Suchergebnisse

La qualità della mobilità è un tema centrale per lo sviluppo urbano. In primo luogo, la capacità di soddisfare la domanda di mobilità è un parametro essenziale per la competitività nell'organizzazione del lavoro. In secondo luogo, l'innovazione portata dall'uso di app e social media può determinare l'attrattività dei centri urbani e ottimizzare le scelte di mobilità con riferimento alle preferenze individuali. Combinando questi obiettivi, diverse "comunità di pratiche" stanno proponendo innovative soluzioni per rispondere alle nuove esigenze del movimento. Si tratta di pratiche che fuoriescono dai percorsi istituzionalizzati e dai grandi investimenti (tipici del comparto tecnologico), favorendo e valorizzando le capacità locali che le città possiedono: intercettando flussi di informazioni e relazioni dalla "comunità di users", sperimentando nuove formule di condivisione, interazione e comunicazione tra gli individui, generando nuove organizzazioni e funzioni spaziali. L'obiettivo della trattazione mira ad una riflessione sul ruolo che le istituzioni possono svolgere per garantire lo sviluppo di competenze e politiche territoriali orientate ad un approccio behavioural alla mobilità urbana. ; Mobility plays a central role in the socio - economic dynamics of cities. The innovation recently brought into the market for mobility by apps and social media impacts upon the economic appeal of cities and benefits both the demand and the supply side s of the market. Several 'practice - based communities' now offer innovative solutions producing such effects. Their initiatives do not move through the traditional channels of policy and big investment, although they still contribute towards market efficien cy and appreciate the human capital of urban realities. They do so by collecting and conveying useful information to the whole community of users, by proposing new ways of sharing and using resources, and by favouring the equilibrium conditions in the mark et. This paper discusses practice - based communities and suggests what policymakers could (or should) do to promote similar initiatives.

Le grandi città globali non sono più gli unici contesti per la competizione territoriale: l'Italia è un importante esempio di un nuovo sistema di piccole e medie città, una sorta di arcipelago di spazi tenuti insieme da identità locali, animato dalle comunità, ma frenati da geografie impervie. L'articolo definisce come un territorio può applicare protocolli e azioni innovativi per la sfida dell'Italia interna. Questa "Inner Italy" può essere una piattaforma per l'innovazione locale, lo sviluppo sostenibile, la resilienza ecologica e sociale e la coesione territoriale, come mostrato nella letteratura internazionale, in riferimento sia al Territorio-Arcipelago (Carta, 2016), sia ai contesti urbani (Schröder et al., 2016). Il Belìce, in Sicilia, è l'esempio di questa nuova visione spaziale e relazionale come è evidente in uno dei suoi nodi urbani più celebri: Gibellina.

Entrepreneur, urban planner, politician, editor, the Italian intellectual Adriano Olivetti (1901-1960) proposed a novel reading view of modernity and demonstrated that an alternative way, one that was complex and disinterested in the common good, was possible. Relying on previously unexploited research drawn from Olivetti's library and various archives, this intellectual biography reconstructs the life of Adriano Olivetti looking through the lens of the specifics of his territory and his family, the scientific management, urban planning, anti-fascism, entrepreneurial activity and politics, thereby providing a global and historically-based interpretation of the man and his thought. Adriano Olivetti was born in Ivrea, in the Canavese. Situated between Aosta and Turin, this small rural town had little industry when, in the early twentieth century, his father Camillo Olivetti founded a typewriters' factory. Camillo was a socialist of Jewish origin, whose wife was Waldensian, and his son was educated in religious freedom and would become a Catholic. As an engineering student, Adriano Olivetti supported the principles of autonomy and of federalist socialism, before focusing on scientific management which he had observed in the USA. In the early '30s he became the director of the company, where he inaugurated the scientific management of mass production. He subsequently noticed that the modernization of industry, conceived as the only means to generalize the well-being, generated serious social and urban problems. As a result, as the company grew larger and conquered foreign markets, he coordinated an urban plan of the Val d'Aosta. An antifascist, he contributed to the fall of Mussolini by working with the Allies. While exiled in Switzerland, he developed a plan for the reform of Italian institutions which would set the territories at the center of politics, the "Communities" that would allow the citizens to participate more directly in the management of politics, economics, urban and social development. When in 1945 ...

