Suchergebnisse

An increasing number of population in the cities has problems with food security, transportation and environmental protection. To misticate these problems, a new type of agriculture has been established: Urban Agriculture (UA). In this paper, we are introducing the concept of UA and provide basic information on the definition and forms of UA. The article aims to provide insight into the general concept of UA for sustainable city development. UA has a positive influence on social, environmental and economic life in the cities, which should encourage members of the government and private sector to utilize UA as an important part in city planning. However, there are reservations which should be taken into account, but by raising awareness we add to a better understanding of mechanisms in UA. ; Sve veći broj stanovništva u gradovima dovodi do problema s opskrbom hrane, prijevozom roba i usluga i zaštitom okoliša. Kako bi se ublažile posljedice i ponudila rješenja, uspostavljena je nova vrsta poljoprivrede: Gradska poljoprivreda (GP). U ovom radu uvodimo koncept GP i dajemo osnovne informacije o definiciji i oblicima GP. Cilj je članka dati uvid u opći koncept GP kao podlogu za održivi razvoj grada. GP ima pozitivan utjecaj na društveni, okolišni i ekonomski život u gradovima, što bi trebalo potaknuti predstavnike grada i privatnog sektora da GP koriste kao važan dio u planiranju razvoja grada. Međutim, postoje ograničenja koja bi trebalo uzeti u obzir, ali povećanjem svijesti i objavom publikacija doprinosimo boljem razumijevanju GP.

Gotovo pola stoljeća urbano planiranje u Hrvatskoj razvijalo se u okviru socijalističkoga režima. Ono je tijekom toga razdoblja uglavnom imalo ulogu rješavanja hitnih problema razvoja socijalističkoga režima vezanih za prostor i omogućavanja gospodarskoga rasta. Ovaj članak analizira urbano planiranje u Hrvatskoj između 1944. i 1991. godine kroz osam aspekata: opću zadaću planiranja u promatranoj etapi, zakonsku regulativu, odnos prema društvenom planiranju, političkoinstitucionalnu odgovornost, utjecaj urbanih planera na planersku praksu, provedbu planova, sudjelovanje javnosti i odnos prema okolišu. Analizirani su arhivski podatci i literatura o zakonodavstvu i praksi urbanoga, prostornoga i društvenoga planiranja u SR Hrvatskoj, uključujući planerske časopise Arhitekturu i Čovjek i prostor, kao i plansku legislativu iz socijalističkoga razdoblja. Definirano je pet razvojnih etapa kroz koje je urbano planiranje doživjelo decentralizaciju od federalne do razine općine (komune) te napredak glede sudjelovanja javnosti i razmatranja utjecaja na okoliš. Također je analiziran razvoj planskih alata nastalih tijekom socijalističkoga razdoblja, a koji su ostali u upotrebi do danas. ; For almost half of a century, urban planning in Croatia took place under the socialist regime. During that time, it mostly played a role in addressing the pressing space-related issues of the development of socialist society, and in facilitating economic growth. In this paper, we examine urban planning in Croatia between 1944 and 1991 from eight aspects: the general roles of planning; legislation; relationship to societal planning; political-institutional responsibility; urban planners and policy; plan execution; public participation; and environmental concerns. We analysed archival data and literature on urban, spatial and societal planning legislation and practices in the Socialist Republic of Croatia, including the planning journals Arhitektura and Čovjek i prostor, and planning legislation from the socialist period. We outlined the five evolutionary phases over which urban planning experienced decentralisation from the federal to the communal level, advancements in public participation, and the involvement of environmental considerations in the decision-making process. We also studied the evolution of planning tools, which originated in the socialist period but remains in use today.

