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Mapping the Identity: Historical perspective of Transgender persons -- Understanding Transgender persons -- Establishing Identity-'Coming out ' and 'transitioning' -- Living on the Extreme Margin: Social Exclusion & Discrimination of the Transgender persons -- Clan culture- Religion, Rituals and Emasculation -- Interventions required -- From Visibly invisible to Visibility: Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 and Rules -- Changing scenario-progressive stories.

There have been cases of male transgender in Indonesia, yet there is a small study about them. Why do some biological females claim their identity as male transgender? How do they think of themselves as male transgender? The researcher study their life history and how they see themselves as male transgender. We have a total of six research subjects who acknowledged themselves as male transgender. This research used the in-depth interview for gathering data within six months. The results found that they became transgender based on their desire rather than coercion from others. Some of them were comfortable in coming out to their family, but most were considering how the society would judge them, and how they might bring shame to the family. Three research subjects were not able to show their true identity as transgender, because of several considerations, such as the fear of being ostracized by the society and the fear to be eliminated from their family. They took the gender role according to what would be accepted by the current environment. We conclude that the existence of transgender, who is biologically females to become males are very reluctant to open their sexual identity because of this reason.

Transgender people are individuals of any age or sex whose appearance, personal characteristics, or behaviours differ from stereotypes about how men and women are supposed' to be. They have existed in every culture, race, and class since the story of human life has been recorded. Condition of transgender is very pitiable in our society and they are underprivileged from their basic rights and are still not accepted by Indian society. Many transgenders suffer from mental health problems like depression and suicidal tendencies. In spite of being into existence for so long, the transgender community has never been able to become a part of mainstream society. They are often pushed to the periphery as a social outcaste and many may end up begging and dancing. This is by all means human trafficking. Sometimes running out of all options to feed themselves, they even engage themselves as sex workers for survival. This paper attempts to analyze the legal protection of transgenders, the judicial approach in transgender issues and also the policy of the Government of Kerala for transgenders.

Title: Social Inclusion, Equality and Respect of Transgenders: Rise of New Socio-Legal Perspective Authors & Affiliation: Prof. (Dr.) Sonia Kaul Shali Faculty of Criminology and Criminal Justice Administration, Karnavati University, Gujarat, INDIA soniashali@yahoo.com Abstract This article discusses the discrimination faced by certain sections of our society, irrespective of same colour, caste, educational and professional expertise and societal contribution and had to face a lot of disgrace with no fault of theirs. People around the world face violence and inequality and sometimes torture and execution—because of who they love, how they look or who they are. Sexual orientation and gender identity are integral aspects of our selves and should never lead to discrimination or any kind of abuse. Human Rights organizations usually work for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender peoples' rights and with activists representing a multiplicity of identities and issues. They expose abuses based on sexual orientation and gender identity worldwide, including torture, killing and executions, arrests under unjust laws, unequal treatment, medical abuses, discrimination in health and jobs and housing, domestic violence, abuses against children and denial of family rights and recognition. The landmark Supreme Court verdict is a major milestone for LGBTQIA-identifying people across the country, where homosexuality was a social taboo and gay people faced endemic discrimination. [1]We have all heard of the renowned Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized homosexuality. However, there are numerous misconceptions regarding its origin and history. This article also aims to bring light to the matter: trace its roots, explain the various controversies surrounding it and introduce various judgments that have been made and legislations that have been drafted with regards to it. Keywords: Societal Discrimination; Colonial Era; Homosexuality; Privacy and unnatural offences; Historic Supreme Court Verdict; Conservative ...

This study discusses how to apply human rights law as a means of social control over gender in Indonesia, how to treat and improve the community for transgender people in Indonesia, the inhibiting factors for implementing protection for transgender people in Indonesia and how to respect the rights of transgender groups. The method used in this scientific article is a normative-empirical legal research method. The normative-empirical legal research method is basically a combination of a normative legal approach or based on statutory regulations with the addition of various empirical elements or seeing every legal event within the scope of the general public. It can be concluded that the normative-empirical legal research method is an approach or implementation of normative law in every aspect of legal events that occur in the community. The aim is to find out the importance of providing protection to transgender people as Indonesian citizens and further about legal protection for transgender people and how it is implemented. From the results of the study, it can be seen that legal protection as an Indonesian citizen from discrimination has indeed been running but has not been maximized. The problem with providing protection to transgender people is that there is still no firm stance from the government in dealing with the issue of protection for transgender people and the absence of legal regulations specifically made for transgender conditions and the attitude of people who are still indifferent to transgender people.

