The era of trade liberalisation for the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) began in December 2015 and brought about economic liberalisation in the Southeast Asian region. This era is competitive and the ASEAN member states (AMSs) almost do not have full power of sovereignty to govern their own economic national matters. In this globalised dependence era, the majority of states in the world have to adjust and adopt as well as adapt their national laws to internationalised rules of law. This trade liberation era also has forced companies and other business entities, including Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Cooperatives in Indonesia to compete with each other in order to tap the benefits of international trade liberalisation. In this context, SMEs and Cooperatives in Indonesia need some kind of protection from the government that does not oppose international regulations on trade. While the number of SMEs and Cooperatives is 98 per cent, their contribution to Indonesian export is small, at only 19 per cent. They are weak in terms of capacity building and access to capital, information technology, global markets as well as integration with regional and global market chains. This research paper evaluates SMEs and Cooperatives in Indonesia in terms of facing AEC trade liberalisation, i.e., what has done and should be done by the authority is to give proper protection to the SMEs in Indonesia by focusing on the manufacturing SMEs as this sector has the best chance of boosting SMEs' export capacity and building the competitiveness of Indonesian SMEs in order to be equal with other SMEs in the ASEAN region.
Central Lampung Civil Service Police have carried out raids to enforce control. When the Central Lampung Civil Service Police enforced control, the traders could be disciplined, but when the Central Lampung Civil Service Police did not control them, the trade around Awning Baru started to flourish again.To control the New Awnings, the Central Lampung Civil Service Police already have a clear working mechanism, namely Central Lampung Regional Regulation Number 05 of 2010 concerning Public Order, Cleanliness and Beauty of Central Lampung, which regulates the prohibition of using public roads or sidewalks or on terraces. in front of shops / market buildings facing public roads for street vendors or other businesses, except at places determined / appointed by the Regent.In addition, the Decree of the Central Lampung Regent Number 7 of 2010 concerning the Arrangement and Empowerment of Street Vendors, can also be used as a working mechanism for the Central Lampung Civil Service Police to create and maintain a clean, beautiful, orderly, safe and comfortable environment in controlling the New Awnings.But so far the Central Lampung Civil Service Police are still difficult to control the Bandar Jaya Plaza New Awnings, although there are mechanisms that can be used to control the Bandar Jaya Plaza New Awnings such as the Central Lampung Regional Regulation Number 05 of 2010 and the Regent's Decree Central Lampung Number 7 of 2010.Based on this background, the researchers formulated the problem, namely: Is the working mechanism of the Civil Service Police in controlling the Bandar Jaya Plaza New Awnings in 2015 in accordance with the Regional Regulations? The purpose of this study: To determine the working mechanism of the Civil Service Police in controlling the new Awning Bandar Jaya Plaza 2015.Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, the researchers concluded that: 1) The Central Lampung Civil Service Police Unit in controlling the Bandar Jaya Plaza New Awnings has been equipped with an assignment letter to carry out the Bandar Jaya Plaza Regional Regulation Number 05 of 2010 concerning Public Order, Cleanliness. and the beauty of Central Lampung and the Decree of the Regent of Central Lampung Number: 48 / KPTS / D.II / 2014 concerning the Formation of the Transfer and Arrangement Team as well as the Security and Order Team for Street Vendors (PKL) from the Bandar Jaya Plaza Market to the New Awning. 2) To relocate traders from Pasar Bandar Jaya Plaza to Awning Baru, the Central Lampung Civil Service Police Unit has previously carried out a socialization which was carried out by giving out circulars to traders and carrying out communication and using megaphone loudspeakers. 3) The members of the Central Lampung Civil Service Police Unit before carrying out the control of the New Awnings are already equipped with expertise related to market control and can be applied in market control so that there is no significant disturbance in controlling the New Awnings because members of the Central Lampung Civil Service Police Unit act accordingly. with procedures and instructions from the leadership in controlling the New Awnings.
Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade agreement that originated Dati Trans Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (TPSEP) which is a high standard agreement as it seeks to eliminate tax costs for trade in goods, services and agriculture, as well as to build and extend regulations about intellectual property rights issues, foreign investment, and other trade related issues. For the U.S. during the administration of President Barack Obama, TPP is projected as a manifestation of the "Pivot to Asia" policy that can form the foundation for shaping the economic and political architecture of the Asia Pacific region, but in its development, TPP gets many obstacles, Dati the domestic environment of the U.S. and Dati the international environment. That obstacles impacted the U.S. membership status in the TPP during the administration of President Donald Trump. President Donald Trump took a policy opposite to Barrack Obama by withdraws the U.S. membership Dati TPP on 23 January 2017, which marked by the Presidential Memorandum. This paper will analyze the factors that became the background of the U.S. withdrawal Dati the membership of TPP in the era of President Donald Trump. Based on the theory of foreign policy decision making Dati Richard C. Snyder, the authors found three factors that become the background of the policy: the conditions of the U.S. domestic politics, the condition of the U.S. economy and the international context.
A soft Brexit scenario will include an implementation period from the day the UK formally leaves the EU to 31 December 2020. During the implementation period, the UK will continue to be functionally treated as an EU member state and remain a party to EU international agreement. Associated with the ASEAN single market, should be considered the readiness of Indonesian regulations and legislations that in sectorial concerns at least three aforementioned legal instruments to be harmonized with the laws of the ASEAN countries. Important findings were shown by the research from the perspectives of business law, especially, capital investment law, intellectual property and international trade law that Brexit has significant impact for the EU itself, Indonesia and also AEC.