Entrepreneur, urban planner, politician, editor, the Italian intellectual Adriano Olivetti (1901-1960) proposed a novel reading view of modernity and demonstrated that an alternative way, one that was complex and disinterested in the common good, was possible. Relying on previously unexploited research drawn from Olivetti's library and various archives, this intellectual biography reconstructs the life of Adriano Olivetti looking through the lens of the specifics of his territory and his family, the scientific management, urban planning, anti-fascism, entrepreneurial activity and politics, thereby providing a global and historically-based interpretation of the man and his thought. Adriano Olivetti was born in Ivrea, in the Canavese. Situated between Aosta and Turin, this small rural town had little industry when, in the early twentieth century, his father Camillo Olivetti founded a typewriters' factory. Camillo was a socialist of Jewish origin, whose wife was Waldensian, and his son was educated in religious freedom and would become a Catholic. As an engineering student, Adriano Olivetti supported the principles of autonomy and of federalist socialism, before focusing on scientific management which he had observed in the USA. In the early '30s he became the director of the company, where he inaugurated the scientific management of mass production. He subsequently noticed that the modernization of industry, conceived as the only means to generalize the well-being, generated serious social and urban problems. As a result, as the company grew larger and conquered foreign markets, he coordinated an urban plan of the Val d'Aosta. An antifascist, he contributed to the fall of Mussolini by working with the Allies. While exiled in Switzerland, he developed a plan for the reform of Italian institutions which would set the territories at the center of politics, the "Communities" that would allow the citizens to participate more directly in the management of politics, economics, urban and social development. When in 1945 ...

Entrepreneur, urban planner, politician, editor, the Italian intellectual Adriano Olivetti (1901-1960) proposed a novel reading view of modernity and demonstrated that an alternative way, one that was complex and disinterested in the common good, was possible. Relying on previously unexploited research drawn from Olivetti's library and various archives, this intellectual biography reconstructs the life of Adriano Olivetti looking through the lens of the specifics of his territory and his family, the scientific management, urban planning, anti-fascism, entrepreneurial activity and politics, thereby providing a global and historically-based interpretation of the man and his thought. Adriano Olivetti was born in Ivrea, in the Canavese. Situated between Aosta and Turin, this small rural town had little industry when, in the early twentieth century, his father Camillo Olivetti founded a typewriters' factory. Camillo was a socialist of Jewish origin, whose wife was Waldensian, and his son was educated in religious freedom and would become a Catholic. As an engineering student, Adriano Olivetti supported the principles of autonomy and of federalist socialism, before focusing on scientific management which he had observed in the USA. In the early '30s he became the director of the company, where he inaugurated the scientific management of mass production. He subsequently noticed that the modernization of industry, conceived as the only means to generalize the well-being, generated serious social and urban problems. As a result, as the company grew larger and conquered foreign markets, he coordinated an urban plan of the Val d'Aosta. An antifascist, he contributed to the fall of Mussolini by working with the Allies. While exiled in Switzerland, he developed a plan for the reform of Italian institutions which would set the territories at the center of politics, the "Communities" that would allow the citizens to participate more directly in the management of politics, economics, urban and social development. When in 1945 ...

The aim of this thesis is contributing to the debate about the organization of economic activities across space and its impacts both on economic competitiveness and on environmental sustainability. The first chapter states the most important aspects of spatial structure, which are polycentric development and urban dispersion, and highlights the relevance of spatial economic organization for public policies, in particular with reference to the spatial policies addressed by the European Union. In order to assess the effects of spatial structure, the second chapter tackles the issue of the analytical definition and measurement of polycentricity and dispersion. By surveying the most relevant literature in urban and regional economics, and geography and spatial planning, the chapter illustrates the main analytical dimensions and the empirical methods for the measurement of spatial structure at regional level, providing an empirical illustration on Italian regions. The third chapter analyses the relationships between spatial structure and economic competitiveness in Italian NUTS-3 regions. It presents the theoretical framework, grounded on agglomeration economies literature, and check whether agglomeration economies may depend on spatial organization of economic activities across Italian regions. In the empirical analysis labour productivity is taken as a proxy for economic competitiveness and both of polycentricity and urban dispersion seems to have negative impacts. The fourth chapter analyses the links between spatial structure and environmental pressure. The latter have been measured by gas emissions generated by private road transport and house heating. After the literature review, the chapter shows, through regression analysis of NUTS-3 regions, that spatial structure influences CO2 emissions from transport and PM10 emissions from house heating, with no evidence that polycentricity helps in reducing emissions. The thesis concludes discussing the main results from the empirical part of the work and sketch further steps in the analysis of spatial structure and economic development.

