Suchergebnisse

This report provides the first country profile of the Factbook on the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products project. The country profile focuses on the UK, where the illicit trade in tobacco products (hereinafter ITTP) has become an important concern since the 1990s. Although Government action since 2000 has successfully reduced the market share of illicit tobacco, the UK's illegal market is still above the average of other EU Member States

The aim of this chapter is to analyse how the UK actors cooperate with their Chinese counterparts at the regional and local level. Due to the United Kingdom's constitutional and administrative structure, consisting of the four nations (countries), i.e. England, Wales, Scotland (collectively known as the Great Britain) and Northern Ireland, and a highly developed (yet asymmetrical) model of decentralisation of executive and legislative powers (known as devolution) within those four nations, in the UK's case Sino-British local cooperation refers either to the nations themselves (e.g. Scotland), to various metropolitan projects in England (e.g. the Northern Powerhouse) or to individual cities. This chapter undertakes to answer the following questions: Do local authorities in the UK follow the central government's policy on China? What are the British local governments' main goals and areas of cooperation with their Chinese partners? What is the model of the UK's paradiplomacy? The chapter consists of two main parts. The first one is devoted to the central level: the description of the UK government's policy towards China, the state of play of UK-China relations, and the UK's perception of China, including China's "soft" presence in Britain (tourists, students, Confucius Institutes, etc.). The second part is focused on the local and regional level. It starts with an explanation of the legal framework of British local and regional level cooperation, then it sets forth the survey results, concluding with the presentation of two case studies: Liverpool – a city in England; and Scotland – one of the UK's nations and EU regions ; Publication financed by the National Science Centre, Poland. (Project number: 2015/19/B/HS5/02534 entitled "Rola regionów w polityce Unii Europejskiej wobec Chin/ The Role of Regions in the European Union Policy towards China")

多年来,平台经济及其社会影响一直是学术界和社会争论的焦点。本书聚焦平台工作者劳动条件和劳动权利的发展变化,重点关注平台经济这种新兴商业模式带来的劳动法律冲突以及主要市场经济国家法律体系面对挑战所采取的不同调整策略。 本书把平台经济对现有社会模式的冲击放在历次技术革命对劳动世界的影响背景下进行思考,同时对比了奥地利、比利时、法国、意大利、荷兰、罗马尼亚、西班牙、瑞士、英国和美国等国劳动法律规制的近期新动态。通过比较分析勾画出未来平台经济的劳动立法趋势。 For many years, the platform economy and its social impact have been the focus of debate in academia and society. This book focuses on the development and changes of platform workers' labor conditions and labor rights, focusing on the labor law conflicts brought about by the emerging business model of the platform economy and the different adjustment strategies adopted by the legal systems of major market economy countries to face challenges. This work puts the impact of the platform economy on the existing social model in the context of the impact of the previous technological revolutions on the world of work, and compares the approach of various legal systems, looking at latest developments in the country's labour laws and regulation. Through comparative analysis, it outlines the labour legislation trends of the future platform economy.

This Country Profile provides a brief overview of religious diversity and its governance in the above-named state. It is one of 23 such profiles produced by GREASE, an EU-funded research project investigating religious diversity, state-religion relations and religiously inspired radicalisation on four continents. More detailed assessments are available in our multi-part Country Reports and Country Cases. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 770640.

This Country Report offers a detailed assessment of religious diversity and violent religious radicalisation in the above-named state. It is part of a series covering 23 countries (listed below) on four continents. More basic information about religious affiliation and state-religion relations in these states is available in our Country Profiles series. This report was produced by GREASE, an EU-funded research project investigating religious diversity, secularism and religiously inspired radicalisation. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 770640.

Abstract: In the United States, state corporation law uniformly provides that only natural persons may serve as directors of corporations. Corporations, limited liability companies, and other entities otherwise recognized in the law as legal persons are prohibited from so serving. In contrast, the United Kingdom allowed legal entities to serve as directors of a company. In 2015, however, legislation came into force adopting a general prohibition of these so-called corporate directors, albeit while contemplating some exemptions. This article argues that there are legitimate reasons companies may wish to appoint corporate directors. It also argues that the transparency and accountability concerns that motivated the legislation are overstated. The requisite enhancement of transparency and accountability can be achieved without a sweeping ban. Accordingly, this article proposes that Parliament either repeal the ban or, at least, authorize liberal exemptions.

The article examines the concept of administrative justice and shows how this term does not lend itself to a singular definition, but it is generally associated with a more holistic approach to citizen redress against government in which judicial review is only one mechanism among many others. After identifying some of the primary mechanisms within the system of administrative justice (Consultation, Ombudsman, Tribunals) and showing how they interact with one another, the article outlines the main challenges that this system faces in an era of austerity. Indeed, the reduction of government spending on the mechanisms which facilitate administrative justice has the potential to hollow out the values that infuse administrative justice as a whole.

