Suchergebnisse

This volume combines eleven chapters written by sixteen academics from six countries namely Austria, Germany, Hungary, India, Latvia, and Turkey. They are the outputs of the WIBF's annual International Business Conferences. ; Acknowledgement -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1. SMEs and International Business: Introduction -- Emin Akçaoğlu and Rainer Wehner -- 2. Internationalization of Indian MSMEs with reference to the Post-Covid Era -- Sonia Mukherjee and Reeta Tomar -- 3. Innovation Centres in the Contribution of SMEs to the Economy -- Halit Targan Ünal, Elif Y. Başaran and Hakan Bektaş -- 4. Global Trade and Political Risk for SMEs: A Case Study on Supplier Selection -- A. Murat Köseoğlu -- 5. Internal Factors and Networking – Critical for Success of SMEs in International Markets: Practical Implications in a Reference SME -- Tanja Evrosimovska -- 6. The importance of performance and credit access of SMEs in their internationalization process -- Mehmet Civelek -- 7. Access to Finance of MSMEs in Turkey -- Halit Targan Ünal and Neslihan Özdemir -- 8. Export Credit Agencies and Small Firm Internationalization -- Emin Akçaoğlu and Rainer Wehner -- 9. Demonstration of the Impact of Enterprise Architecture Management in a Company by Using Frameworks -- Ronja Höpfner and Bjarne Erik Roscher -- 10. Teaching International Business via Labs: Business Skills Development by Virtual and Augmented Reality –the BBS FIMB Case Study -- Gábor Andrási, Katalin Csekő and László Budai -- 11. Designing a Performance Measurement System Based on a Simplified Strategy Process – An Action Research Case Study -- Björn Baltzer -- Editors

The practice of hijab fashion gains new meanings. Along with fashion, hijab is beyond religious and political meaning and appears as an object of consumption in Turkey. The effect on the purchasing decision process in Turkey may vary according to the family structure the role and status in the society and the environment of consumers. The convenience sampling method was used in the selection of 448 people to participate in the study. In the research, the survey technique, one of the quantitative research methods, was chosen as the data collection method. This paper has examined to determine the effect of religious attitudes of women wearing hijab on the choice of hijab fashion, type of purchase behavior and the moderating role of reference groups. Within the result of the study, when the relationship between the religious attitude, hijab fashion style and purchasing behavior is examined, it is found that internalized belief dimension affects religion-based purchase, planned purchase, and hijab fashion style. Significant relationships were found between the dimension of traditional religiousness, types of purchase, and hijab fashion style. Traditional religiousness affects, religion-based purchase socialized purchasing behavior, brand-based purchase, and hijab fashion style. When the relationship between dependent and independent variables are examined by participating in the moderating role of the reference groups, it is seen that family, friends and role models play moderating role in this relationship.

Today, economic development and development are extremely important. With the increasing need for energy in both the world and Turkish economy, the importance of ensuring the sustainability of the energy resources used and the security of energy supply is also increasing. Implementation of a sustainable energy system; It includes important factors such as efficient energy use together with sufficient, economical, safe and environmentally compatible energy supply. Energy is one of the main factors to consider in discussions of sustainable development. The main dimensions of sustainability in energy production are environmental protection and the economically and socially sustainable supply of energy resources in a way that is reliable, sufficient and financially accessible in the long run. For this reason, it is important for Turkey to identify sustainable energy problems and determine the right energy policy. In this study, the determination of sustainable energy problems and the problems of determining the right energy security policy in manufacturing enterprises in Samsun province in Turkey were made with multi-criteria decision making methods. As a result of this research, the most ideal energy security policy was "Resource Sharing" in the selection created by using the degrees of sustainable energy related problems in manufacturing enterprises. On the other hand, the most ideal energy security alternatives were realized as Resource Sharing (A4)>> Source Distribution (A3)>> Resource Diversification (A1)>> Price Security (A2), respectively.

