Suchergebnisse

« Die Stadtentwicklung in den Metropolen der arabischen Welt folgt seit den 2000er Jahren immer stärker neoliberalen Mustern: Ein Stadtneu- und -umbau wird mit Fokus auf Marketingstrategien und Profitmaximierung im Immobiliensektor vollzogen. Den Rahmen für die konzeptionelle Betrachtung der Stadt als ökonomische Ware und Marke bilden hierbei die autoritären politischen Systeme, der rasante Anstieg der Bevölkerung, die Revolten und Aufstände der letzten Jahre und die beachtlichen Investitionen in städtebauliche Großprojekte. In diesem Band werden theoretische und praktische Aspekte der neoliberalen Stadtentwicklung an ausgewählten Fallbeispielen aus Tanger, Kairo, Ramallah, Beirut, Amman, Tunis, Muscat, Manama und Doha vorgestellt. « (Verlagsbeschreibung)

Dieser Band betrachtet die Verflechtung von Infrastruktur und Mobilitätstechnologien mit dem Alltag tibetischer Nomaden. Anhand von detailreichen ethnografischem Material beschreibt die Autorin, in welcher Weise Nomaden des tibetischen Hochlands mobile Technologien wie Motorräder, Autos und Mobiltelefone nutzen. Alltagspraktiken der Mobilkommunikation und der motorisierten Mobilität führen zu einer Translokalität, welche nomadische Akteure in Urbanisierungsprozesse Chinas implizieren, die seit der Jahrtausendwende auch Ost- und Nordosttibet verändern. Das Buch beleuchtet damit bislang kaum untersuchte Aspekte des Wandels in einer tibetischen Region und schlägt eine Brücke zu gesellschaftspolitischen Fragen der Urbanisierung und Technisierung der Gesellschaft. Eine fundierte Auseinandersetzung mit aktuellen theoretischen und methodischen Konzepten zu mobilen Technologien und Mobilität macht das Buch über die Asienwissenschaft hinaus auch für die vergleichenden Sozial- u. Kommunikationswissenschaften interessant.

This dissertation examines the consequences of urbanisation triggered by rapid economic and demographic growth in Oman since 1970 on spatial diversity. By tracing geographic, climatic, ecological, historic, socio-cultural, political and economic aspects the dissertation positions Oman at a crucial turning point where spatial resources are limited, not evenly accessible and not symmetrically mobilised by processes of urban growth, extension and concentration. The dissertation links spatial diversity to resilient land use and sustainable urban development in light of ongoing demographic growth and depleting resources. The hypothesis of this dissertation postulates that a differentiated spatial, temporal and structural understanding of spatial diversity in the form of land use maps, spatial diversity indices and urbanisation models can lead to a more resilient and sustainable form of urbanisation in Oman. The methods used are desk studies, field documentation, remote sensing with historic satellite images, geo-information systems mapping and parametric urban modelling. The dissertation reviews current urbanisation models in Oman in relation to urban metabolism, urban sustainability and spatial diversity. It then maps land use transformation processes across Oman at the national level, as well as focussing on four regions and 18 local samples. The dissertation postulates 'space species' that can be discerned through remote sensing and establishes a spatial diversity index for these local samples. The findings suggest that a balanced spatial diversity for both agricultural and urban land uses is the optimal land use configuration for a resilient and sustainable spatial development in Oman. These insights result in four urban design strategies in response to the specific regional conditions. The urban design strategies – spatially diverse and resource efficient – are translated into parametric models. These parametric urban models allow to develop urban design scenarios and visualise urban form in 3D models. The dissertation closes with a discussion of spatial diversity as a measure of sustainable and resilient development in Oman. ; Diese Dissertation untersucht die Konsequenzen der durch schnelles ökonomisches und demographisches Wachstum eingeleiteten und seit 1970 anhaltenden Urbanisierung in Bezug auf die räumliche Diversität in Oman. Bezugnehmend auf geographische, klimatische, ökologische, historische, soziokulturelle, politische und ökonomische Aspekte positioniert diese Dissertation Oman an einem kritischen Wendepunkt: Dessen räumliche Ressourcen sind stark beschränkt, ungleich verteilt, nicht zugänglich und asymmetrisch in Wachstums- und Konzentrationsprozesse eingebunden. Diese Arbeit verknüpft räumliche Diversität mit resilienter Landnutzung und nachhaltiger städtebaulicher Entwicklung unter Berücksichtigung des andauernden demographischen Entwicklungsdruckes einerseits und endlicher Raum-, Wasser-, Energie- und Materialressourcen andererseits. Die Hypothese dieser Arbeit postuliert, dass ein differenziertes räumliches, zeitliches und strukturelles Verständnis räumlicher Diversität anhand von Landnutzungskarten, räumlichen Diversitätsindizes und Urbanisationsmodellen zu einer resilienten und nachhaltigen Form der Urbanisierung führt. Literaturstudien, Dokumentation vor Ort, Fernerkundung aufgrund historischer Satellitenbilder, Kartierung mittels Geo-Informations-Systemen und parametrisches städtebauliches Entwerfen sind Methoden dieser Dissertation. Die Arbeit untersucht gegenwärtige Urbanisationsmodelle in Oman in Bezug auf städtischen Metabolismus, urbane Nachhaltigkeit und räumliche Diversität. Die Landnutzungsveränderung wird auf nationaler, sowie in fünf regionalen und 18 lokalen Untersuchungsgebieten mittels Kartierungen dokumentiert. Die Dissertation stellt 'Raum-Spezie' vor die sich durch Fernerkundung erkennen lassen und deren Verteilung mittels eines räumlichen Diversitätsindexes der lokalen Untersuchungsgebiete gemessen werden kann. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass eine ausgeglichene räumliche Diversität zwischen landwirtschaftlicher und urbaner Nutzung die besten Voraussetzungen für eine resiliente und nachhaltige räumliche Entwicklung gewährleistet. Diese Erkenntnisse fließen in vier städtebauliche Entwurfsstrategien, räumlich diverse und ressourcenschonende städtebauliche Entwurfsstrategien ein, die wiederum in parametrische städtebauliche Modelle übersetzt werden. Diese parametrischen städtebaulichen Modelle unterstützen die Entwicklung von städtebaulichen Szenarien und die Visualisierung der resultierenden urbanen Form anhand von dreidimensionalen Modellen. Die Dissertation schließt mit einer Diskussion über räumliche Diversität als Ansatz einer resilienten und nachhaltigen räumlichen Entwicklung in Oman.