U radu su istraženi organiziranje i djelovanje građevne službe u Križevcima te aktivnosti njezinih službenika od 1777. Do 1918. godine Djelovanje građevne službe u Križevcima ovisilo je o organizaciji građevne službe u Hrvatskoj. Podijeljeno je na pet razdoblja: od 1777. do 1848.; od 1848. do 1868.; od 1868. do 1876.; od 1876. do 1894. te od 1894. do 1918. godine. Da bi se stekao uvid u djelovanje križevačke građevne službe i njezinih službenika, najprije su ukratko opisane graditeljske prilike u Križevcima, kao i u njegovoj okolici te u Hrvatskoj, nakon čega je predočen popis službenika po godinama. U križevačkoj građevnoj službi ističu se dvojica stručnjaka koji su kasnije bili zaposleni u građevnoj službi u Hrvatskoj: Juraj pl. Augustin, koji je od 1876. do 1909. godine bio predstojnik Građevnog odsjeka pri Vladi te Franjo Horvat, koji je bio prvi potpredsjednik Udruženja jugoslavenskih inženjera i arhitekata. Budući da prvi podaci o građevnoj službi u Križevcima datiraju od 1777. godine, ona se smatra jednom od najstarijih u Hrvatskoj, a nakon Zagreba 1770. i Varaždina 1773. godine. ; This paper investigates the organisational structure and operations of the construction service in Križevci, as well as the activities of its employees from 1777 to 1918. The activities of the construction service in Križevci depended on the organisational structure of the construction service in Croatia. It is divided into five periods: from 1777 to 1848; from 1848 to 1868; from 1868 to 1876; from 1876 to 1894; and from 1894 to 1918. To gain insight into the operations of the construction service in Križevci and its employees, this paper, first of all, describes the construction circumstances in Križevci, as well as those in the surrounding areas and Croatia, followed by a list of employees over the years. Two experts stand out in the construction service in Križevci, both of whom were later employees of the Croatian construction service: Juraj Augustin, who was the head of the government's Construction Department from 1876 to 1909, and Franjo Horvat, who was the first vice-chairman of the Udruženje jugoslavenskih inženjera i arhitekata (Association of the Yugoslav Engineers and Architects). Since the first information on construction service in Križevci are dated at 1777, it is considered to be one of the oldest in Croatia, following the ones in Zagreb, dated at 1770, and Varaždin, dated at 1773.

U tekstu se prikazuju prvi poratni napori u očuvanju i restauriranju spomenika bombardiranog Senja te planovi za njegovo revitaliziranje. Stanje u Senju stavlja se u povijesnu perspektivu istraživanja započetih u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća, a prvih pet godina konzervatorskog djelovanja prikazuje se prema arhivskim vrelima u tekstu i slici. Uz već poznata imena hrvatskih konzervatora, u tekstu se donose podaci o ulozi Vuka Krajača u planiranju očuvanja i razvitka toga povijesnoga grada. ; The paper examines information from the history of research and preservation of both individual monuments and the urban image of Senj. While the focus of interest is on the years following the Second World War, the frst section of the text recalls the pre-war national tradition of town research. The author argues that, in depicting events in the wake of wartime devastation, an account could to be given either of continuity or of the setting up of new principles in conservation and urban planning. Thus the frst portion of the paper centres on researchers who, prior to the bombardments, had set up a kind of cult of monuments in Senj as a nationally relevant town. This was a tradition launched by Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski in his travelogues and topographic descriptions of the monuments and then picked up by local researchers Stjepan Sabljak, Mile Magdić and Pavao Tijan. From the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, this creation of the image of Senj as a heritage setting was equally the work of travel writers, painters and photographers. The nearly hundred-year-old tradition saw contributions from renowned scholars Gjuro Szabo and Artur Schneider, as well as photographers Ivan Standl, Ljudevit Griesbach and Josip Kratochwill. After the bombardments, Senj awoke to the end of the Second World War as one of the most devastated of Croatian towns. Following the initial reactions of Senj photographer Ivan Stella in 1943 and the first inspection by conservator Tihomil Stahuljak in 