It is observed that the importance of people to life in the natural environment is increasing day by day with ecotourism, which is increasing in popularity all over the world day by day. Environmental pollution caused by mass tourism, deterioration of natural habitats affects the whole world and damages ecotourism. The concept of ecotourism has an important potential because it is included in many tourism activities such as green tourism, responsible tourism, rural tourism, nature tourism, adventure tourism, bicycle tourism. It is important for the studies in the fields of ecotourism to focus on destinations with intact cultural and natural structure in terms of presenting them effectively to tourism. The aim of this study is to evaluate ecotourism, which has economic, environmental and socio-cultural benefits in the world, in terms of Turkey, and to analyze the projects made in this field. In order to collect data in the research, bibliometric analysis was used by using document analysis method and for this purpose, local, national and international printed and electronic resources were scanned. Bibliometric analysis of published projects between 1997-2021. The published studies were accessed from YÖK Akademik, Google Scholar database under the concepts of "ecotourism", "eco-tourism", "eco-tourism". As a result, it is stated that Turkey has a serious ecotourism potential and if the activities are carried out in a planned manner, the ecotourism potential will increase. Keywords: Ecotourism, Sustainable Tourism Projects, Touristic Product Diversification, Bibliometric Analysis

In this study, the effect of selected economic indicators of 15 countries that Turkey exported the most between 1996-2019 on Turkey's exports was investigated by the panel data method. These economic indicators are the exports of the countries to which Turkey exports the most, the total output levels, the annual average value of their national currencies against the US dollar, their per capita incomes, manufacturing industry production and household consumption expenditures, These indicators are used by applying logarithmic transformation. According to the results, among the selected indicators of the trading partners, Turkey's exports are positively affected by the total output level and by the their exports of the trading partners., Turkey's exports, however, are more strongly affected by the level of total output represented by GDP. The depreciation of the national currencies of these trade partners against the US dollar and the manufacturing industry productions have a negative effect on Turkey's exports. Although the depreciation against the US dollar is compatible with expectations, the result for the manufacturing industry shows that the relationship between Turkey's export products and the manufacturing industries of its trading partners is favor substitution rather that supplementary. There is no statistically significant results for the per capita incomes and household consumption expenditures of trading partners. Key Words: International Trade, Turkish Economy, Export, Panel Data

Background. The extraterritorialisation of European Union's policy has been recognised for years as an effective tool for combating irregular migration. The so-called migration crisis has opened a critical discussion on the compliance of eu external activities with international law. The practice of extraterritorialisation redefines the values of the Western world.Aim. We identify the EU's extraterritorial activities in the area of asylum policy and irregular migration control. We have critically analysed the agreements with Libya and Turkey. On a theoretical background, we have recognised a need to extend Gammeltoft-Hansen's concept of commercialising sovereignty. Therefore, we proposed a term of commercialisation of responsibility. Our proposal combines concepts of extraterritorialisation, harmful state practices and the associated consequences for human rights.Methodology. In our research we applied a qualitative methodology of social and political sciences. While maintaining a critical approach, we reviewed the narrative literature. In addition, we carried out an in-depth analysis of normative acts.Results. Extraterritorial practices have been an inherent part of EU migration policy for decades. This has been confirmed by the examples of agreements with Libya and Turkey. The deliberate political action and the commercialisation of responsibilities have shown that respecting human rights has become optional. In our view, the delegation of responsibility to third countries is not only a visible manifestation of Western hypocrisy, but also the collapse of the axiological foundations of the European Union.

The article presents the main signs of political, economic and social reforms in the era of Turgut Ozal - a head of economic activity, the Prime Minister and the President of the Republic of Turkey during the 1980s and 1990s. Political ozalism (domestic and foreign policy), economic ozalism, social ozalism. Turgut Ozal 's ideology is a synthesis of technological Westernization and cultural Turkism and Islamism. Many Turkish scholars call his ideology "Turkish-Islamic synthesis" (Atila Eralp et al., 1993). Following the principles of the new ideology, Turkey has embarked on the path of achieving a special position in the international arena that would allow it to participate in global processes. it should be emphasized that Ottoman and Islamic culture was one part of the political course of Ozalism. The second half was economic and political liberalism. Such ambivalence or dualism of views is linked to Turgut Ozal's belief that modernization can only be carried out through liberalization. The Prime Minister of the Republic used economic liberalism to achieve political pluralism. The article outlines the peculiarities of the "Turkish miracle," which occurred as a result of the measures taken to thoroughly revise domestic economic regulation and state intervention in the economy. The essence of them was a significant reorganization, weakening the legal and de facto monopoly of the state over the economy of the country.

