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The present article is the result of research on current tendencies of international trade regulation. Research was based on an inter-disciplinary method where approaches of political economy and international relations were used to analyze the major challenges of multilateral trade regulation in the World Trade Organization. The China effect, the lack of political support of the United States during the administration of expresident Donald Trump, as well as internal failures of the system are all considered as possible causes of the current crisis of the World Trade Organization. Nevertheless, the clash of the Chinese state capitalist system with the multilateral trading system based on market economies is considered as a major factor of the current crisis. The Trade War is a manifestation of this crisis. Current trade regionalization is discussed as another dangerous driving force present in the world trading system. Solution based on perspectives of transnational law is also proposed to avoid the development of patchwork globalization. ; Este artículo es el resultado de una investigación sobre las tendencias actuales de la regulación del comercio internacional. La investigación se basó en un método interdisciplinario en el que se utilizaron enfoques de economía política y relaciones internacionales para analizar los principales desafíos de la regulación del comercio multilateral en la Organización Mundial del Comercio. El efecto China, la falta de apoyo político de Estados Unidos durante la administración del expresidente Donald Trump, así como las fallas internas del sistema son consideradas como posibles causas de la actual crisis de la Organización Mundial del Comercio. No obstante, el choque del sistema capitalista estatal chino con el sistema multilateral de comercio basado en economías de mercado se considera un factor importante de la crisis actual. La guerra comercial es una manifestación de esta crisis. La actual regionalización del comercio es otra fuerza motriz peligrosa presente en el sistema de ...

During all these years relation between coun-tries have become the most important thing ever, as this it has been possible the development of the country according to economy, tourism, in-vesting, trade and industrial development, re-moving constantly all the barriers which keep off their cause. However, thanks this action has been required as well to implement rules and sa-fety parameters because of the protection for the country's production and its population beingthe relevant sector. ; Con el pasar de los años las relaciones entre los paí­ses se ha convertido en prioridad ya que con ello ha sido posible el desarrollo del paí­s en losrubros de economí­a, turismo, inversión, comercio y fomento industrial eliminando constantemente las barreras que impiden que esto sea posible. Sin embargo, gracias a esto también ha sido necesario la implementación de reglas y parámetros de seguridad para la protección de la producción y población mexicana siendo definidos por las autoridades competentes de acuerdo al sector del que se trate.

This paper analyzes the process of elaboration and implementation of public policies aimed at promoting textile exports during the first Peronism (1946-1955). Given the state regulation of foreign trade, the policies implemented in order to promote textile exports were based mainly on the allocation of preferential exchange rates, the expansion of export quotas and tax exemptions. Although the priorities of the Peronist economic policy were focused on guaranteeing the supply of the domestic market, the policies for encouraging industrial exports were far from non-existent. This article proposes a diachronic approach in order to emphasise the changes and continuities of the textile export promotion policy between 1946 and 1955, based on the interaction between the state bureaucracy and business representation entities as well as the international market conditions during the second postwar period. This article argues that the analysis of the process of elaboration and implementation of policies aimed to promote textile exports focusing on the interaction between the state bureaucracy and private actors shows the limits and challenges that conditioned the margins of state autonomy, diverting the concretion of the government's initiatives. Ark:http://id.caicyt.gov.ar/ark://kgvrzupjb ; Este trabajo analiza el proceso de elaboración e implementación de las políticas públicas orientadas a fomentar las exportaciones textiles durante el primer peronismo (1946-1955). Dada la regulación estatal del comercio exterior, las políticas de fomento de exportaciones textiles implementadas se basaron, principalmente, en la asignación de tipos de cambio preferenciales, la ampliación de las cuotas de exportación y exenciones impositivas. Si bien las prioridades de la política económica peronista se centraron en garantizar el abastecimiento del mercado interno, las políticas de fomento de exportaciones industriales distaron de ser inexistentes. Se propone un abordaje diacrónico que permita advertir los cambios y continuidades de las políticas de promoción de exportaciones textiles entre 1946 y 1955, teniendo en cuenta la interacción entre burocracia estatal y entidades de representación empresarial así como los condicionamientos del mercado internacional durante la segunda posguerra. Se sostiene que el análisis del proceso de elaboración e implementación de políticas de fomento a las exportaciones textiles a partir de la interacción entre burocracia estatal y actores privados manifiesta los límites y desafíos que condicionaron los márgenes de autonomía estatal desviando la concreción de las iniciativas gubernamentales. Ark:http://id.caicyt.gov.ar/ark://kgvrzupjb

This paper analyzes the process of elaboration and implementation of public policies aimed at promoting textile exports during the first Peronism (1946-1955). Given the state regulation of foreign trade, the policies implemented in order to promote textile exports were based mainly on the allocation of preferential exchange rates, the expansion of export quotas and tax exemptions. Although the priorities of the Peronist economic policy were focused on guaranteeing the supply of the domestic market, the policies for encouraging industrial exports were far from non-existent. This article proposes a diachronic approach in order to emphasise the changes and continuities of the textile export promotion policy between 1946 and 1955, based on the interaction between the state bureaucracy and business representation entities as well as the international market conditions during the second postwar period. This article argues that the analysis of the process of elaboration and implementation of policies aimed to promote textile exports focusing on the interaction between the state bureaucracy and private actors shows the limits and challenges that conditioned the margins of state autonomy, diverting the concretion of the government's initiatives. Ark:http://id.caicyt.gov.ar/ark://kgvrzupjb ; Este trabajo analiza el proceso de elaboración e implementación de las políticas públicas orientadas a fomentar las exportaciones textiles durante el primer peronismo (1946-1955). Dada la regulación estatal del comercio exterior, las políticas de fomento de exportaciones textiles implementadas se basaron, principalmente, en la asignación de tipos de cambio preferenciales, la ampliación de las cuotas de exportación y exenciones impositivas. Si bien las prioridades de la política económica peronista se centraron en garantizar el abastecimiento del mercado interno, las políticas de fomento de exportaciones industriales distaron de ser inexistentes. Se propone un abordaje diacrónico que permita advertir los cambios y continuidades de las políticas de promoción de exportaciones textiles entre 1946 y 1955, teniendo en cuenta la interacción entre burocracia estatal y entidades de representación empresarial así como los condicionamientos del mercado internacional durante la segunda posguerra. Se sostiene que el análisis del proceso de elaboración e implementación de políticas de fomento a las exportaciones textiles a partir de la interacción entre burocracia estatal y actores privados manifiesta los límites y desafíos que condicionaron los márgenes de autonomía estatal desviando la concreción de las iniciativas gubernamentales. Ark:http://id.caicyt.gov.ar/ark://kgvrzupjb

