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Interactions between different kinds of actors engaged in outer space and ocean exploration and exploitation can be grouped into five major categories of activities. These activities reflect the dominant interests of all the participants, and they are treated at a level of generality which facilitates comparison. The categories of activities are: i) management and regulation of common resources; 2) exploitation of specific resources; 3) coordination and financing of research, including exploration and experimentation at the international level, and arrangements governing the exchange of information gained; 4) preservation of national and international security; and 5) recreation and the control of pollution.

Among the striking developments of modern history the growth of nationalism and the proliferation of nation-states must surely take high place. To numerous peoples in the post-Napoleonic era the possibility of modeling themselves on England and France seemed both desirable and feasible in a time when language groupings, the reach of political and economic control systems, and the capabilities of armaments appeared roughly to coincide. Together with patriotisms reinforced by popular education and increasing literacy these phenomena emphasized the defensibility of both the spiritual and the military frontiers. The result, in the latter half of the nineteenth century, was a series of wars of national unification which were followed in the twentieth century by great efforts to defend the nationality thus gained, socially, through such devices as immigration restriction, economically, by tariffs and various autarchic experiments, and militarily, in two great wars.

A typology of nations is established based on resource investments in 2 areas: (1) "the development of cultural potential for integrative activity," & (2) "the development of the military potential for hostilities." Military spending per capita is used to measure the latter, while a cultural potential for transnationalism index (CPT) is developed to measure the former. The components of the index are based on published statistical data & include measures of the knowledge stock & utilization of the country (eg, total book production, cinema attendance, literacy rates) as well as existing action networks, eg, the number of women's nongovernmental organizations & a transnational potential rating for the country's majority religion. X rankings for 124 countries of over 1 million populations were compiled using data from the late 1960's. 10 pairs of nations from high, medium, & low GNP levels were selected to develop a typology of orientations based on CPT scores, GNP, & military spending by rankings. The influences of wealth, urbanization, & size on CPT & military potential for the 20 countries are explored, & an attempt is made to summarize these complex relationships. 5 Tables, 6 Figures, 1 Appendix. J. N. Mayer.