Transgender communities are always considered not part of the citizenship project. The recent Supreme Court verdict making them very much part of the citizenshop discourse has considerably changed the situation. Even though these communities have found their presence since ancient times, yet it took such a long time to recognise their legal rights. Yet, if one closely look at the judgement, there are shortcomings and it needs further improvement. The most important drawback is that it does not address the question of their social recognition and also it does not address the unconventional transgender community in its analysis. It only recognises their legal rights.

The aim of this study is to develop effective counseling approach for the socially deprived and discriminated lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Northern Iraq to enhance the physical and mental well-being. The study aims to develop effective problem-coping strategies to deal with social, economic, and political setbacks. The problem identified to conduct this study is that the LGBT people in Northern Iraq are not only inacceptable as normal members of the society but they also face rejection, isolation, and discrimination in society. This consistent hatred and discrimination against the LGBT people develop many psychological disorders that include anxiety, depression, isolation, pessimism, and hopelessness. These psychological disorders enforce suicide attempts and socially deviated behavior among the LGBT people. The study has a qualitative research design and the researcher conducted 10 interviews with LGBTs in northern Iraq. The results of the study outlined that LGBTs in Iraq have social and psychological issues that contribute to hopelessness and pessimism among LGBTs. The society has zero tolerance in the name of religion and the conservative norms do not allow these people to live their life as normal people. They commit suicide or get into depression because of unending suffering. However, the LGBTs that received counseling improved their condition as compared to those that could not receive counseling services. Counseling helped these people to come out of depression and live a normal life by accepting the reality.

The aim of this study is to develop effective counseling approach for the socially deprived and discriminated lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Northern Iraq to enhance the physical and mental well-being. The study aims to develop effective problem-coping strategies to deal with social, economic, and political setbacks. The problem identified to conduct this study is that the LGBT people in Northern Iraq are not only inacceptable as normal members of the society but they also face rejection, isolation, and discrimination in society. This consistent hatred and discrimination against the LGBT people develop many psychological disorders that include anxiety, depression, isolation, pessimism, and hopelessness. These psychological disorders enforce suicide attempts and socially deviated behavior among the LGBT people. The study has a qualitative research design and the researcher conducted 10 interviews with LGBTs in northern Iraq. The results of the study outlined that LGBTs in Iraq have social and psychological issues that contribute to hopelessness and pessimism among LGBTs. The society has zero tolerance in the name of religion and the conservative norms do not allow these people to live their life as normal people. They commit suicide or get into depression because of unending suffering. However, the LGBTs that received counseling improved their condition as compared to those that could not receive counseling services. Counseling helped these people to come out of depression and live a normal life by accepting the reality.

Minority populations in the world are permanently challenged with unequal living and working conditions in their daily lives that compromise their access to needed clinical and preventive services. When we discuss the health-care conditions for minorities, we must address the social determinants of access that are ultimately determined by the policies and politics of the governments. Renowned experts of quality in healthcare have been critical of the current design and implementation of randomized clinical trials, the gold standard of clinical research because they believe that they often, but not always, presume a linear, mechanistic system when in fact improvement in health care takes place within complex adaptive systems that evolve. The combined action of ignorance and prejudice can impair the efficient recruitment and retaining of "different people" like hispanics and transgender that have long suffered discrimination in their access to health-care services in spite that they are more prone to have chronic conditions. Even though the incidence of AIDS has decreased in the general population during the past two decades, it is continuing in the gay population due to educational issues, discrimination in health-care access and lack of proper public and private funding for the life-saving retroviral medication. The declaration of the "International Conference on Health Promotion" sponsored by PAHO in Colombia in 1992 have emphasized the aim of reducing differences in health status as well as ensuring equal opportunities and resources to enable all people to achieve their full health potential. Through the entreaties of the Global Health Diplomacy, the resiliently hardcore issues of discrimination and marginalization must be addressed by encouraging public policies that guarantee equity and ensure access for the most socially castigated groups.