Doing business 2020 is the 17th in a series of annual studies investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 190 economies - from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe - and over time. Regulations affecting 12 areas of the life of a business are covered: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency, employing workers, and contracting with the government. The employing workers and contracting with the government indicator sets are not included in this year's ranking on the ease of doing business. Data in doing business 2020 are current as of May 1, 2019. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms of business regulation have worked, where, and why. This economy profile presents indicators for United Kingdom for 2020, United Kingdom ranks 8.

The progress in aeronautics in the United Kingdom from 1903 to the present-day has been traced. The advance in design could be traced partly to the steady improvement in techniques such as strength of materials, structural methods, aerodynamics and engine design, and partly to definite technical discontinuities such as the introduction of the unbraced monoplane and later of the jet turbine. The key to this progress has been the large investment made in science and technical research and the healthy integration between industrial enterprise and government planning.

UK households have been exposed to economic recession followed by a government programme of austerity, putting many under severe financial strain. Using UK longitudinal household data, we find that the feeling of not being able to cope financially matters for individual mental health and general health status even when controlling for individual heterogeneity and potential reverse causation. We develop a theoretical model which brings some of the rigour of lifetime economic decision-making models to bear on our understanding of the causes of financial strain. Our estimation results for this model highlight that shocks to how we view our financial situation are more important for subjective financial well-being than not having enough income or being liquidity constrained. Recent welfare and pension reforms intended to reduce budget deficits may have exacerbated financial strain and thus increased public healthcare costs. In the case of disability benefits reform, we find that the uncertainty generated by an opaque process of reassessment caused financial strain to increase even when households were not materially worse off.

It is a paradox that the United Kingdom, which on the one hand has recently joined the larger European Community, is on the other hand in some danger of breaking up into its constituent units. The Report of the Royal Commission on the Constitution (the Kilbrandon Report), and the recent government White Paper on proposals for devolution to Scotland and Wales, merit examination by anyone who is interested in British public affairs. ; peer-reviewed

The sociology of religion in the UK has been dominated for thirty years at least by the secularization debate. It continues to shape discussion because it is virtually unique in offering a fairly economical overview of development in religion and non-religion. No other 'master idea' commands nearly as much attention. The best non-technical evocation of the idea is Kenneth Minogue's (1992: 152) claim that 'Christianity in Britain (and in many place elsewhere) is a largely abandoned building given over the political squatters'. But this definitely does not mean that the idea is accepted uncritically. In fact, the critics seem to be more vociferous that the defenders, judging by the tone of contributions to Steve Bruce's (1992) recent collection entitled Religion and Modernization. Nevertheless, it is no exaggeration to claim that secularization theory has approached the status of a paradigm. My aim will be to ask how far this ruling paradigm can help us to understand the patterns of religious belief, sentiment and practice in the UK. Even when explicit agreement with ideas of secularization is relatively rare, the paradigm can still serve as a useful expedient. At worst, it serves the function of an Aunt Sally. At best, it identifies the kind of questions that we should be asking ourselves.Most of my remarks will concern the mainstream Christian churches, but it is essential to establish the growing significance of religious minorities in both the Christian and non-Christian spheres.

The present paper provides a framework of takeover defenses in the United Kingdom and analyzes the role of takeover defenses in the UK that has implemented the EU Takeover Directive in its jurisdiction. There is an analysis of UK hostile takeovers and takeover defenses regulation, along with the case law that formulated it. There is a presentation of takeover defenses involving frustrating actions, such as restructuring defenses, target repurchases, litigation, as well as defensive actions, including strategies such as the defense document strategy, lobbying, seeking alternative bids, profit forecasts. The analysis of takeover defenses in cases of hostile takeovers in the UK market aims to enhance the understanding of their application framework and to provide further insight on the way the structure of the economy influences takeover defenses and vice-versa. It, also, intends to provide feedback for the assessment of economic processes on potential restructuring and normalization in the UK as well as the EU, especially in the light of Brexit that will likely create extensive negotiations on future policy implementation both in the UK and EU. ; peer-reviewed

Devolution in the United Kingdom is deeply connected to United Kingdom membership of the European Union, which provides an external support system for the internal settlement. Exit from the European Union destabilizes the internal settlement and raises a series of major constitutional issues.

This country report is the first study of uranium governance in the United Kingdom. It explores the UK's approach to regulating natural uranium and provides a historical overview of uranium procurement and usage. The report documents British and Euratom nuclear legislation, regulation and implementation, including export/import and transportation regulations. This case study is part of the large 'Governing Uranium' project on uranium governance, led by DIIS, the Danish Institute for International Studies. The project identifies governance gaps in uranium accountability and control and provide policy recommendations for improving front-end transparency, security, and regulation.