Managing and controlling "land take" of agricultural and natural land for urbanisation is the target of European and national policies. Although this objective seems to be increasingly understood among the actors, the prioritisation of issues and the measures taken by governments to achieve it are very heterogeneous. The practices of local public and private actors do not necessarily follow the directions established at national level by the instruments. This paper examines the concrete forms, in France, of collective action in the field of spatial planning to limit land take, particularly in French cross-border areas that are experiencing strong urban growth. The survey is based on 60 semi-structured interviews with public actors involved in the spatial transformations of the cross-border regions around Geneva, Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai, Luxembourg and Strasbourg-Karlsruhe. The survey shows that collective action in spatial planning is very diverse in France, depending on the regions and municipalities concerned, even if the legal rules are the same. Local public actors play strategically with the rules and adapt them. Moreover, the organisation of collective action to limit land take is marked by interdependencies between regions, and in our case between neighbouring countries, which are often left unexamined in national planning policies and instruments.

"Suburbs have mostly received attention in recent years as social hot spots. An examination of the history of urban planning and expansion reveals a fundamental paradox, for it became apparent very early on that living space does not lend itself so readily to planning. Although the rise of suburbs is usually associated with the nineteenth century, a few 'early bloomers' can be identified in urban history. Architects such as Antoine-Michel Perrache and Jean-Antoine Morand, who designed expansion projects in the south and in the east of the city of Lyon, became veritable city planners, if not choreographers, of the suburbs. However, the projects were not realized - at least partially - for nearly another 100 years (when the initiators were long dead). The history of planning and realizing the urban periphery thus resembles a dialectical movement of spatial visions and partial failure, entailing temporal setbacks which lead to a synthesis of the half-planned and half-unforeseen. Yet theories of the production of space offer insufficient explanations of the complex spatio-temporality of urbanization processes. Using the example of the Lyon projects, the essay argues that a description of processes of urban expansion must take into account such temporal phenomena as vision, retrospection, hope, and delay." (author's abstract)

"In the 1990's, urban demand for housing land around city-agglomerations increased rapidly. Additionally, the decreasing profitability of agricultural production caused farmers, who are able to freely decide on land turnover, to be interested in land sale for non-agricultural purposes. At the same time, Polish counties received the status of self-governments, which then imposed their will upon local economic development. In this way, counties became responsible for land management as well, and started supporting the process of land conversion, perceived as a factor of the above development. Such implications have created the following situation: decentralization and the extension of private control over land has led to the loss of rural landscapes in Poland, because farmers, county self-governments and rural society in general gain from the conversion of agricultural to housing land. Therefore, field research has been exercised at the county level. For the investigation, two counties, located in regions differentiated by economic growth, were selected. The data were collected through the collection of archival records, documentation review and semi-structured interviews." (author's abstract)

Urban studies that developed in the post-socialist context seek to reappraise the very notion of the post-socialist city and to reconceptualise their urban practices as a result of the changed regime and economic mode of production. While acknowledging the necessity to develop urban theory in more coherent but at the same time multipolar and comparative directions, the cities with socialist past as a potential source for the theorization of urbanity are poorly considered nonetheless. The paper argues for more nuanced and more detailed analysis of (post) socialist modes and forms of urbanization, looking at post-socialist urban studies as a multidimensional field of research. This can be handled, firstly, through careful consideration of the historical context and, secondly, by conducting a comparative analysis of post-socialist cities. Set against this background the paper aims to problematize the urbanization experience undertaken during the Soviet period as the long-lasting large-scale project of socialist ideology which has far-reaching consequences for urbanization patterns long after the collapse of the USSR. Yet it is inaccurate to see Soviet urbanization as homogeneous while all its outcomes as uniform and monolithic. (Post)Soviet cities present rich and insightful material for the comparative study of both post-socialist urban patterns and urban experiences in the context of clashing of capitalist and post-socialist tendencies. The paper calls to see beyond the assumption about the egalitarian landscape of economic geography as a spatial ideology of the Soviet regime and to research the varieties of post-Soviet urbanization which provide us with a valuable opportunity to develop a new conceptual vocabulary for the analysis of diverse urbanization processes.