1945, life in the ravaged town continued in the new state. The official attitude to Senj also indicates problems in the setting up of a new conservation system in the People's Republic of Croatia. The town was relatively far away from both Zagreb and Rijeka, situated at the ends of the regional offices' jurisdictions. In the months after the war, the town was inspected by Zagreb conservators Ljubo Karaman, Anđela Horvat and Ana Deanović, and, once the Conservation Department in Rijeka was established, the task was taken up by Mladen and Branko Fučić, Aleksandar Perc and Iva Perčić. The paper reveals records from the archives of the Conservation Department in Zagreb, kept by the Croatian Ministry of Culture. In a chronological overview, information is presented from travel reports, studies and correspondence from the time of the Five-Year Plans, a period that was quite promising for Senj. These practical assessments and recommendations are examined in their social context, i.e. within the framework of political reforms by the new communist state. While the Zagreb and Rijeka conservators drafted basic documents such as the Protocol on the Protection of Heritage in the Town of Senj of 1947, insisting on the concepts of maximum preservation of the historical setting, the inability to set up a permanent conservator in the town opened the way for appointments of honorary conservators. Although only appointed in 1949, Vuk Krajač was recognized soon after the war as an important ally of conservation ofcials. He authored the Study on the Regulation of the Town and Port of Senj of February 1949, where he discussed the preservation of the character of the historical town setting (as seen by the influential Gjuro Szabo prior to the devastation) and its development into a socialist town: one wellconnected and with developed industry and tourism, growth of population, cultural activity, physical culture and trade. The article draws attention to how the ravaged historical setting of Senj was treated. Krajač, as a man with the confdence of Zagreb and Rijeka conservators, fought in his home town for procedures of reconstruction (Gulden Tower and Lipica Tower) and adaptation with stylistic restoration (transformations of Vukasović Palace into the City Museum, Ježić Palace into a theatre building and the Grand Magazines into state ofces and ofcials' residences), as well as for substitutional new architecture with commemorative features (project for the Uskok Mausoleum at the site of the demolished St. Francis' Church). He took the city walls with their towers, as depicted by Valvasor, as a model for the efforts to bring the town back to life.

Cilj istraživanja je prikaz cjelovitog i značajnog utjecaja urbanog vodnog sustava na okoliš, odnosno zaštitu okoliša u kontekstu povećanja korištenja obnovljivih izvora energije, te kako takvi izvori energije utječu na klimatske promjene općenito. U obnovljive izvore energije ubrajaju se: energija vjetra, energija vode, energija Sunca, energija vodika, geotermalna energija, energija biomase, energija plime i oseke, energija valova, energija hladnoće iz svemira i druge. Primjena načela održivog razvoja dovodi do potrebe za korištenjem obnovljivih izvora energije, usavršavanjem tehničkih karakteristika i funkcioniranja istih, te pronalaženjem novih metoda i tehnologija za konačno napuštanje korištenja neobnovljivih izvora energije. U tu svrhu nužno je voditi politiku koja je temeljena na strateškom planiranju i korištenju integriranog pristupa u upravljanju i gospodarenju urbanih vodnih sustava. ; The aim of the research is to present the overall and significant impact of the urban water system on the environment, i.e. environmental protection in the context of increasing the use of renewable energy sources, and how such energy sources affect climate change in general. Renewable energy sources include: wind energy, water energy, solar energy, hydrogen energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, tidal energy, wave energy, cold energy from space and others. The application of the principles of sustainable development leads to the need to use renewable energy sources, improve their technical characteristics and functioning, and find new methods and technologies to finally abandon the use of non-renewable energy sources. To this end, it is necessary to pursue a policy based on strategic planning and the use of an integrated approach in the operation and management of urban water systems.

