first appeared and the current ones. And finally, a sociological study was carried out in a specific case: Marina d'Or, in the municipality of Oropesa del Mar, Castellón. I wanted to know the intensity of use that neighbors make of public space, ways of inhabiting urban space in daily life, what kind of user frequent these towns, why, for how long, what are their customs, satisfaction level, valuation of urban space… To do this I used a quantitative methodology, the survey, and ethnography as a qualitative method of analysis through participant observation. This study questions this model of tourist development, arguing that its urban management and exclusive reliance on the tourist activity turn New Holiday Towns into Non-places. Is being a Non-place a symptom for the future stagnation of these New Towns? In that Case, what would be the panacea for them?
Map of Champaign -- Map of Urbana -- The two towns -- Local government -- Courts -- Public health -- Welfare -- Protection -- Streets and public utilities -- Education -- Recreation -- Housing -- Voters' service.
During the 20th century, the production of electricity by hydroelectric methods brought about dramatic modifications in the Portuguese landscape. This paper looks at the work produced by architect Januário Godinho between 1945 and 1964 for the Cávado Hydroelectric Company (HICA), and his design on different levels for the hydroelectric complex on the Cávado River, located in the inland region of Trás-os-Montes in the north of Portugal. HICA and the architecture of Januário Godinho addresses the relationship between technological development and structural conception, and the use of design on a largescale landscape to overcome the limits of 'modern architecture'. The disproportionate nexus of scale between the operation itself, the obsession of the Portuguese political body and the ethnographic interests of the intellectuals created a clash that may bring about a new understanding of the facts when looked at in relation to the debate on contemporary planning. Located at a great distance from major cities, very difficult to get to and with very few, if any, resources available, the structures built by HICA necessitated the creation of a series of small, brand-new urban settlements. New settings were designed, which fell somewhere between the two apparently opposed worlds of the village and the hydroelectric power station. Places with economic, social and cultural dimensions such as houses, schools, churches and other social areas coexisted with workplaces, dams, hydroelectric power stations and control centres. The mixed nature of these activities, which were superimposed on the previously existing low-income agricultural structure, created original landscapes as well as an alternative approach to understanding Portuguese post-war architecture. The methods used to produce this landscape of infrastructure were plain: political will supported by technical knowledge, resulting in the creation of a layout in which a cultural approach would inform the design. But if we are asking two apparently neutral questions, a third very simple one also emerges. What did the landscape of Cávado look like before the construction process began? How did the technicians and architects bring about its transformation? If we take a look at the architectural production that emerged there, the answer does not seem clear. The question, then, is: what were the models used in the production of this landscape? Can they be found in the midst of the post-war architectural debate? ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
The Bat Yam town hall, or municipality building, is an avant garde gem of 1960s modernist architecture. Located in the town of Bat Yam, just south of Tel Aviv-Jaffa, this building has seen considerable decay until recently when it was re-recognized as an architectural achievement. The distinctive wind shafts have been destroyed. Currently a new municipality building is in the works and the old one is being considered for re-use as an art museum. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1693/thumbnail.jpg
This volume comprises papers delivered at the North Australia Research Unit's annual conference held in Darwin on 22-24 February, 1989. The title of the conference, 'Small Towns in Northern Australia', attracted not only a wide range of speakers from state government departments, non-government organisations and from other universities, but also a lively and appreciative audience over the three days. Topics discussed included those social, economic and political issues that have both determined the existence, and continue to influence the future development, or small and remote settlements north of the 26th parallel.
East Greenwich Town Hall, originally Kent County Courthouse, is shown in this 1980 photograph. It was constructed in 1804 by Oliver Wickes who drew inspiration from the existing Newport and Providence Colony Houses. Wickes' design, however, favors the federalist forms of the early 19th century over the colonial style of the older structures. Originally the five state houses were used in rotation by the governor and legislature of Rhode Island, but by the 1850s this location was no longer used. For a time it served as Kent County Courthouse, but as it was used infrequently it was turned over to the town of East Greenwich as Town Hall. This photograph shows the building before an edition was constructed in the mid 1990s, although the addition would not have be visible from this angle. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/ri_architecture/1002/thumbnail.jpg
The Market Towns Initiative (MTI), a UK community-led development programme, operated throughout rural England from 2000 until 2005/6. It was designed to help local people, with professional support, identify – and then capitalize on – the economic, environmental and social strengths and weaknesses of small country towns. This paper explains the origins and ways of working of the MTI. Examples of the topics explored and participants' views are given, and conclusions drawn. The opportunity is also taken to explain how interest in the roles of England's small country towns grew in the years following the Second World War, and how this led to the development of the MTI. Evidence suggests that the programme worked well. It demonstrated that local people have the enthusiasm, skills and knowledge to take a lead in the development of the places in which they live; something which, until local government reforms changed roles and structures, was largely taken for granted.
This is a conference paper ; Town Sanitation Planning is a holistic approach piloted by GIZ in partnership with the Ministry of Water and Environment, aimed at building capacity of local governments to develop and implement integrated and sustainable Town Sanitation Plans. It focused on improving various sanitation-related measures at the local level including coordination of town planning, sanitation marketing and behaviour change communication, involvement of the local private sector, fully-fledged stakeholder participation and law enforcement. The objective of the project was to make use of Town Sanitation Plans as a basis for planning and prioritizing investments which may result into tangible improvements to sanitation services delivery. Formation of multi-disciplinary and inclusive Sanitation Task forces, inclusive capacity development, private sector participation among others were some of the achievements and lessons learnt from the project. Challenges were encountered including among others; limited resource allocation due to low revenue base of the Town Councils, low income levels of the inhabitants which makes it difficult for the uptake of standardized lined pit designs. As an up-scaling plan, there is need to Streamline financing mechanisms and build local capacity to take up the process and ensure a reduced cost.