L'elaborato, dedicato agli strumenti di prevenzione e repressione della violenza in occasione di manifestazioni sportive, si propone di tracciare un quadro tendenzialmente completo del sistema che l'ordinamento italiano ha predisposto nel corso degli anni per contrastare il peculiare fenomeno della violenza negli stadi. La tesi, dopo una breve precisazione dell'ambito della ricerca, operata tramite la distinzione del concetto della violenza negli stadi (o teppismo calcistico) dalla violenza sportiva, si occupa inizialmente di fornire una ricostruzione storica del fenomeno in oggetto, per poi passare ad un esame di esso in chiave socio-criminologica, prendendo in considerazione sia l'elaborazione scientifica prodotta all'estero (in special modo nel Regno Unito, ma anche in altri Paesi europei), sia gli studi compiuti in Italia, che hanno evidenziato alcune caratteristiche del fenomeno tipiche del nostro Paese. L'elaborato, nella sua prima parte, prima di occuparsi degli aspetti prettamente penalistici (e processualpenalistici) della materia, tenta di offrire, in un'ottica interdisciplinare, una chiave di lettura al fenomeno, utile per individuare successivamente la proporzionalità e la ragionevolezza della risposta che l'ordinamento italiano offre. Successivamente, la tesi prende in considerazione le fonti sovranazionali – in particolare a livello europeo – che sono state emanate allo scopo di dare risposte comuni e armoniche ad un fenomeno non limitato dai confini delle singole nazioni. La strage dell'Heysel del 1985 rappresenta il tragico evento che ha per la prima volta posto all'attenzione sia della Comunità europea sia del Consiglio d'Europa i gravi pericoli che il teppismo calcistico può generare, specialmente in correlazione a grandi eventi; a partire da quel momento si è quindi assistito alla progressiva introduzione di un corpo normativo sovranazionale volto ad uniformare le legislazioni e le prassi dei Paesi europei maggiormente interessati dal fenomeno. Il riferimento a tali fonti è utile, nell'economia dell'elaborato, per verificare se le misure adottate dall'Italia siano effettivamente adeguate agli standard elaborati dall'Unione europea e dal Consiglio d'Europa. La tesi procede poi a descrivere, in modo analitico, la turbolenta evoluzione normativa che ha caratterizzato la legislazione nazionale di contrasto alla violenza in occasione di manifestazioni sportive, evidenziando sia il poderoso sviluppo della prevenzione personale in questo settore, sia l'introduzione di una serie di incriminazioni e disposizioni processuali "differenziate", finalizzate a completare la risposta repressiva al fenomeno; nel descrivere l'evoluzione normativa, sono state sottolineate le criticità che di volta in volta si sono proposte: in particolare, sono state analizzate le varie posizioni dottrinali sviluppatesi nel corso del tempo e sono stati evidenziati i tentativi compiuti dalla giurisprudenza (anche costituzionale) di offrire un'interpretazione della legislazione antiviolenza quanto più coerente e rispettosa dei diritti dell'individuo. L'ultimo capitolo, maggiormente concentrato sulle misure di prevenzione – sia atipiche (come il DASPO), che tipiche – rivolte ai soggetti a pericolosità sportiva, mira infine a far emergere le problematiche specifiche che si sono proposte con riguardo al sistema preventivo della violenza negli stadi, analizzando in particolare le caratteristiche e le criticità della categoria del "pericoloso sportivo", senza tralasciare alcuni dovuti accenni alle più ampie problematiche relative alla pericolosità per la sicurezza pubblica e, ancor più in generale, alla stessa legittimazione e compatibilità con il sistema costituzionale delle misure di prevenzione presenti nell'ordinamento italiano. Nella conclusione della tesi, sono presenti alcune riflessioni in merito all'inquadramento del sistema preventivo-repressivo di contrasto alla violenza dei tifosi all'interno del discusso paradigma del diritto penale del nemico, nonché alcune osservazioni in merito all'esportazione all'interno della realtà urbana (tramite il c.d. DASPO urbano) del modello efficacemente sperimentato nei confronti dei tifosi; vengono infine avanzate alcune proposte di miglioramento dell'attuale legislazione, in primo luogo, per rendere le misure vigenti più rispettose dei diritti dei soggetti che ne sono destinatari e, in secondo luogo, per introdurre un intervento su più livelli, che non trascuri gli aspetti sociali e culturali del fenomeno, e che non sia più sbilanciato sulla repressione e sulla prevenzione di polizia, con l'auspicio che