This paper is a summary of a report section produced for LUCIDE (Languages in Urban Contexts: Integration and Diversity in Europe) project and network, funded by the EU Commission Lifelong learning programme 2011–2014, based on the collected primary and secondary data. This summary focuses on multilingualism in mainstream education. The full report addresses multilingualism in several other areas: public, economic, private sphere and urban spaces. It is available on: www.urbanlanguages.eu. Considering the size, population and complexity of London, our specific focus is on one local authority (out of an existing 33): the City of Westminster, geographically the heart of this metropolis. Westminster is in many ways representative of London language trends. It shows some of the most prominent features of multilingualism in London: an extraordinary linguistic variety with a wide distribution of languages, where no one language is dominant. The aim of this research is to gain insights into experiences of multilingual learners in London in regards to: education practice and relevant policies. Primary data was collected by a team of four researchers who consulted 82 professionals relevant to the identified spheres of practice. The methods used were interviews and questionnaires. The sampling was purposive in terms of relevant professions: education, social work, public services, police and finance and business sector professionals. The theoretical framework used to develop our approach is the typology of language use, which distinguishes: symbolic, pragmatic and authoritative language use. ; Ovaj je članak sažetak izvješća koje je napravljeno za LUCIDE (Languages in Urban Contexts: Integration and Diversity in Europe; Jezici u urbanim kontekstima: integracija i raznolikost u Europi) projekt i mrežu. Projekt je financiran iz Programa Europske unije za cjeloživotno učenje 2011.-2014., temeljem prikupljenih primarnih i sekundarnih podataka. Ovaj se sažetak fokusira na višejezičnost u osnovnoškolskom obrazovanju. Cjelovito izvješće govori o višejezičnosti u nekoliko ostalih područja: javnoj, gospodarskoj, privatnoj sferi te urbanim prostorima (dostupno na: www.urbanlanguages.eu) S obzirom na veličinu, stanovništvo i složenost Londona u radu je posebna pažnja usmjerena na lokalnu jedinicu (od postojeće 33): grad Westminster koji je zemljopisno srce ove metropole. Westminster je na mnogo načina predstavnik jezičnih trendova u Londonu. To pokazuje neke od najistaknutijih obilježja višejezičnosti Londona, kao što je izvanredna lingvistička raznolikost sa širokom rasprostranjenošću jezika, pri čemu niti jedan jezik nije dominantan. Cilj ovog istraživanja je stjecanje uvida u iskustva višejezičnih učenika u Londonu s obzirom na obrazovnu praksu i relevantne politike. Primarne podatke prikupio je tim od četiri istraživača koji su konzultirali 82 stručnjaka relevantna za identificirana područja prakse. Korištene su metode intervjuiranja i anketiranja. Uzorkovanje je svrhovito obuhvaćalo relevantne struke: obrazovanje, socijalni rad, javne službe, policiju i financije te stručnjake iz poslovnog sektora. Teorijski okvir za razvoj ovog pristupa je tipologija uporabe jezika koja razlikuje: simboličku, pragmatičnu i autoritativnu primjenu jezika.

Novi razvojni procesi u gradovima rezultiraju i potrebom za novim oblicima urbanog upravljanja. Tradicionalno (sektorsko) prostorno planiranje usmjereno na lokaciju, intenzitet, oblik i uravnoteženi razvoj, kojem nedostaje aspekt aktivnog poticanja i sinergije s drugim politikama, prepušta svoje mjesto strateškom prostornom planiranju. Strateško prostorno planiranje je proces velikog broja dionika koji kroz dugoročnu viziju, aktivnosti i sredstva za provedbu utemeljuju oblik i okvir transformacije strateški ključnih područja i usredotočuje se na odluke, aktivnosti, praćenje i vrednovanje rezultata. Strateški gradski projekti pri tome se nameću kao logičan alat koji nudi mogućnost integracije ekonomskih, društvenih i okolišnih dimenzija urbanističkog planiranja, programiranja i izgradnje te koji sveobuhvatnim usmjerenim aktivnostima obnove ili novom gradnjom nastoji utjecati na prostornu, funkcionalnu, socijalnu i morfološku strukturu grada. Cilj je ovog rada upozoriti na nepostojanje jedinstvene definicije pojma strateškoga gradskog projekta, uputiti na funkcionalne sličnosti i razlike u postojećim pojmovima: flagship projekt, megaprojekt, strateški projekt i strateški gradski (razvojni) projekt velikog mjerila kao najčešće korištene pojmove te prikazati njihove različite modele realizacije – modele urbane obnove/regeneracije i modela nove gradnje/regulacije. ; New urban development processes generate a need for new forms of urban management. Traditional (sectoral) spatial planning, oriented toward location, intensity, form, and balanced development and lacking an aspect of active encouragement and synergy with other policies, is losing ground to strategic spatial planning. Strategic spatial planning is a process involving a large number of stakeholders which establishes a format and framework for transformation of strategically key areas, based on a long-term vision, activities, and means for implementation; and focuses on decisions, activities, monitoring, and evaluation of results. Strategic city projects are a logical tool to enable integration of economic, social, and environmental aspects of urban planning, programming and construction, which strive to leave their mark on the spatial, functional, social, morphological, physical, and organisational structure of the city via comprehensive targeted activities of renewal or new construction. This paper aims to highlight the lack of a single definition of strategic city projects and to pinpoint functional similarities and differences among the existing terms, referring to them most frequently as flagship projects, megaprojects, strategic city projects, and large-scale strategic city (development) projects and to point to different models of their implementation—e.g. urban renewal/regeneration model and new construction/regulation model.

