Suchergebnisse

Rad se bavi analizom reakcija Ujedinjenih naroda na zločin terorizma u obliku inkriminacije terorizma u nizu konvencija prihvaćenih u krilu te organizacije, no još više u obliku moralnih, ali i pravnih sankcija sadržanih u političkim osudama neobvezujućih rezolucija Opće skupštine, posebice tijekom hladnog rata, kao i u obvezujućim sankcijskim rezolucijama Vijeća sigurnosti počevši od 90-ih godina prošlog stoljeća. Pritom rad upućuje na specifičan razvojni proces koji počinje sankcijama prema državama odgovornima za tzv. "državni terorizam", a u posljednjih 15-ak godina sankcije su se gotovo potpuno usmjerile prema terorističkim organizacijama kao nedržavnim akterima te su razvojem međunarodnoga kaznenog pravosuđa otvorile prostor i individualnoj međunarodnoj kaznenoj odgovornosti za taj zločin. ; This paper analyzes the United Nations' reactions to the international crime of terrorism. It focuses on counter-terrorism international conventions adopted within the UN, as well as on moral and political sanctions contained in non-binding resolutions of the General Assembly during the period of the so-called ˝Cold war˝. However, the main focus of this research is on the analysis of legally binding resolutions adopted by the Security Council starting from the 1990s. The analysis of the development of the Security Council's resolutions adopted under Chapter VII of the UN Charter indicates that these resolutions, initially addressed to states responsible for the so- called ˝state terrorism˝, gradually became directed exclusively towards terrorist organizations as non-state actors. In this context, the ˝ISIL (Da'esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions List˝ of the Security Council is being continuously expanded with names of individuals as well as of other non-state ˝entities and other groups˝ affected by these sanctions. Unfortunately, compared to the beginnig of 2015, when only 70 ˝entities and other groups˝ were listed, in March 2017 their number increased to over 360. These ˝entities and other groups˝, which originate from Tunisia, Mali, Albania, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, the Comoros, Pakistan, Indonesia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Arabian Peninsula, Libya, Sudan, Egypt, the Caucasus region, Uzbekistan, and even Bosnia and Herzegovina, differ in various ways. Some of the above mentioned ˝entities˝ aim at overthrowing the government of their country, just like ˝classical˝ insurgents as temporary subjects of international law. Other non-state actors' activities are directed towards establishing a new state (for example, Ansar Eddine, Mouvement national de libération de l'Azawad – MNLA in Mali, Sudan People's Liberation Movement – SPLM in South Sudan). International crimes committed by these organizations are not only the object of the resolutions of the Security Council, but they are also in the focus of interest of the International Criminal Court (the ICC). Although the international crime of terrorism is not covered by the jurisdiction of the ICC under the Rome Statute, certain international crimes committed by terrorists or under the auspices of terrorist organizations share some common features with crimes against humanity, which fall under the jurisdiction of the ICC. Thus, the ICC indirectly contributes to the sanctioning for the crime of terrorism. Further evolution of the international criminal justice, both through the jurisprudence of the ICC and other ad hoc international and ˝hybrid˝ courts, will most certainly contribute to the development of international criminal liability of individuals for the crime of terrorism.

U radu autor na temelju izvornog arhivskog gradiva, onodobne periodike i relevantne literature analizira događanja oko naftnih polja zapadnog Srijema (s posebnim naglaskom na onom u Đeletovcima), a u kontekstu provedbe triju mirovnih operacija Ujedinjenih naroda u Hrvatskoj (UNPROFOR, UNCRO i UNTAES). Imajući na umu presudnu stratešku važnost naftnih polja zapadnog Srijema, autor zaključuje da su mirovne snage, čak i unutar ograničenja tradicionalnih operacija za čuvanje mira (UNPROFOR i UNCRO), propustileaktivnim nastupom spriječiti krađu nafte, čime su ohrabrile krajinske Srbe u politici opstrukcije mirovnih operacija. Do aktivnije uloge mirovnih snaga je, iako u promijenjenim okolnostima, ipak došlo početkom operacije UNTAES, što je bio trenutak u kojem je zacrtan kasniji uspjeh mirne reintegracije hrvatskog Podunavlja. ; In this paper the author analyses occurrences connected with the oilfields of western Syrmia (with special emphasis on the oilfield in Đeletovci) based on archival material, the periodicals of the time and relevant literature in the context of the implementation of the three peacekeeping operations of the United Nations in Croatia (UNPROFOR, UNCRO and UNTAES). Bearing the decisive strategic importance of oilfields of western Syrmia in mind, the author has come to the conclusion that the peacekeeping forces, even within the limitations of traditional peacekeeping operations (UNPROFOR and UNCRO) failed to prevent oil theft by an active approach. By doing so they encouraged the Krajina Serbs in their policy of obstructing the peacekeeping operations. However, a more active role of the peacekeeping forces, albeit in altered circumstances, occurred at the beginning of the UNTAES operation, which was the moment when the later success of the peaceful reintegration of the Croatian Danube River Basin was set out.