il futuro legislatore non intervenga, ancora una volta, sotto la spinta dell'emergenza. ; The present thesis, dedicated to prevention and repression measures of violence at sporting events, aims to outline a generally complete picture of the system that the Italian legal system has prepared over the years to counter the peculiar phenomenon of fan violence during sporting events (football matches, in particular). The thesis, after a brief clarification of the scope of the research, made through the distinction of the concept of fan violence (or football hooliganism) from sporting violence, is initially concerned with providing a historical reconstruction of the phenomenon, and then moving on to an examination of it in a socio-criminological key, taking into consideration both the scientific elaboration produced abroad (especially in the United Kingdom, but also in other European countries), and the studies carried out in Italy, which have highlighted some characteristics of the typical phenomenon of our country. The paper, in its first part, before dealing with the purely criminal (and procedural criminal) aspects of the matter, attempts to offer, from an interdisciplinary perspective, a key to understanding the phenomenon, useful for subsequently identifying the proportionality and reasonableness of the answer that the Italian legal system offers. Subsequently, the thesis takes into consideration the supranational sources – especially at European level – that have been issued in order to give common and harmonious answers to a phenomenon not limited by the borders of the individual nations. The 1985 Heysel massacre represents the tragic event that for the first time brought to the attention of both the European Community and the Council of Europe the serious dangers that football hooliganism can generate, especially in connection with major events; from that moment on, there has therefore been the gradual introduction of a supranational regulatory body aimed at standardizing the laws and practices of the European countries most affected by the phenomenon. The reference to these sources is useful, in the economics of the report, to verify whether the measures adopted by Italy are actually adequate to the standards developed by the European Union and the Council of Europe. The thesis then proceeds to describe, in an analytical way, the turbulent regulatory evolution that has characterized the national legislation to fight violence at sporting events, highlighting both the powerful development of personal prevention in this sector, and the introduction of a series of "differentiated" indictments and procedural provisions, aimed at completing the repressive response to the phenomenon; in describing the regulatory evolution, the critical issues that were proposed from time to time were highlighted: in particular, the various doctrinal positions developed over time were analyzed and the attempts made by jurisprudence (including constitutional) to offer an interpretation of anti-violence legislation that is as coherent and respectful of the rights of the individual as possible. The last chapter, more focused on prevention measures - both atypical (such as DASPO) and typical - aimed at people with sporting dangers, finally aims to bring out the specific problems that have arisen with regard to the preventive system of violence in stadiums, analyzing in particular the characteristics and criticalities of the "dangerous fan" category, without neglecting some due hints to the broader problems relating to the danger to public safety and, even more generally, to the legitimacy and compatibility with the constitutional system of the prevention measures present in the Italian legal system. In the conclusion of the thesis, there are some reflections on the framing of the preventive-repressive system to combat fan violence within the controversial paradigm of the criminal law of the enemy, as well as some observations on exporting within urban context (through the so-called urban DASPO) of the model effectively tested in relation to fans; Finally, some proposals for improvement of the current legislation are made, firstly, to make the existing measures more respectful of the rights of the individuals that are addressed to them and, secondly, to introduce an intervention on several levels, which does not neglect the cultural and social aspects of the phenomenon, and that it is no longer unbalanced on police repression and prevention, with the hope that the future legislator does not intervene, once again, under the pressure of the emergency.