Rast gradskog stanovništva utječe na održivost i razvoj pametnih regija. Međunarodni standardi mogu pružiti dobre prakse u širokim područjima koja se odnose na ekološke, sigurnosne i društvene aspekte koji doprinose postizanju gospodarskog i održivog rasta, dobrobiti i sigurnosti okoliša. Cilj ove studije je istražiti postoji li povezanost između razine pametnih gradova u različitim regijama i broja certifikata koji bi mogli pokrenuti daljnji razvoj pametnih i održivih gradova. Analizirali smo standarde koji podržavaju razvoj održivih i pametnih gradova iz različitih zemalja i istražili njihov utjecaj na razinu pametnih i održivih gradova. Za mjerenje uspješnosti gradova koristili smo UN-ovu inicijativu za prosperitet grada (CPI) i njezinih šest dimenzija: produktivnost, razvoj infrastrukture, kvalitetu života, jednakost i društvenu uključenost, održivost okoliša i urbano upravljanje i zakonodavstvo. Za analiziranje utjecaja međunarodnih standarda na inicijativu pametnih regija i gradova proveli smo SEM analizu. Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju da postoji značajna razlika između razine pametnih gradova u različitim regijama i broja certifikata koji bi mogli pokrenuti daljnji razvoj pametnih i održivih gradova. Nadalje, potvrđen je pozitivan utjecaj međunarodnih standarda na razvoj pametnih regija i gradova. Vjerujemo da predstavljeni pristup može pružiti dodatni uvid u čimbenike koji utječu na razvoj pametnih regija i gradova i pokrenuti daljnja istraživanja o toj temi. ; The growth of city population has consequences on the sustainability and development of smart regions. International standards can provide good practices in wide areas related to environmental, security and social aspects that contribute to the achievement of economic and sustainable growth, well-being, and safe environment. The aim of this study is to explore if there is an association between the level of smart cities in different regions and the number of certificates that could initiate further development of smart and sustainable cities. We analysed standards that support the development of sustainable and smart cities from different countries and explored their influence on the level of smart and sustainable cities. To measure the performance of cities we used the UN-habitat City Prosperity Initiative (CPI) and its six dimensions: Productivity, Infrastructure Development, Quality of Life, Equity and Social Inclusion, Environmental Sustainability, and Urban Governance and Legislation. To analyse the influence of international standards on smart regions and cities initiative we conducted SEM analysis. The results of the research have proved that there is a significant difference between the level of smart cities in different regions and the number of certificates that could initiate further development of smart and sustainable cities. Additionally, a positive impact of international standards on the development of smart regions and cities is confirmed. We believe that the presented approach might provide additional insights into the factors which impact the development of smart regions and cities and initiate further studies on the topic.

Kvaliteta života je usko povezana s konceptom životnog standarda koji najčešće ovisi o konkurentnosti. Životni standard se odnosi na fizičke uvjete u kojima ljudi žive, dobra i usluge koje mogu trošiti i resurse kojima imaju pristup. Istraživanja su pokazala da je u Hrvatskoj od 2000. – do 2008. godine ostvaren rast životnog standarda te da je zabilježena relativno visoka vrijednost indikatora općeg i subjektivnog osjećaja sreće. Ono što vrijedi za nacionalnu razinu, vrijedi, mutatis mutandis, za sjeverozapadnu Hrvatsku jer ona posjeduje najveću regionalnu konkurentnost u Republici Hrvatskoj. Prijepori povezani s administrativnom podjelom zemlje na županije i na statističku podjelu zemlje na dvije regije – Kontinentalnu i Jadransku Hrvatsku – razriješeni su u novom Zakonu o regionalnom razvoju iz 2015. godine na način da ne dovode u pitanje županijsku organizacijsku strukturu. Također, spomenuta zakonska rješenja uvode velike urbane aglomeracije kao nove aktere regionalnog razvoja. Na taj način se povećava broj različitih tipova aktera regionalnog razvoja. Zbog olakšavanja praćenja učinaka regionalne politike razvoja preporuča se da se sjeverozapadna Hrvatska, u uvjetima postojeće europske statističke regionalizacije, promatra kao elastična pod-regija. ; Quality of life is the concept closely related to the concept of standard of living which is, in turn, related to the competitiveness. Standard of living usually relates to physical conditions of life, goods and services that can be consumed and resources that can be accessed. Research has shown that Croatia had a stable growth of standard of living in 2000 – 2008 periods. Also, relatively high general and subjective happiness has been documented. What is applicable to the national level can be, mutatis mutandis, applied to the northwest Croatia as it features the highest regional competitiveness. The controversy related to the administrative division of country by counties and statistical division of country into two regions – Continental and Adriatic Croatia – has been resolved in the new Law on Regional Development from 2015 which left the county division of country intact. However, the mentioned law established urban agglomerations as new actors of regional development. Thus, the new law created bigger number of different types of actors of regional development. In order to facilitate the monitoring of the effects of regional development it is suggested that, within the current statistical regionalization of country, northwest Croatia should be regarded as an elastic sub-region.