The article analyzes the role of Austrian and Hungarian researchers of the 19th – 20th centuries in studying the history of the Ottoman Empire. It is noted that the earliest publications of the Ottoman documents were made in the first half of the 19th century. The orientalists J. von Hammer-Purgstall, A. Geway and A. Vambery made a significant contribution to the search for and use of archival documents during this period. In the first half of the 20th century, the Turkish scientists, with the active assistance of several European Orientalists, such as I. Karachon, P. Wittek and L.Fekete, began to reveal the contents of some Ottoman archives and systematize the documents. As a result of the activities of these researchers, a new stage was set in the study of the Ottoman history, diplomacy, and paleography, as well as in the development of archives administration in Turkey. The author concludes that the publication of the Ottoman documents, which contain valuable information about the socio-economic and political life of all the peoples of the Empire, contributed to the further scientific interest and analysis of the Ottoman documents. The studies conducted by the AustroHungarian scientists revealed that the archives of Turkey contain a large number of valuable materials that are important for studies in the history of the Turkish people and the peoples of the Arab countries, the Balkans, Iran, the Caucasus and all the countries that were under the Ottoman rule.

This study aims to analyse the political impact of sports mega-events through urban lenses. Sports mega-events often come along with drastic transformations in the built environment of the city where they are held. Contemporary urban impact of the sports mega-events, with the increased role rested by local and/or national governments on the private sector in the organization, is highly interconnected with the neoliberal measures of selling out the urban space, undertaken for hosting the event. In terms of the hosts, there is an increasing shift towards the countries where right-wing authoritarian parties are in power. I argue that the promises of these governments guaranteeing more swift urban transformations to meet the infrastructure requirements of hosting these events cause this shift and in turn, right-wing authoritarian governments use these events as platforms for disseminating their ideologies. This research aims to trace this trend, based on the example of İstanbul's failed bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the neoliberal urban policies in Turkey under the Justice and Development Party (AKP). By using the city master plan presented during the bidding process and the statements made by AKP officials, I aim to demonstrate how hosting international sports events in Turkey is undertaken as part of a neoliberal urban policy and how this is incorporated into a wider conservative-Islamist political project by the AKP.

Gıda güvenliği politikasının temel amacı, gıda endüstrisinde insan sağlığının yüksek düzeyde korunmasını sağlamaktır. Avrupa Birliği, gıda güvenliği ile ilgili Beyaz Kitap'ta belirtilen ilkeleri temel kabul etmekte ve gıda zincirinin tüm sektörlerini kapsayan tarladan sofraya entegre bir yaklaşım uygulamaktadır. Bugüne kadar, yeni AB gıda mevzuatı büyük ölçüde şekillendirilmiş ve üye devletlerle uyumlu hale getirilmiştir. Türkiye AB uyum sürecinde gıda politikalarını yeniden düzenlemiş ve gıda mevzuatı konusunda hızlı değişimler göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada, AB'nin ve Türkiye'nin gıda mevzuatı değişimleri, mevcut durumları ve AB ile Türkiye arasında uyum kapsamında gerçekleşen ilerlemeler hakkında bilgi sunulmaktadır. Çalışmada gıda güvenliğiyle ilgili mevzuatlar ve literatür yer almakadır. ; The main purpose of the food safety policy is to ensure a high level of protection of human health in the food industry. The European Union accepts the principles stated in the White Paper on food safety as the basis and implements an integrated approach from field to table covering all sectors of the food chain. To date, new EU food legislation has been largely shaped and harmonized with member states. Turkey has rearranged its food policies in the EU harmonization process and has shown rapid changes in food legislation. In this study, information about the EU's and Turkey's food legislation changes, current situations and the progress achieved in the scope of harmonization between the EU and Turkey is presented. Regulations and literature on food safety are included in the study.

While immigrant students, who live in Turkey, have their own values at home, they encounter Turkish culture and values at school and in their social life. This situation brings along certain tensions in identity formation processes. Citizenship education aims to prepare students for social life by providing them with the necessary knowledge and skills to grow up as democratic citizens. Therefore, citizenship education has an important function in the identity formation of children. Therefore, citizenship education has an important function in the identity formation of children. The aim of this research is to determine teachers' views about citizenship subjects regarding identity formation and citizenship awareness in the context of social studies literacy. Case study, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used in this study. Data was gathered via a semi-structured teacher interview form. The data of the research was obtained via Social Studies teachers that work in Secondary Schools in Hatay, Turkey, during 2019-2020 academic year. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were performed with 15 Social Studies teachers. Descriptive analysis technique was used to analyze the data obtained as a result of semi-structured interviews. The data obtained from the research was evaluated; the findings were defined and interpreted. Accordingly, it was concluded that citizenship issues have a unifying and integrating structure, both individually and socially, in identity formation and realizing citizenship awareness, and also influence the adoption of social rules and transforming them into behavior.