Mycotoxins attract worldwide attention because of the significant economic losses associated with their impact on human health, animal production and both domestic and international trade. Those mycotoxins that are currently considered to be worldwide importance are aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin (Coker, 2000). The knowledge that mycotoxins can have serious effects on humans and animals has led many countries to establish regulations on mycotoxins in food and feed in the last decades to safeguard the health of humans, as well as the economical interests of producers and traders. Setting mycotoxin regulations is a complex activity which involves many factors and interested parties. In 1995, 23 percent of the world's inhabitants were living in a region where no known mycotoxin regulations were in force. This percentage had decreased to 13 percent in 2003, due to a slight increase in coverage in Latin America and Europe, and more significant increases in Africa and Asia/Oceania.The major Latin American agricultural crops (maize, wheat, coffee, cotton, soybeans, barley, sunflower, groundnuts and tree nuts, cocoa and dairy products) are highly susceptible to fungal contamination and mycotoxin production (Pineiro, 2004). Nineteen countries, accounting for 91 percent of the population of the region, were known to have specific mycotoxin regulations. Uruguay has the most detailed regulations, including limits for ergot alkaloids in feeds, which is rather unique in the mycotoxin regulatory world. The same for deoxynivalenol in wheat products and barley products.MERCOSUR consists of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. These countries apply common limits for total aflatoxins in peanuts, maize and products thereof, and for aflatoxin M1 in fluid and powdered milk. The MERCOSUR regulations for mycotoxins also include official methods of sampling and analysis. In Europe, approximately 99 percent of the continent's population, were known to have specific mycotoxin regulations in 2003.Compared to other regions of the world, Europe has the most extensive and detailed regulations for mycotoxins in food. It is of interest to note that many of the EU candidate member countries have mycotoxin regulations, which are often more detailed than those currently in force in the EU. Comparing the situation in 1995 and 2003, it appears that in 2003 more mycotoxins are regulated in more commodities and products, whereas tolerance limits generally remain the same or tend to decrease.Whereas harmonized tolerance limits would be beneficial from the point of view of trade, this would not necessarily be the case from the point of view of (equal) human health protection around the world. Risks associated with mycotoxins depend on both hazard and exposure. The hazard of mycotoxins to individuals is probably more or less the same all over the world .Exposure is not the same because of differences in levels of contamination and dietary habits in various parts of the world. National governments or regional communities should encourage and fund activities that contribute to reliable exposure assessment of mycotoxins in their regions.(FAO Food and Nutrition paper 81)

Este texto va dirigido a estudiantes de pregrado de derecho o de economía quienes podrán encontrar los aspectos básicos y principales del derecho internacional público en materia del derecho económico del comercio internacional, de la inversión extranjera directa, de acuerdos internacionales, así como de la investigación en ciencias jurídicas; abogados y no abogados que trabajen en agencias u organismos gubernamentales; profesionales de la comunicación especializados en temas de política internacional y comercio, y público en general interesado en dichos temas. El texto es un método de estudio de derecho internacional económico que responde las preguntas que normalmente no son respondidas en los textos colombianos, muchas de las cuales me han hecho los estudiantes en la Javeriana durante las clases. Adicionalmente presenta herramientas para llevar a cabo investigaciones de tipo legal o jurídico y que comprenden aspectos tales como método de análisis de casos y elaboración de "papers". Así mismo, respuestas a algunas preguntas típicas del examen preparatorio o de carrera de derecho económico en la Universidad Javeriana

This paper analyzes the evolution of the regulation of trade names in the Andean Community and Peru, specifically in regard to its scope of protection from the provisions of article 8 of the Paris Convention (CUP). Also from certain rulings by IndecopI and the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, this paper contains a proposal of amendment to Decision 486 of the Andean Community and the legislative decree 1075 to update the regulation of trade names to modern times and ensure that the settlement of disputes involving said legal figure provide predictability and legal certainty. ; El artículo analiza la evolución de la regulación del nombre comercial en la Comunidad Andina y en el Perú, específicamente en lo que respecta a su ámbito de protección a partir de lo establecido en el artículo 8 del Convenio de la Unión de París para la Protección de la Propiedad Industrial (CUP). Asimismo, tomando como referencia ciertos fallos emitidos por el Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intelectual (IndecopI) y el Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina, se propone una modificación a la Decisión 486 de la Comunidad Andina y al decreto legislativo 1075 a fin de actualizar la regulación del nombre comercial a los tiempos modernos y asegurar que la solución de controversias que involucren dicha figura jurídica proporcionen predictibilidad y seguridad jurídica.