This research attempts to analyze the reason or consideration of Indonesian government to not ratify Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) yet, in political economy analysis comprises interest of many actors, limitations of capacity of state, the influence of ratification towards Indonesian tobacco trade, FCTC implementation among the Parties, and projection of Indonesia's possibility to comply with this regulation. FCTC has a number of instruments in tobacco control which was arranged by World Health Organization since 1999. This research become necessary due to Indonesia as only one a country in Asia which have not ratified yet, whereas Indonesia has been the fifth biggest of tobacco consumer in the world. It is a qualitative research, where data were collected through interview technique to the certain sources, and other supporting data from books and publication document. It has been analyzed using Chayes concept about compliance and non-compliance with international regulatory agreement consist of ambiguity and lack of capacity, interests, norms, and efficiency. In observing this issue, we can clarify that different interests of actors have become major consideration of Indonesian government to not comply with this convention regarding on the differences priority within ministry, the existence of business actors to influence the decision maker, employment, tobacco farmers, and social cultural aspects. In the forthcoming, there is a possibility that Indonesia will ratify FCTC due to Tobacco Roadmap which is arranged by Ministry of Industry of Indonesia in long-term planning assert that health aspect will be the main priority more than state revenues and employment. In addition, there are a lot of regencies and cities in Indonesia which have been implementing tobacco control regulation. This research, eventually, is expected to provide input analysis to the government in accordance with FCTC.
In Islamic law, khamr is a common type of alcoholic beverage that is forbidden for consumption due to its elements that can intoxicate and lead to loss of self-control. The government of Indonesia also forbids people from consuming the intoxicating beverage in certain levels. Nevertheless, a community group in Batu Payuang Halaban, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, wherein their daily lives can be found a type of traditional beverage as same as khamr that is a fermented juice of sugar palm bunches. The people call it "tuak". This research aims to investigate how the people of Nagari Batu Payuang produce aia niro and tuak, their motives for buying, selling, and consuming the drink, and judging it from the perspective of Islamic law (hadd al-syurb). This type of research is field research with a qualitative approach. Data sources consisted of primary and secondary. The data collection was conducted by observing the process of producing aia niro, tuak, and the transaction, and in-depth interviews with owners of sugar palm plantation, tuak producers, buyers, sellers, consumers, and local ulama (Islamic scholars). The data were analyzed in descriptive by reduction, display, and verification. To examine this research, the theory used was the concept of hadd al-syurb in Islamic law and the regulation on alcoholic beverages in Indonesia. The results show that aia niro is produced by extracting the bunches of male sugar palm and it is the raw material to produce tuak by leaving the aia niro in jerry cans and adding agarwood bark for 3 days. The sellers have various reasons to sell tuak and its raw materials. Besides the price is higher than brown sugar, it is also motivated by personal and other economic reasons as well as easier processing. People who drink tuak realize that it is intoxicating in a certain amount but they drink it to warm their bodies and relieve their fatigues. In the concept of hadd al-syurb, consuming tuak as an intoxicating substance is haram (forbidden) and is condemned to those who drink it. However, they who trade it are not punished by hudud since the Sunna proposition only refers to the transaction as an act of curse. ; Dalam konteks hukum Islam, khamr adalah salah satu jenis minuman yang dilarang untuk dikonsumsi karena mengandung unsur yang dapat memabukkan dan menghilangkan fungsi akal. Pemerintah Indonesia juga melarang masyarakat mengkonsumsi minuman memabukkan dalam kadar tertentu. Meskipun demikian, ada kelompok masyarakat di Batu Payuang Halaban, Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Indonesia, yang dalam keseharian mereka ditemukan jenis minuman tradisional yang berfungsi sama dengan khamr. Mereka menyebutnya dengan nama tuak yang berasal dari fermentasi air perasan tandan aren. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui cara masyarakat Nagari Batu Payuang memproduksi aia niro dan tuak serta mengetahui alasan mereka melakukan jual beli dan mengkonsumsinya, kemudian menilainya dari sudut pandang hukum Islam (hadd al-syurb). Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian lapangan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data terdiri dari sumber data primer dan sekunder. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi proses pembuatan aia niro, tuak dan jual belinya, wawancara mendalam dengan pemilik kebun aren, produsen tuak, pembeli, penjual, konsumen dan ulama lokal. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan cara reduksi, display dan verifikasi. Teori yang digunakan untuk menelaah kajian ini adalah konsep hadd al-syurb dalam hukum Islam dan pengaturan minuman keras di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cara produksi aia niro adalah dengan menyadap tandan bunga jantan dan airnya digunakan untuk membuat tuak dengan cara mendiamkan aia niro itu dalam jeriken dan menambahkan kulit kayu gaharu selama 3 hari. Para penjual memiliki alasan yang beragam ketika menjual tuak maupun bahan bakunya. Selain harganya lebih tinggi dari gula merah juga karena alasan pribadi dan ekonomis lainnya serta proses pengolahannya yang lebih mudah. Masyarakat yang suka meminum tuak mengetahui bahwa tuak itu memabukkan dalam jumlah tertentu tetapi mereka meminumnya hanya untuk memanaskan tubuh dan menghilangkan rasa penat. Dalam konsep hadd al-syurb, mengkonsumsi tuak sebagai zat yang memabukkan adalah haram dan dihukum hudud orang yang meminumnya. Tetapi orang yang memperjualbelikannya tidak dihukum hudud karena dalil Sunah hanya menyebut jual belinya sebagai perbuatan yang dilaknat.