To understand the depth of transformations in all spheres of society generated by migration, new terminology is needed. The notion of "postmigrant societies" implies that the distinction between local and migrant population loses its relevance in certain social spheres. According to the familiar epistemological framework, societies are presented as consisting of "local population" on the one hand, and "migrant population" on the other. This understanding, however, is becoming obsolete. First, it does not reflect the fact that the phenomenon of spatial mobility is embedded in the social structure. A significant part of the so-called local population is itself included in migration processes. People who are considered to be part of the "autochthonous population" are in fact migrants themselves due to different circumstances (contract work, long-term stay in another country due to studies, involvement in joint business projects, participation in international scientific teams, availability of real estate abroad, etc.). At the same time, those people who are regarded as "migrants" by common sense can be well integrated into the social institutions of their new homeland. Second, the traditional epistemological framework does not reflect contemporary demographic trends. It is unable to capture two points: (a) population rotation within the framework of circular/pendulum migration; (b) qualitative change in the urban population of industrialized countries.
Проблемы такого объекта управления, как город, не ограничиваются лишь вопросами местного самоуправления, а находятся на пересечении интересов разных уровней публичной власти. После проведения муниципальной реформы 2003 г. система управления российскими городами продолжала корректироваться. В статье проведена оценка воздействия внешнеэкономических шоков и таких масштабных федеральных инициатив, как майские указы 2012 г., на бюджетную автономию российских городов в условиях действия Федерального закона 131-ФЗ «Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации». Выдвинута исследовательская гипотеза, что в период 2006–2019 гг. произошел переход к многоуровневому управлению российскими городами, при котором границы бюджетной автономии городов сжались. Для проверки гипотез были проанализированы бюджеты 35 крупнейших городских округов России. Был использован кластерный анализ, позволивший распределить города по группам с разным уровнем экономического развития и бюджетной обеспеченности. Основной результат исследования заключается в том, что с 2006 по 2019 г. города стали не только финансово зависимы от регионов, но и изменили предпочтения относительно основных направлений расходов. Кризис 2014 г. способствовал ускорению процессов централизации управления и снижению уровня бюджетной автономии муниципалитетов, так как достижение показателей майских указов президента стало главным приоритетом для публичной власти. Во всех без исключения исследуемых городах собственные доходы бюджетов сократились, при этом увеличилась роль подоходного налога. ; Throughout the period after the municipal reform in 2003, the governing of Russian cities has been changing. A city as an object of governance is located at the intersection of interests of different levels of public authorities and is not limited only to local authorities This article investigates how budget autonomy of Russian cities has been changing for the last 16 years, and how exogenous economic shocks and large-scale federal initiatives such as the "May Decrees" have influenced the budget autonomy of Russian cities. The paper considers a hypothesis that there was a transition to multi-level governance of Russian cities in 2006–2019, which led to significant reduction of the budget autonomy. Budgets of the 35 largest cities of Russia (except for city-regions like Moscow and Saint Petersburg) were collected and analyzed in terms of their revenue and expenditure sections to test the proposed hypothesis. The relationship between the economic level of development and budget sufficiency was investigated with cluster analysis. The main result of this research is that Russian cities have become dependent on the financial grants from regional governments since there is no national policy of stimulating the economic development of cities. The national economic crisis of 2014 accelerated the process of governance centralization. In addition, the budget autonomy of municipalities was reduced due to the fact that achieving indicators of the May Decrees had become the primary objective for the public authorities. The share of the income tax in local budgets increased significantly although the share and diversity of other income sources decreased.
The article examines the interests and concerns of various groups of stakeholders in the urban planning design market influencing the choice of a contractor. The selected market is characterized by a significant decision magnitude, usually involves many groups of stakeholders, and often determines the long-term development of cities. The aim of the article is to identify the interests of key stakeholders in urban planning design market, factors that are significant for the selected groups of stakeholders when choosing a contractor, and to provide recommendations for promotional strategy for the considered groups of customers. The theoretical review identifies more than 150 factors that influence the choice of a contractor on b2b market, they are further divided according to the underlying principles of choosing a partner from decision-maker's viewpoint. Based on the interviews conducted, we determine the main groups of stakeholders who influence or are influenced by the urban planning design decisions. The field study revealed significant differences in preferences among various groups of stakeholders of project organizations: developers, authorities, other project bureaus, real estate owners, management companies. The preferences also differ based on the size of the company. As a result, we have developed recommendations for dealing with different groups of stakeholders based on the identified preferences, decision-makers, as well as possible directions of a company's differentiation. The structure of the article consists of the theoretical overview of previously conducted research of factors influencing the contractor choice in the industrial markets and finding ways to harmonize the interests of different stakeholders, after that the field research has been done of experts and decision-makers of choosing a proper partner in the planning design market. Finally, the authors offer recommendations that can focus the marketing strategy of project design companies in the urban planning industry. The article would be of interest not only for companies in the urban planning design market but also for all companies in the industrial market that face the contradictory interests of various groups of stakeholders.
