The subject of the study presented in this article is the economic relations arising due to the progress of the urbanization that leads to changes in agricultural production. For a long time in Russia a reduction of agricultural land, arable land and crops takes place. One reason for this is the global progress of urbanization. Changes in agricultural land use occur across the country however this process is uneven in different regions. Among all regions Moscow and Moscow region significantly stand out. The study showed that in the more urbanized regions of the country reduction of the agricultural land and changes in agricultural land use are greater than in less urbanized ones.
Cities are the centers of social life and its concentration. They act as a kind of condensers of political, economic, informational, proper social and other types of social relations. They form special types of urban management practices that are extended to other territories and even countries.The author's vision of the concept of «urbanization» is indicated. Several grounds are highlighted that characterize political urbanization. The definition of the concept of «political urbanization» is proposed. To generate it, the author's exploratory research was carried out and an expert survey was conducted among teachers of leading universities in Russia and researchers of institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences.In the author's vision, political urbanization is the processes of concentration of political power in large cities with a simultaneous increase in the influence of the political power of such cities in the system of state power — determined by the formation of a new urban political identity caused by the generation of a specific urban political culture and a special urban political elite as a result of urban political and economic development. ; Города являются центрами общественной жизни и ее концентрации. Они выступают своего рода конденсаторами политических, экономических, информационных, собственно социальных и других видов общественных отношений. В них формируются особые виды городских управленческих практик, которые пролонгируются на иные территории и даже страны.Обозначено авторское видение понятия «урбанизация». Выделены несколько оснований, характеризующих политическую урбанизацию. Предложено определение понятия «политическая урбанизация». Для его генерации проведено авторское поисковое исследование и экспертный опрос среди преподавателей ведущих вузов России и научных сотрудников учреждений РАН.В авторском видении политическая урбанизация — это процессы концентрации политической власти в больших городах с одновременным возрастанием влияния политической власти таких городов в системе государственной власти, — определяемые формированием новой городской политической идентичности, обусловленной генерацией специфичной городской политической культуры и особой городской политической элиты как результат городского политико-экономического развития.
All urbanization processes in the USSR were quite different from those in other countries. When the industrialization started, all new cities were built far from the existing big cities, which served as supporting points of displacement of population within the framework of the Soviet town-planning doctrine. The pre-revolutionary structure of economic zoning was purposefully replaced by a new one, where 'industrial-residential' formations – the places of nodal conglomeration of population – were deliberately located in the area favorable for allocation of war productive facilities. The Soviet government willfully turned urbanization into 'an involuntary companion' of industrial and transport construction and resource development. It remained such as long as the Soviet Union existed. ; Все процессы урбанизации в СССР коренным образом отличались от аналогичных за рубежом. С началом индустриализации все города-новостройки возводились в отдалении от существовавших крупных городов, выполнявших в рамках советской градостроительной доктрины роль опорных пунктов расселения. Дореволюционная структура хозяйственного районирования целенаправленно заменялась новой, в которой «промышленно-селитебные» образования - места узловой концентрации населения - искусственно располагались там, где это было выгодно с точки зрения размещения объектов военно-промышленного комплекса. Урбанизация в СССР была сознательно превращена советской властью в «вынужденного попутчика» промышленно-транспортного строительства и ресурсодобычи и оставалась таковой, фактически, все годы существования Советского Союза.
The article, from the standpoint of sociological analysis, examines fundamental changes in the structure of society, the distribution of resources that go beyond the framework of constant processes. Global social transformations reflect deeper forms of change at the level of value systems and power structures. The author of the article considers the most noticeable forms of changes at the level of social roles, institutions, status hierarchies, reflecting deep changes. The article deals with the term "transformation" from the standpoint of a deep, fundamental process of structural changes, fundamentally different from the previous one. New changes in the global social reality are taking place under the influence of the coronavirus pandemic, challenges and threats that have penetrated into all spheres of human life. An analysis is made of the "stopping" of the diverse global world, which had been changing so rapidly and it was impossible to imagine that all countries, regardless of the level of development, disagreements, struggle, would be absorbed by only one thing – obscurity, alienation, closeness. Questions are raised, world politics has changed due to the processes that fill its content, but how has it changed at the conceptual level, have modern transformations had a profound impact on the structure and geographical distribution of the population? If the growth of the role of nation-states is claimed, then how has the role of supranational institutions been transformed? What place does urbanization occupy in the processes of demographic changes associated with modern transformations? Is it fair to say that the urbanization of rural space is challenging conventional wisdom about what "rural" really means and what is still "rural" in many non-urban areas in wealthy societies? ; В статье с позиции социологического анализа рассматриваются фундаментальные изменения в устройстве общества, распределении ресурсов, выходящие за рамки постоянных процессов. Глобальные социальные трансформации отражают более глубокие ...
The subject is constitutional legal issues of urbanization in Russia.The purpose of the article is to identify main constitutional legal problems of urbanization in Russia and suggest the ways of their settlement.The methodology. The author uses a dialectical method, a method of analysis and synthesis, a formal legal method, a comparative legal method.Results and scope of application. Number of problems of constitutional and legal regulation and law enforcement in the context of urbanization were analyzed. The role of cities and villages in the formation of Russian society and the state, legal and socio-economic features of law enforcement in urban and rural life, the impact of scientific and technological progress on cities were studied.The author believes that the Russian Constitution is "the Constitution of cities" because almost any legal peculiarities of the constitutional legal regulation of the forms of urban and rural life are not incorporated. It is one of the causes of the degradation of the modern village. "City state" formation anticipated a number of negative factors. The author identifies the factors that determine prospects of the development of modern law enforcement in a situation of global urbanization.Conclusions. The urbanization process cannot be artificially stimulated in favor of doubtful socio-economic achievements. We can't ignore the quality of law-creation from the point of view of realization of interests of the population and ensure effective law enforcement at all levels of government and management. ; Рассматривается ряд проблем конституционно-правового регулирования и правоприменения в условиях урбанизации, роль городов и сел в формировании российского общества и государства, правовые и социально-экономические особенности правоприменения в городской и сельской жизни, влияние научно-технического прогресса на города.
The article is devoted to the formation of urban responsibility of society and contains the demands of citizens' responsibility based on regularities of urban processes. The level of urban responsibility in our country does not correspond to what is prescribed by the modern political situation and the pressure of world periphery. It is necessary to form the state ideology of European urban civilization that stands up to national and ethnic enclavity and commercialization of interests of administrations of urban communities. It is necessary to return the leading role in civilized development to the biggest urban communities of Europe and the world. ; Статья посвящена проблемам формирования городской ответственности общества и содержит требования формирования ответственности граждан, как горожан на основе закономерностей городских процессов. Состояние уровня городской ответственности граждан нашей страны не соответствует тому, что определяется современной политической ситуацией и давлением общемировой периферии. Необходимо формирование государственной идеологии европейской городской цивилизации, противостоящей национально-этнической анклавности и коммерциализации интересов администраций городских сообществ. Нужно вернуть крупнейшим городским сообществам Европы и Мира их главенствующую роль в цивилизационном развитии.
The role of globalization and urbanization processes are considered as the factors mediating the development of stable democratic local governance. = Рассматривается роль процессов глобализации и урбанизации как факторов, опосредующих развитие стабильного демократического самоуправления.
