Suchergebnisse

Abstract: In the Mirik Municipality, there lies a demographical spatial variation in the distribution, density, composition, sex-ratio, literacy rate, and the growth of population which has a direct impact on the utilization of resources and the development of the town. The distribution pattern, density, composition, growth rate and migration therefore adds important attributes to the demography of Mirik Municipality and is controlled by physical, cultural, political and socio-economic factors. However, due to rapid growth of population, urbanization, and tourist activities, the Mirik municipality is getting stressed with its carrying capacity. Thus, the paper has an attempt to study the demographical status of the Mirik Municipality highlighting its present situation.

The article explores the cultural politics of regionalism in Coastal Andhra following the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh through a focus on the planning of a new capital city, Amaravati. The envisioned city embodies an imagination of the state's future development, in which older signifiers of Andhra identity are sutured with global aspirations. Viewing Amaravati as a symbolic space where Andhra is being reconstituted, the article traces the reterritorialization of the region by a deterritorialized provincial elite through return flows of capital and state-led revitalization of regional identity. While the Amaravati plan reflects broader trends of neoliberal urbanization in India, it is also deeply embedded in regional development aspirations and contestations.

AbstractChina's fertility rate is below replacement level. The government is attempting to increase this rate by relaxing the one‐child policy. China faces a possible tradeoff because further urbanization is needed to raise incomes but may reduce future fertility. We decompose China's rural–urban fertility gaps using both de facto and de jure criteria for defining the urban population. The fertility‐depressing effects of holding urban hukou are more than three times larger than effects of urban residence. Less of the rural–urban fertility gap by hukou status is due to differences in characteristics than is the case for the fertility gap by place of residence.

In urban areas like Jakarta, the rapid urbanization increases the high level of housing needs that leads to the emergence of slums. The way the governments solve this problem is seen as inhumane and not viable at all. The solution proposed by the government actually creates new slum problems. The objective of this project is to upgrade the riverbank slum into a green settlement with improved housing by implementing six principles of Green Architecture into the design. Field measurement and interview were conducted to obtain data for simulation using Ecotect Analysis and ANSYS Fluent software. The result emphasized that "respect for user" has a major role in achieving compatibility between user and environment.

We introduce a unique and detailed data-driven approach that links cities' hard infrastructures to their distal ecological impacts on streams. Although US cities concentrate most of the nation's population, wealth, and consumption in roughly 5% of the land area, we find that city infrastructures influence habitats for over 60% of North America's fish, mussel, and crayfish species and have contributed to local and complete extinctions in 260 species. We also demonstrate that city impacts are not proportionate to city size but reflect infrastructure decisions; thus, as US urbanization trends continue, local government and utility companies have opportunities to improve regional aquatic ecosystem conditions outside city boundaries through their hard infrastructure policies.

China's fertility rate is below replacement level. The government is attempting to increase this rate by relaxing the one‐child policy. China faces a possible tradeoff because further urbanization is needed to raise incomes but may reduce future fertility. We decompose China's rural–urban fertility gaps using both de facto and de jure criteria for defining the urban population. The fertility‐depressing effects of holding urban hukou are more than three times larger than effects of urban residence. Less of the rural–urban fertility gap by hukou status is due to differences in characteristics than is the case for the fertility gap by place of residence.

Starting in the 1960s, traffic congestion became a staple part of Manila's history. Rapid urbanization, century-old thoroughfares, and large-scale migrations to Manila are just some of the reasons for the worsening traffic conditions. During the Marcos Era, the academe, practitioners, government agencies, and various organizations produced plans, position papers, and transport documents that sought to understand, assess, and perhaps provide possible solutions. Using data available in the libraries of University of the Philippines Diliman, this research note seeks to provide an initial survey and preliminary review of transport materials that documented and proposed solutions to the traffic congestion in the city of Manila from the 1960s until the 1980s.