Every citizen of India is guaranteed the right to work under the Indian Constitution. However, policymakers, governments, and the Indian Judiciary have been keen only on laying down a framework concerning right to work. This tendency (un)wittingly affects the minority group—transgender people. In this sense, India currently appears to be lacking a well-defined anti-discrimination employment framework. Regarding this issue, this study aims to investigate the trajectories of transgender community discrimination face in the employment sector. This study is written in the context of human rights discourse analysis. This study argues that although the effort of the Supreme Court and the Government of India has taken a positive step to enhance the livelihood conditions of the transgender communities, it must be mentioned that this recognition is not ample to solve the problem. Although this recognition goes a long way in trying to secure the economic needs of the transgender community, social exclusion takes time to change simultaneously with the changing mindset of society. This Indian Judiciary policy should be followed by the guideline for enforcing the 'Right to Work,' especially concerning the transgender community.

BACKGROUND: Despite high HIV prevalence rates among most-at-risk groups, utilisation of HIV testing, treatment and care services was relatively low in Karnataka prior to 2008. The authors aimed to understand the barriers to and identify potential solutions for improving HIV service utilisation. METHODS: Focus group discussions were carried out among homogeneous groups of female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgenders, and programme peer educators in six districts across Karnataka in March and April 2008. RESULTS: 26 focus group discussions were conducted, involving 302 participants. Participants had good knowledge about HIV and HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services, but awareness of other HIV services was low. The fear of the psychological impact of a positive HIV test result and the perceived repercussions of being seen accessing HIV services were key personal and interpersonal barriers to HIV service utilisation. Previous experiences of discrimination at government healthcare services, coupled with discriminatory attitudes and behaviours by VCT staff, were key structural barriers to VCT service uptake among those who had not been HIV tested. Among those who had used government-managed prevention of parent to child transmission and antiretroviral treatment services, poor physical facilities, long waiting times, lack of available treatment, the need to give bribes to receive care and discriminatory attitudes of healthcare staff presented additional structural barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Embedding some HIV care services within existing programmes for vulnerable populations, as well as improving service quality at government facilities, are suggested to help overcome the multiple barriers to service utilisation. Increasing the uptake of HIV testing, treatment and care services is key to improving the quality and longevity of the lives of HIV-infected individuals.

We examine community collectivization among female sex workers (FSWs) and high-risk men who have sex with men and transgenders (HR-MSM) following several years of HIV prevention programming with these populations, and its association with selected outcome indicators measuring individual behaviors (condom use with different partners and sexually transmitted infection [STI] treatment-seeking from government health facilities). Data for this study were collected from a large-scale cross-sectional survey conducted in 2010-2011 among FSWs (sample size: 3557) and HR-MSM (sample size: 2399) in Andhra Pradesh, India. We measured collectivization among FSWs in terms of three binary (low, high) indices of collective efficacy, collective agency, and collective action. Collectivization among HR-MSM was measured by participation in a public event (no, yes), and a binary (low, high) index of collective efficacy. Adjusted odds ratios (adjusted OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed to assess the relationships between collectivization and outcome indicators directly and through mediation of variables such as self-efficacy for condom use and utilization of government health facilities. Results show that among FSWs, high levels of collective efficacy (adjusted OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.7) and collective action (adjusted OR:1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.8) were associated with consistent condom use (CCU) with regular clients. Among HR-MSM, participation in a public event (adjusted OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 2.0–3.6) and collective efficacy (adjusted OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5–2.3) were correlated with condom use with paying partners. The association between collectivization and outcome indicators continued to be significant in most cases even after adjusting for the potential mediators. Indicators of collectivization exhibited significant positive association with self-efficacy for condom use and service utilization from government health facilities among both FSWs and HR-MSM. The association of high levels of collectivization with CCU, STI ...