The author describes the political situation & the relations among the victorious powers following WWII as well as their intention to create such an international organization for protecting peace & security, which would avoid the shortcomings of its predecessor, the League of Nations. Though this goal has been only partly achieved, the Organization of the United Nations has significantly contributed in preventing many political crises to escalate into wider conflicts. Adapted from the source document.

Izvršena je analiza reforme organizacije Ujedinjenih naroda, a posebice reforme Vijeća sigurnosti. Reforma Vijeća sigurnosti poistovjećuje se isključivo s njegovim proširenjem, pri čemu se ne razmatraju alternativne metode razvoja efikasnosti i funkcionalnosti. Analizama relevantnih rezolucija Ujedinjenih naroda, različitih interesnih skupina poput skupine G-4 te pokušajem shvaćanja procesa dosadašnjih promjena Povelje Ujedinjenih naroda postaje jasno kako nije potrebno samo jačanje transparentnosti i legitimnosti Vijeća sigurnosti njegovim proširenjem, nego je potrebna i dubinska reforma Ujedinjenih naroda koja uključuje redefiniranje uloge veta. Zaključak je ovoga rada kako ni jedna vrsta reforme nije moguća bez postojanja širokoga konsenzusa među državama članicama Ujedinjenih naroda koje bi oko toga ključnog pitanja tre-bale postupiti kao i 1963. godine, kad je u Općoj skupštini Ujedinjenih naroda izglasana najznačajnija rezolucija o potrebi reforme Vijeća sigurnosti. ; Author analyzes the reform of the United Nations, in particular the Security Council. The Security Council reform is identified exclusively with its expan-sion, without having taken into account alternative methods of development of efficiency and functionality. After analysis of relevant resolutions of the United Nations, of different interest groups, such as the G-4, and by grasping the processes of past changes of the United Nations Charter, it becomes obvio-us that it is not necessary only to strengthen the transparency and legitimacy the Security Council by its expansion, but that a deep reform of the United Nations, which includes redefinition of the role of the veto, is also necessary. The conclusion of this study is that no reform is possible without reaching a broad consensus among Member States of the United Nations, which should approach this crucial question in a similar way it was done in 1963, when General Assembly of the United Nations voted in favour of most important resolution about reform of the Security Council.

After the collapse of the bipolar world, multilateral initiatives & organizations entered a state of crisis, but at the same time, their importance increased. The author analyzes one form of multilateral involvement, the UN peacekeeping operations. In the last five years, their number has significantly increased, with the most important one in the territory of former Yugoslavia. Although many aspects of that operation are negative, in the future, they might prove useful for the reform of the concept of peacekeeping operations. The author particularly emphasizes the necessity for these peacekeeping operations to make a shift from the prevention of hostilities toward the imposition of peace, as well as the need to separate this aim from humanitarian activities, which should be assigned to specialized international organizations. The peacekeeping operations should evolve into a sort of multilateral interventionism that, while undoubtedly restricting individual states' sovereignty, strives to establish order. They could be supplemented with other means of pressure at the UN's disposal: sanctions, diplomatic isolation, or arms control. Adapted from the source document.

U radu se analizira djelovanje dviju temeljnih međunarodnih organizacija - Europske zajednice i Ujedinjenih naroda - uključenih u razdoblje Domovinskog rata, tj. razdoblje stvaranja samostalne hrvatske države (1991.-1995.). Djelovanje tih organizacija analizira se u dvostrukom smislu - u širem kontekstu te na primjeru konkretne regije (zapadna Slavonija). Rad predstavlja prvu znanstvenu analizu djelovanja Europske zajednice i Ujedinjenih naroda u Hrvatskoj 1991.-1995. (s posebnim naglaskom na provedbu koncepta mirovne operacije Ujedinjenih naroda). ; The paper analyzes the effects of two fundamental international organizations - the European Community and United Nations - involved in the war period, ie the creation of an independent Croatian state (1991.-1995.). Effect of the above organizations is analyzed in a double sense - in a broader context and the specific example of the region (Western Slavonia). The work represents the first scientific analysis action of the European Community and the United Nations in Croatia, 1991.-1995. (with special emphasis on the implementation of the concept of peacekeeping operations of the United Nations).

The article traces the development of the concept of UN peacekeeping missions from the late 1940s, when they were first applied, to the so-called second generation of peacekeeping missions, which is primarily linked with the 1990s. Designating the changes in carrying out peacekeeping missions as normative, quantitative and qualitative, the author also discusses shifts in the understanding of traditional principles of consent of the parties, impartiality of observers and non-use of force in most cases, which were observed by most peacekeeping missions in the Cold War period. The other focus of this article is the case study of the UNTAES peacekeeping mission carried out from January 15, 1996 to January 15, 1998 in Eastern Slavonia, Sirmium and Baranja, which is considered one of the very rare examples of successful application of the second generation of UN peacekeeping missions, but also of peacekeeping missions in general. Adapted from the source document.