On the basis of the identified critical insufficiency of a widespread extrapolation approach to the development strategy of the Russian city we synthesize a stepwise process of long-term economic development of the city through changing technological bases, represented as a chain of successive steps of the main strategic decision makers. The resulting trajectory of economic development of the city is presented in the form of regular replacement of long-term waves of radical innovations through restructuring crises. The proposed integrated strategic approach, synthesizing macro- and microeconomic evolutional approaches deriving from the fields of business, finance, management, strategy, municipal and state regulation can help all the participants of the transition process to innovative path of development, which adds to the leading role of a city in the context of globalization.
In the current economic situation, both in the Russian Federation and in the developed countries of the world, the education system is increasingly becoming a factor in successful economic and spatial development.
Изучение современного города как сложной системы предполагает междисциплинарный подход. Вследствие этого городское пространство стало объектом интереса для разных наук: экономики, социологии, педагогики, политологии, культурологии, антропологии, филологии и многих других. Городская тематика вызвала научный интерес у широкого круга специалистов. Ответом на эту тенденцию стало появление учебных программ о городе, городском пространстве и методических рекомендаций для будущих историков, философов, социологов, культурологов, экономистов, управленцев. В статье проанализированы программы спецкурсов и методические рекомендации по философии города, социологии города, городской антропологии, экономики города, урбанистике для студентов гуманитарных специальностей в российских вузах. Анализ программ базировался на трех образовательных задачах, выделенных в соответствии с современным общественным запросомк городским исследованиям: 1) развитие способностей студентов к конструктивному междисциплинарному диалогу с другими специалистами по вопросам модернизации и исследования городской среды; 2) формирование умения студентов анализировать сложные городские процессы с точки зрения философии, культурологии, социологии, экономики, управленческих технологий и других наук; 3) формирование у студентов понимания, как в рамках своих узкопрофессиональных умений они могут влиять на развитие города, городских пространств. Были изучены образовательные программы о городе и методические рекомендации, разработанные для студентов-гуманитариев в высших учебных заведениях России. Отмечено, что дисциплины о городе для студентов гуманитарных специальностей имеют много пересечений в списке литературы, что впоследствии может дать возможность студентам разных направлений подготовки выстраивать конструктивный диалог по поводу городского пространства. ; The study of a modern city as a complex system presupposes an interdisciplinary approach. As a result, the urban space became an object of interest for different sciences: economics, sociology, political science, cultural studies, anthropology, philology and many others. City has become the object of scientific interest for a wide range of specialists. The response to this trend was the emergence of special disciplines programs about the city and methodological recommendations for future historians, philosophers, sociologists, economists, and managers. In the article programs of special courses and methodical recommendations on city philosophy, city sociology, city anthropology, city economy, urban studies for students of humanitarian specialties in Russian universities are analyzed. The analysis of the programs was based on three educational tasks, singled out in accordance with the modern public demand for urban research: 1) development of students' abilities to constructive interdisciplinary dialogue with other specialists in the field of modernization and research of the urban environment; 2) formation of students' ability to analyze complex urban processes from the point of view of philosophy, cultural studies, sociology, economics, management technologies and other sciences; 3) the formation of students' understanding of how within their narrow professional skills they can influence the development of the city, urban spaces. It was analyzed about ten educational programs about the city and methodological recommendations developed for students of humanities in higher educational institutions of Russia. It is noted that disciplines about the city for students of humanitarian specialties have many intersections in the list of literature, which can subsequently enable students of different areas of training to construct a constructive dialogue about the urban space.The article gives recommendations on teaching and supplementing these educational programs, namely: the emphasis of students' attention on the interdisciplinary approach to studying the city; familiarity with methods of analyzing the city from related scientific disciplines; the inclusion of «microurbanism» in the programs; enrichment of educational programs with practical tasks oriented to applying theoretical knowledge in the territory where the discipline is taught.
The paper presents a detailed analysis of the market development stages of public transport bus services. Establishment of a new management model on the urban ground public transport entails a need to create a competitive market, through effective distribution of the city route network. As part of this goal we propose the route grouping method based on weighted average profitability and investigate some Moscow route network. The analysis and classification of these routes can determine the degree of variation in the route profitability. Drawing on the data obtained, we offer certain conclusions concerning the feasibility of a more detailed diversification of route portfolio followed by its further distribution among passenger carriers on regular urban bus routes.