U radu se razmatra potencijalni doprinos socijalnih inovacija jačanju socijalne kohezije i ublažavanju učinaka krize. U politikama i programima financiranja Europske unije socijalne inovacije prepoznaju se kao važan doprinos jačanju socijalne kohezije, koja slabi uslijed krize i povećane socijalne ranjivosti. Istovremeno, pokazuje se da su socijalne inovacije u hrvatskom kontekstu i dalje slabo poznat koncept priređivačima politika, stručnjacima i široj javnosti. Nalazi i zaključci rada temelje se na empirijskom istraživanju provedenom u okviru međunarodnog FP7 projekta WILCO – Welfare Innovations at Local Levels in Favour of Cohesion, unutar kojeg su studirani izabrani gradovi (u Hrvatskoj su to bili Zagreb i Varaždin); obilježja njihovih socijalnih sustava te su analizirani identificirani primjeri socijalnih inovacija. Lokalni socijalni sustavi gradova u istraživanju tek djelomično odražavaju karakteristike nacionalnih socijalnih režima, a otvorenost i podrška lokalnih vlasti ključna je za razvoj i održivost socijalnih inovacija. Većina istraživanih inovacija je u području usluga, iako se inovacije prepoznaju i u inovativnim instrumentima regulacije i socijalnih prava, novim oblicima vladavine te novim modalitetima rada i financiranja organizacija te one mogu utjecati na postupne promjene samih lokalnih socijalnih sustava. U hrvatskom kontekstu razlikujemo tri tipa socijalnih inovacija: (1) inovacije koje nastaju u javnom sektoru, uz podršku stručnjaka izvan sektora, (2) inovacije koje dolaze iz inozemstva, kao rezultat inozemnih financijskih programa te (3) inovacije koje dolaze iz civilnog društva, temeljem samoorganizacije građana. Dok se u primjerima nekih zapadnoeuropskih gradova javni sektor sa svojim profesionalnim kapacitetima prepoznaje kao važan proizvođač socijalnih inovacija, u Hrvatskoj prijašnja iskustva te istraživanja provedena u projektu sugeriraju da većina socijalnih inovacija dolazi iz civilnog društva, pri čemu je razina kulturnog i socijalnog kapitala važan preduvjet razvoja i uspjeha inovacija. ; This paper discusses a potential contribution of social innovations to strengthening social cohesion and mitigating the effects of the crisis. In EU funding policies and programs, social innovations are recognized as an important contribution to strengthening of social cohesion, which has weakened due to the crisis and increasing social vulnerability. At the same time, it is shown that social innovations in the Croatian context are still a concept poorly understood by policy creators, experts, and the general public. The findings and conclusions of the paper are based on the empirical research conducted within the international FP7 project WILCO - Welfare Innovations at Local Levels in Favour of Cohesion, which studied the selected towns (in Croatia Zagreb and Varaždin) and characteristics of their social systems, and which analyzed identified examples of social innovations. Local social systems of cities included in the research reflected the characteristics of national welfare regimes only partially, and the openness and support of local authorities is crucial for the development and sustainability of social innovations. Most of the studied innovations were in the field of services, although innovations were also recognized in innovative instruments of regulation and social rights, the new forms of governance and new modes of work and funding of organizations, and they can have an impact on the gradual changes of the local social systems. In the Croatian context, three types of social innovations can be distinguished: (1) innovations occurring in the public sector, with the support of experts from outside the industry, (2) innovations that come from abroad, as a result of foreign financial programs, and (3) innovations coming from civil society, based on the self-organization of citizens. While in the examples of some Western European cities the public sector with its professional capacity is recognized as an important producer of social innovations, in Croatia, past experiences and the research conducted within the project suggest that most social innovations come from civil society, where the level of cultural and social capital is an important prerequisite for the development and success of innovations.