Owing to high rates of economic growth and increased urbanization efforts, China raised the country's urbanisation rate to 50 per cent in 2012. 'Old town renewal'—an important component of urbanisation—has significantly affected the lives of urban residents throughout China. This article focuses on urban transformations in the old city of Kashgar in southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. While more and more Chinese scholars are concerned with how effectively to implement the project in the old town itself, only a few are concerned with the resettlement actions caused by the renewal. This paper focuses precisely on this and analyses the challenges related to relocation, changes in the old town community and adaptation strategies in new residential compounds.

Hostilities in contemporary armed conflicts are increasingly being conducted in population centres, thereby exposing civilians to heightened risks of harm. This trend is only likely to continue with growing urbanization and is compounded by the fact that belligerents often avoid facing their enemy in the open, intermingling instead with the civilian population. Despite this, armed conflicts often continue to be waged with weapon systems originally designed for use in open battlefields. There is generally no cause for concern when explosive weapons with a wide impact area are used in open battlefields, but when they are used against military objectives located in populated areas they are prone to indiscriminate effects, often with devastating consequences for the civilian population.

AbstractThis article introduces a quantitative approach to modeling language shift in communities with millions of speakers. Using Indonesia as a case study, and employing a large body of data from the Indonesian population census, we document how factors such as urbanization, ethnicity, economic development, gender, and religion correlate with the shift from local languages (Javanese, Sundanese, etc.) to the national language, Bahasa Indonesia. Our findings inform ongoing research on the sociological foundations of language shift across both small and large communities. Methodologically, we introduce a statistical approach that borrows from other social sciences, and show how to exploit massive amounts of untapped linguistic, demographic, and sociological data.

Research studies worldwide show that due to different factors as climate change, poverty, urbanization, etc., there is a tendency of increasing the frequency and severity of both natural and man-made disasters. As the occurrence of natural disasters is a consequence of various preconditions, this work focuses on biological hazards which lead to epidemics and pandemics (including epizootics and panzootics). An analysis is made of legislative and official documents such as recommendations, strategies, regulations, etc. (from the international, European and Bulgarian legislative framework) with emphasis on reducing risks in the veterinary field in Bulgaria. Some suggestions are given for improvement of the systems for risk and disaster management of veterinary activities in the country.

China is undergoing a rapid transformation from a rural, peasant based society into an urban one. This radical change has had a profound effect on the Chinese population due to advancement through job opportunities and new modes of consumption, contributing to a huge spatial shift of population from countryside to city. This effect on China's urban growth has resulted in a rise in the middle classes and in wealth. However this urban growth generates a number of key health issues and inequities, which present challenges for the future. The purpose of this paper is to explore these health issues and challenges that China's urbanization growth poses. The policyimplications will be significant.

Abstract: The unprecedented urban growth in the face of increasing poverty and social inequity in developing countries is posing an immense challenge for governments at all levels. Urbanization of poverty is shown mainly by the proliferation and expansion of slums.1 Such places often contain houses built using plywood, wood boards, cardboard, corrugated metal, and sheets of plastic. More than one billion people, approximately 14% of the global population, are slum dwellers.2 According to United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) predictions, the number of slum dwellers could double by the year 2030, due to the increase in poverty and social inequality in the context of extraordinary urban growth.

SummaryOrissa, one of the extremely backward states of India with moderately high infant mortality, extreme poverty, low female literacy and very low level of industrialization and urbanization, has shown an impressive fertility decline in the last two decades. This anomaly calls for an indepth understanding of the fertility transition of the state. An analysis of the period parity progression ratios computed from the fertility histories obtained in the National Family Health Survey III shows a high progression up to the second birth, but a gradual decline after that. Thus, the transition at low level of socioeconomic development suggests a fall in the thresholds for fertility decline from levels presumed to be required in the past.

This study investigates the development of early modern Ottoman consumer culture. In particular, the democratization of consumption, which is a significant indicator of the development of western consumer cultures, is examined in relation to Ottoman society. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century probate inventories of the town of Bursa combined with literary and official sources are used in order to identify democrati- zation of consumption and the macro conditions shaping this development. Findings demonstrate that commercialization, international trade, urbanization which created a fluid social structure, and the ability of the state to negotiate with guilds were possible contextual specificities which encouraged the democratization of consump- tion in the Bursa context.