Seit Jahren bleibt die Wohnungsfrage eine der vordringlichsten Probleme der UdSSR. Der Wohnungsbestand wächst seht langsam. Die Wohnungsprobleme sind aber auch auf die unzulängliche Wohnungspolitik zurückzuführen, die eine "Verteilung" der staatlichen Wohnungen praktiziert. Im gesellschaftlichen Bewußtsein ist eine Einstellung zu staatlichen Wohnungen als zu einem "kostenfreien" Wohnen manifestiert. Die Sowjetmenschen erhalten Wohnungen, ohne daß dem Staat die Baukosten kompensiert werden. Notwendig ist daher eine grundlegende Wohnungsreform. Die Wohnungsreform beinhaltet folgendes: Wohnungen werden zur Ware; der Staat garantiert einen gewissen Wohnungsraum nach sozialen Kriterien; außerhalb dieser Norm erwirbt sich jeder den Wohnungsraum gemäß seinem Bedarf und Einkommen; beim Wohnungserwerb kompensiert der Staat der Bevölkerung die Durchschnittsbaukosten. Die Mieter, die "über ihre Verhältnisse" leben, wären dann gezwungen, entweder sich eine kleinere Wohnung zu nehmen oder einen entsprechenden Preis zu entrichten. (BIOst-Ldg)
The paper is devoted to characteristic of new industrial cities as a new type of industrial cities, formed under the new industrialization and digital economy. The authors developed and tested their own methodology for their selection based on the use of available data as well as the nature of the object of the research. The methods, applied for the research are statistical methods and methods for expert evaluation. Twenty-eight Russian cities could be regarded as new industrial ones. Most of them have more than 250,0 thousand people. The results may be used in investigation of new industrial cities from the economics, management, urban planning and others points of view. The presented methodology may be test for others countries except for the Russian Federation.
Рассмотрены основы правового обеспечения института зонирования в государствах-членах Организации экономического и социального развития, и его влияния на развитие международной экономической деятельности ; Признавая важность зонирования и городского планирования, многие страны приняли те или иные системы зонирования. В рамках реализации Всемирным Банком проекта «Ведение бизнеса», который позволяет объективно оценить нормативные правовые акты, регулирующие международную экономическую, в том числе предпринимательскую деятельность, и обеспечение их соблюдения в 189 странах мира, а также в отдельных городах на субнациональном и региональном уровнях, были проанализированы вопросы зонирования. В настоящей статье рассмотрены основы правового обеспечения института зонирования в государствах-членах Организации экономического и социального развития, и его влияния на развитие международной экономической деятельности.
The article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the concept of sustainable mobility within the framework of its three key components. It shows that the problem of transport sustainability is holistic and interdisciplinary and is considered within environmental, urbanistic and transport approaches that complement each other and offer conceptually close solutions for modern urban development. The article discusses the main directions of sustainable mobility, laid down in strategic planning documents of foreign countries. The paper also provides examples of the implementation of the principles of sustainable mobility in the strategies of socio-economic development of Russia's cities and regions developed by the authors. Population surveys conducted by the authors in Russian cities as part of the development of these strategic planning documents show that about 95% of the population prefer sustainable transport policy tools that have proven themselves useful in many cities around the world. The analysis concludes with the recommendations for Russia's transition to the «sustainable transport» paradigm.
This paper considers various factors affecting housing prices in Moscow with special attention to societal conditions — particularly the quality of education provided by schools within the neighborhood. Today in Russia, children are enrolled in elementary school on the principle of territorial priority, which means that children living within the area of a given school are entitled to be enrolled there. Do parents take into consideration the quality of school education when purchasing a property? Are they prepared to pay extra for an access to better education? Does this extra amount depend on housing prices? These are the main questions of this study. To answer them, the paper analyses the best affordable school rating's impact on accommodation prices. Not only parents, but also the real estate market would be interested in the results. Moreover, this research contributes to the understanding of migration patterns within the city. It helps determine the factors affecting someone's choice of property. The findings will provide a more accurate assessment of decision-making in urban planning and education.
The article is devoted to an overview of the possibilities of modern scientific, technical and technological solutions in achieving the goals of sustainable development, implemented by the UN. The article was prepared on the basis of an analysis of the issues raised during the online discussion "Green Cities and Economies: Solutions from Academia", held on July 21, 2020 in the framework of the 75th anniversary of the United Nations. The article presents analytical materials that reveal the prospects for using modern scientific and technological achievements in the creation of ecologically clean cities. Possibilities and feasibility of using advanced composite materials and multifunctional nanocoatings in the fight against urban noise have been determined. The advantages of special noise-insulating panels based on composite materials and nanocoatings to reduce the negative effects of city noise are noted. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the participation of the academic community in achieving the goals of sustainable development and the practical use of scientific discoveries in the practice of creating "green" cities.