Brendiranje gradova, pod kojim većina autora smatra procese upravljanja identitetom i imidžom, predstavlja strateški odgovor na nove zahtjeve umrežena svijeta, ekonomske trendove, informacijske i socijalne potrebe stanovništva. Teorijske perspektive i primjeri iz prakse naglašavaju važnost "upravljanja" urbanim identitetima kroz konceptualne postavke brendiranja kako bi se povećala konkurentnost gradova u sljedećim sferama: turistička potražnja, optimalna iskoristivost resursa (ulaganja, privlačenje novih stanovnika…), revitalizacija urbanih prostora i jačanje identiteta grada. Uporabom tehnika i alata brendiranja stvaraju se preduvjeti za optimalnu iskoristivost konkurentskih prednosti nekoga grada u odnosu na ostale, pri čemu komunikacijske prakse gradskih sustava i podsustava predstavljaju infrastrukturalnu platformu za provedbu navedenoga procesa. Aktualni teorijski koncept koji je okrenut identitetskomu modelu temelji se na holističkome pristupu upravljanja brendom s naglaskom na povećano uključivanje mjesnoga stanovništva u stvaranje urbanih politika. Orijentiranost prema jačanju gradskoga identiteta inkluzivnim pristupom konceptualne postavke brendiranja uvodi u sferu suvremenoga gradskog menadžmenta temeljena na načelima dobroga upravljanja, naglašavajući pritom važnost dijaloških procesa između različitih interesnih skupina i nužnost širega razumijevanja kulture u smislu strateškoga alata za urbani razvoj. Stoga se rad bavi teorijskim aspektima, metodama i primjenom strateškoga upravljanja komunikacijom u procesu brendiranja gradova. Autor polazi od pretpostavke da u procesu razvijanja brenda, pored analize trenutnoga imidža vanjskih javnosti, ključnu ulogu ima komunikacijska kompetencija dionika u stvaranju mehanizama za dijaloške procese između interesnih javnosti unutar grada kako bi se postigao većinski konsenzus o uporištima živućega identiteta grada. Oslanjajući se na saznanja vodećih autora iz ovoga područja i analizu primjera iz prakse, u radu se predstavljaju osnovni koraci procesa izgradnje gradskoga brenda. ; City branding, vast majority of authors consider as the process of identity and image management, represents a strategic answer to new demands of the networked world, economic trends, information and social needs of the population. Theoretical perspectives and practical examples emphasize the significance of urban identities "management" through conceptual settings of branding in order to increase competitiveness of cities in the following spheres: touristic demand, optimal efficiency of resources (investments, attracting new inhabitants…), revitalization of urban spaces and strengthening of the city identity. Preconditions for optimal efficiency of competitive advantages of a certain city in relation to other are created by using branding techniques and tools, while communication practices of city systems and subsystems represent infrastructural platform for implementation of the mentioned process. Current theoretical concept related to identity model is based on the holistic approach to the brand management with the emphasis on increased involving of the local population in creating urban policies. Orientation towards strengthening city identity by inclusive approach to conceptual setting of branding introduces the contemporary city management sphere based on the principle of good management while emphasizing the significance of dialogue processes between different interest groups and necessity of wider understanding of culture within the meaning of strategic tool for urban development. Therefore the paper deals with theoretical aspects, methods and implementation of strategic management of communication in the process of city branding. Author begins with the hypothesis that in the process of brand development, besides the analysis of the current public image, communication competence of stakeholders has the key role in creating mechanisms for dialogue processes between interest public groups within the city in order to achieve greater consensus on the strongholds of the living city identity. Relying on the findings of leading authors from this area and analysis of the practical examples, the paper presents basic steps in the process of creating city brand.