The article presents the main signs of political, economic and social reforms in the era of Turgut Ozal - a head of economic activity, the Prime Minister and the President of the Republic of Turkey during the 1980s and 1990s. Political ozalism (domestic and foreign policy), economic ozalism, social ozalism. Turgut Ozal 's ideology is a synthesis of technological Westernization and cultural Turkism and Islamism. Many Turkish scholars call his ideology "Turkish-Islamic synthesis" (Atila Eralp et al., 1993). Following the principles of the new ideology, Turkey has embarked on the path of achieving a special position in the international arena that would allow it to participate in global processes. it should be emphasized that Ottoman and Islamic culture was one part of the political course of Ozalism. The second half was economic and political liberalism. Such ambivalence or dualism of views is linked to Turgut Ozal's belief that modernization can only be carried out through liberalization. The Prime Minister of the Republic used economic liberalism to achieve political pluralism. The article outlines the peculiarities of the "Turkish miracle," which occurred as a result of the measures taken to thoroughly revise domestic economic regulation and state intervention in the economy. The essence of them was a significant reorganization, weakening the legal and de facto monopoly of the state over the economy of the country.

Alongside climate change, the introduction of non-native species (NNS) is widely recognized as one of the main threats to aquatic biodiversity and human wellbeing. Non-native species and biodiversity are generally low priority issues on the political agendas of many countries, particularly in European countries outside the European Union (EU). The objectives and tasks of this study were to address the policy regulation, education level, education practices, and socioeconomic perceptions of NNS in the Balkans. A questionnairebased survey was conducted in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Turkey (Balkan EU candidate and potential candidate members), in Croatia and Greece (Balkan EU Member States) and Italy (non-Balkan EU Member State). The EU Alien Regulation (1143/2014) concerning NNS is implemented in EU Member States and Montenegro, whereas Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey have not reported specific policy regulations for NNS. Permanent monitoring programmes specifically designed for NNS have not yet been established in the EU Member States. Most countries tackle the issue of NNS through educational activities as part of specific projects. Education level is indicative of the implementation of NNS policy regulation, and efforts are needed for the proper development of relative study programmes. Public awareness and educational preparedness concerning NNS in the Balkans were identified as poor. Strong programmes for management and education should be developed to increase public awareness to prevent further biodiversity losses in the Balkan region.

The purpose of this article is to highlight Turkey's projection as emergent, middle and peaceful power in its natural regional zone, Middle East and Central Asia, but also its increasing influence in the main issues of the global agenda. The research approaches Turkish foreign policy from a constructivist point of view considering that Turkey has gained influence in global issues since its relationships with Western powers changed. Therefore, Turkey claims a successful combination of democracy and Islam (even if this idea has inspired criticism), a political regime stabilization after decades of turmoil, and has joined United States and Europe's consensus about world order. ; El presente artículo evidencia cómo Turquía se ha consolidado, en los últimos años, como una potencia media, emergente y pacificadora con alcances en su región de influencia natural, Medio Oriente y Asia Central, además de desempeñar un papel más relevante en los principales temas de la agenda global. El estudio parte de una concepción constructivista de la política exterior turca, aludiendo a que su influencia regional y global aumentó considerablemente desde que cambió su patrón de relacionamiento con Occidente; y, en consecuencia, se convirtió en un referente, aunque controvertido, de compatibilidad entre islam y democracia, estabilizó su sistema político y se sumó a los consensos más relevantes de Europa y EE. UU. sobre valores clave en el orden mundial.

This paper aims to assess the extent to which repeated attacks against sovereign Hellenic air space by Turkey along with the inevitably
ensuing engagements between aircraft of the two sides follow a certain predetermined pattern of behaviour that can be detected
based on a given statistical model, and if so, to what extent this pattern is predictable in terms of its intensity and the frequency of
incidents. To this end, we use the Weibull statistical distribution as an appropriate tool for interpreting and quantifying the pattern of
aggressive Turkish behaviour and calculating probabilities of occurrences. Based on this choice, we then proceed with a forecast of this
behaviour in the near future. We provide specific mathematical formulae that can be readily used to calculate probabilities and forecast
air space violations and engagements. Our models, based on historical data, assume that both Hellenic air space violations and
engagement incidents will keep increasing but will inevitably reach a monthly maximum, constrained by the availability of property
and human resources on the Turkish side. The conclusions drawn point to the fact that Turkey will at some point in the near future
reach its capacity limits in terms of property and human resources used in such offensive exercises, and that there is very little that
can be done to enhance the margins of such activities given the room provided by the Turkish economy, which seem to be prohibitive.